1833, Swedish chemist J.J. Betzelius first analyzed the chemical composition of meteorites. 1858, R.W. Bunsen and G.R. Kirchhoff began to study the solar spectrum and the chemical composition of meteorites by spectral analysis, which initiated the study of the chemical composition and chemical evolution of stars and other extraterrestrial substances and gave birth to astrochemistry. In 19 17, W.D. Huggins synthesized the chemical composition of 3 18 iron meteorite and 125 stone meteorite, and found that the elements with even mass number accounted for 98.6%, and put forward the even law of element abundance. 1930 I. Noddack Tucker and W. Noddack proposed the cosmic abundance of elements based on a large number of meteorite chemical composition data. 1937 V.M. goldschmidt, 1956 H.E. Theseus and H.C. Yuri put forward the cosmic abundance of elements and nuclides successively.

Since the 1950s, the former Soviet Union and the United States have successively launched a series of space probes with various detection devices, and made detailed measurements of the composition and density of the upper atmosphere of the earth. The atmospheric structure and composition of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and their satellites, the mineral composition and chemical composition of the planet surface, the distribution, size, density, relative age and formation history of impact craters on the planet surface, the distribution and relative age of planetary strata, the geological structure and thermal history of the planet, and the internal structure of the planet have all been extensively explored. The temperature, magnetic field, flux, energy spectrum and composition of galactic cosmic rays and solar wind in interstellar space are also measured. The chemical composition of comets and meteors, the composition and erosion characteristics of space cosmic dust were detected, and a large number of systematic scientific data were obtained, which promoted the development of astrochemistry.

Multi-disciplinary comprehensive research on more than 2,500 meteorites collected around the world and more than 1 1000 meteorites collected in antarctica provides new scientific arguments for the environmental disasters and biological extinction caused by the abundance and origin of elements, the origin and evolution of the solar system, the temporal and spatial changes of cosmic rays, the chemical evolution in the early life and the impact of extraterrestrial materials on the earth.

Since the implementation of Apollo 1969+0 1 moon landing plan, more than 380 kilograms of moon rock samples have been retrieved from nine missions to the moon. Many new understandings have been added to the mineral composition, chemical composition, magmatic activity, internal structure and the origin of the earth-moon system of lunar soil and moon rocks. The compilation of topographic map, stratigraphic histogram, geological map and structural map of the moon not only makes the geological evolution history of the moon clearer, but also lays a solid foundation for the development of comparative planetology.