Unit 1 Pre-Qin Period

A, China ancient human P2

1. Yuanmou Man-the earliest known human in China.

Time: about 6.5438+0.7 million years ago Location: Yuanmou, Yunnan.

2. Beijingers

Time: 700,000-200,000 years ago Location: Zhoukoudian, Beijing

Beijingers are primitive people who live in Zhoukoudian in the north of Beijing. The change of Beijingers shows that labor has played an important role in the evolution from apes to humans.

Beijingers have learned to use natural fire. The use of fire has improved the ability of primitive humans to adapt to the natural environment, and promoted the development of physique and the evolution of the brain.

Second, the Yellow Emperor and Yan Emperor-Ancestors of Human Beings P 12

1. In ancient legends, Emperor Yan and Huangdi were the leaders of tribal alliances in the Yellow River Basin.

2. Yan Di's contribution: improving farm tools, teaching people to farm, tasting herbs, inventing medicines, inventing pottery and opening up markets. He is called Shennong, the founder of primitive agriculture and medicine in China.

3. The Yellow Emperor and his related contributions: building palaces, ships, weapons and clothes, and letting subordinate officials invent words, calendars, arithmetic and music. His wife Lei Zu invented sericulture and silk reeling technology.

4. Yan Di, the Yellow Emperor and the formation of the Chinese nation (the predecessor of the Han nationality)

(1) Yanhuang defeated the tribe headed by Chiyou.

(2) After the "Wild of Hanquan" War, the two tribes of Yanhuang moved towards unification, occupied the Central Plains, and continued to multiply, forming the main body of the later Huaxia nationality. Yan Di and the Yellow Emperor are honored as the humanistic ancestors of the Chinese nation.

Third, Yao Shun's "abdication" P 15

1, meaning abdication: After the Yellow Emperor, Yao Shunyu was an outstanding leader in the Yellow River Basin of China. Yu Zhishui; Yao Chuanshun and Shun Chuanyu, the method of recommending tribal alliance leaders, are called "abdication" in history.

2. The end of abdication system: In 2070 BC, Xia Dynasty was established, which was later transferred to his son, and hereditary system replaced abdication system.

Four. The enfeoffment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty ★ P28

1. Objective: To consolidate the rule over the surrounding areas.

2. Main content: (1) The King of Zhou granted a certain piece of land to a vassal, which was called "granting land to the people" and the vassal managed local affairs. (2) The object of Zhou Wang's enfeoffment: his own children and descendants with the same surname, heroes and former aristocrats. (3) The obligation of the vassal to the King of Zhou: that is, he must obey the orders of the King of Zhou, govern the vassal state and defend the King of Zhou; You must go to Zhou's pilgrimage, tribute and service regularly. (4) The main countries in Zhou Wang are: Yan, Qi, Lu, Song, Wei, Jin and Wu.

3. Function: The control network spread from the central government to all directions was gradually woven, which broke the state of many vassal States in Xia and Shang Dynasties and strengthened the economic and cultural ties between the Zhou royal family and the vassal States. The influence of the Western Zhou Dynasty has been expanding, which has strengthened the ties with the surrounding ethnic minorities and promoted the economic and cultural development in remote areas.

Negative influence: it leads to warlord's hegemony.

Five, Qi Huangong hegemony (the first time to dominate the Central Plains) P34

1, background (reason, condition):

(1) Economically, Qi has the advantages of fishing and salt in mountains and seas;

(2) Politically, Guan Zhong was appointed as the Prime Minister, reforming internal affairs, developing economy and making Qi rich and strong;

2. Hegemonic means: Qi Huangong put forward the slogan of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries" and actively carried out foreign activities.

3. Hegemony symbol: In 65 1 year BC, the Kwai-Autumn Alliance was established.

Shang Yang, an intransitive verb: ★ P43

1. Objective: To enrich Qiang Bing and change the backward state of Qin.

2. Supporter: Qin Xiaogong

3. Start time: 356 BC.

4. Main contents: compiling household registration and strengthening punishment; Reward production; Reward military merits; Admit that land is private; Implement the county system; Unified measurement.

5. Significance (Result): After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin became rich and powerful, and its national strength greatly increased, which laid a solid foundation for the annexation of the six countries in the future.

Seven, Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronze P46.

1. Oracle Bone Inscriptions's concept: characters carved on tortoise shells or animal bones, also called Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

2. Content: It recorded and reflected the activities of Shang kings and the political and economic situation of Shang Dynasty.

3. Function: It is of great value for studying the history of Shang Dynasty. China has a written history, which began in Shang Dynasty. Today's Chinese characters evolved from Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

4. Oracle Bone Inscriptions was mainly unearthed in Yin Ruins (now Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan). There was also Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

5. Famous bronzes: Simu Wuding was unearthed in Yin Ruins. The representative work of Shang bronze ware is the largest bronze ware found in the world at present.

Eight, Confucius and a hundred schools of thought contend ★P50

(1) Confucius

1. Confucius, Ziqiu, was born in Lu (now Qufu, Shandong) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. After his death, his disciples compiled his remarks into The Analects.

2. Great thinker: the founder of Confucianism.

(1) His thoughts are mainly composed of "benevolence" and "propriety". Benevolence is love. "Rite" is to restrain oneself, strengthen self-cultivation and make one's words and deeds conform to social norms.

(2) Politically advocate "ruling the country by virtue", "teaching people by virtue" and ruling the country by courtesy.

3. Great educator: (1) founded a private school and advocated "teaching without discrimination". (2) When teaching, encourage students to think independently and dare to stick to correct opinions. Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. (3) More than 30,000 students have been trained, including 72 students from prestigious schools.

Educational goal: "No class for everyone"

Teaching method: "Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude"

Learning attitude: "Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing"

Learning method: "Review the past and learn the new".

(B), a hundred schools of thought contend

1, factions and their main ideas

The main idea of the works in the period of naming

During the Warring States Period, Taoist Zhuangzi advocated "governing by doing nothing" in Zhuangzi.

Mencius advocated "benevolent government" and "people are more important than kings" in Mencius during the Warring States Period.

During the Warring States Period, the legalist Han Feizi advocated reform, the rule of law and the establishment of a centralized monarchy.

Mozi advocated "universal love" and "non-aggression" in Mozi.

Sun Bin's Art of War by Sun Bin, a strategist in the Warring States Period, "conquered and strengthened, so he served the world."

2. Confucianism, France and Taoism have different views on governing the country.

Confucianism advocates educating the people with "ceremony" and governing the country with "ceremony". Legalists emphasize the use of "punishment" to strengthen rule. Taoism puts forward "governing by doing nothing".

3. Influence: Various schools argue with each other and influence each other, which effectively promotes the development of ideology and culture.

Ix. Dujiangyan (located in Dujiangyan City, Sichuan Province) P54

1. Construction: During the Warring States Period, Li Bing and his son, the prefect of Shu County of Qin State, presided over the construction of a large-scale water conservancy project in the Minjiang River Basin.

2. Function: After completion, it will turn floods into water conservancy, making Chengdu Plain a fertile land, which is called "Land of Abundance".

Unit 2 Qin and Han Dynasties

X. "The King of Qin Sweeps Six Rivers"-the unification of Qin.

1. Unified background: ① Since the Warring States Period, reunification has become the general trend; (2) After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin gradually became the strongest country among the seven countries, constantly annexing the land of neighboring countries; After the battle of Changping, the six countries were no longer able to resist the attack of Qin.

2. Reunification process: From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, the State of Qin successively annexed Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi to unify China.

3. The Qin Dynasty was founded in 22 BC1Founder: Ying Zheng Capital: Xianyang Qin Dynasty was the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in the history of China.

4. Significance of Qin's unification: It ended the long-term separatist war between vassal states since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and established the first unified multi-ethnic centralized state in the history of China, which laid the foundation for China to establish a long-term unified multi-ethnic state.

Xi。 Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising P66

1, the cause of the war:

(1) Roots: The specific manifestations of Qin tyranny: ① The peasants had a heavy burden of corvee and military service; (2) heavy taxes; ③ The criminal law is severe; (4) Qin Ershi's rule is more cruel and social contradictions are more acute.

(2) The direct reason: the peasants who were recruited to keep the border in Yuyang did not return.

2, the war process:

(1) Start time: 209 BC

(2) Location: osawa Town

(3) Slogan: "Princes and princes are alike, I would rather have seeds".

(4) Establishment of political power: Zhang Chu political power.

(5) Result: Failure

(6) Significance: Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising was the first large-scale peasant war in the history of China, which dealt a heavy blow to the brutal rule of Qin Dynasty.

Twelve. Measures to consolidate the unification of the Qin Dynasty (measures taken by Qin Shihuang to establish centralization) ★ P69

Qin unified the six countries, and Qin Shihuang established centralization, which established the basic system of China's dynasty rule for more than two thousand years. Since then, all dynasties have basically followed the centralization initiated by the Qin Dynasty.

(1) Politically: abolish the enfeoffment system and establish a county.

1, establish the supreme emperor system.

2. In the central government, the system of three fairs (nine Qing) is implemented, and the three fairs are the Prime Minister, Qiu and Yushi respectively. The prime minister assisted the emperor in handling state affairs, Qiu was in charge of military affairs, and the imperial historian was responsible for supervising officials.

3. At the local level, the enfeoffment system was abolished and the county system was implemented. Officials at all levels are directly appointed and removed by the court.

(2) Economically:

1, unify vehicle shape and track, and build driveway.

2. Unified currency (Qin currency stipulates that round square hole money is the standard coin style).

3. Unified measurement

(3) Cultural aspects:

Unified writing method (the standard writing method of Xiao Zhuan is stipulated and promulgated in the world. Later, the official script was introduced.

(4) Ideological aspect: burning books to pit Confucianism.

(5) Military aspect: Xiongnu Empire built the Great Wall in the north; Expedite the Yue nationality in the south and open the Lingqu.

Connecting the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan as a whole, from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east. This is the world-famous Great Wall of Wan Li.

Thirteen. The Great Unity of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty ★P74

I. Measures: (1) Political aspects:

1. Promulgate a "favor order" to further weaken the power of the kingdom and strengthen the central government's control over the localities.

2. Strengthen the supervision system: in the central government, set up captains; At the local level, a secretariat is established.

(2), ideological aspects:

1, accept Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone"; Strengthening Confucianism as the orthodox thought of feudal rule

2. Vigorously promote Confucian education, set up imperial academy in Chang 'an, set up official schools in local areas, and educate young children with Confucian classics.

(3) Military aspects:

Fighting against Xiongnu further developed and consolidated national unity.

Second, the impact:

Centralization was unprecedentedly strengthened, the Western Han Dynasty entered its heyday, Confucianism became orthodox, and the unified empire was further consolidated and developed.

Fourteen Zhang Qian connects the Western Regions and the Silk Road P8 1.

First, Zhang Qian is connected with the Western Regions.

(1) Geographical concept of the Western Regions: In the Han Dynasty, people called the Western Regions the west of Yumenguan and Yangguan in Gansu, which is now Xinjiang and further west.

(2) Zhang Qian was sent to the Western Regions.

The first mission to the western regions

Time: BC 138.

Objective: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty attacked the Huns in order to unify the Dayue family in the western regions.

Results: Although this trip didn't achieve the goal of uniting the Dayue family, I got to know the situation along the way.

The second mission to the western regions

Time: 65438 BC

Objective: To strengthen ties with countries in the western region.

(3) In 60 BC, the government of the Western Han Dynasty set up the Western Regions Metropolitan Government to manage the affairs of the Western Regions. This is the beginning that the countries in the western regions (now Xinjiang) are officially under the jurisdiction of the central government. Since then, Xinjiang has become an inseparable part of our country.

Second, the Silk Road.

(1) After the exchange between the Western Han Dynasty and the Western Regions, Sino-Western trade began to develop. Because a large number of China silk and silk products are transported westward through this road, it is called the Silk Road, or the Silk Road for short.

(2) Route: From Chang 'an to the west, through Hexi Corridor, now Xinjiang, to West Asia, and then from West Asia to Europe, this is the "Silk Road" across the Eurasian continent.

(3) Evaluation (function): The Silk Road has become a bridge for economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West, which has had a far-reaching impact on the development of ethnic relations and the exchanges between China and the West. This ancient east-west traffic artery has become an important channel for Chinese and western traffic.

Fifteen, the invention of papermaking and Cai Lun improved papermaking P86.

(1) Papermaking: China was the first country to invent paper in the world. In the early Western Han Dynasty, paper used for writing and painting appeared. The invention of paper greatly promoted the progress of human civilization.

(2) Improvement: Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He used bark, rags, hemp heads and old fishing nets as raw materials for papermaking. In order to commemorate Cai Lun's achievements, people called this kind of paper "Cai Hou Paper". In the 3rd-4th century, the use of paper was quite common in China.

(3) Rumors: papermaking gradually spread to Korea, Japan and Central Asian countries, and then spread to Europe, Africa, America and Oceania through Arabia.

(4) Significance (contribution): It has played a great role in promoting the spread of world culture, promoting cultural exchanges and popularizing education, profoundly affecting the development process of world civilization, and is a great contribution of our people to world culture.

Sixteen. Introduction to Buddhist and Taoist Historical Records P9 1

(1) Introduction to Buddhism: Buddhism is one of the three major religions in the world. It originated in ancient India and was introduced to the Central Plains of China in the late Western Han Dynasty. After Zhang Qian's voyage to the West, Buddhism was gradually introduced to China along the Silk Road.

Doctrine: According to Buddhism, people can be reincarnated after death. If people can endure all the hardships in this life and believe in Buddhism, they will be happy in the afterlife. Therefore, Buddhism was quickly actively advocated and supported by feudal rulers.

Influence: it is conducive to maintaining the feudal hierarchical order; It is conducive to giving spiritual comfort to the poor. Injecting new factors into China culture had a far-reaching impact on China's ancient thought, culture, literature and art.

(2) The emergence of Taoism: Taoism is a religion that originated in China and rose among the people in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Taoist thought originated from Taoist theory and immortal magic in the Warring States period.

(3) Historical records

Style: This is a general history of China's first biography.

Content: Described the historical events from the legendary Huangdi to Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty.

Historical Records created a biographical style, and it was a model for China feudal dynasty to compile historical books. It is also an excellent literary work and occupies an important position in the history of China literature.

Unit 3 Three Kingdoms, Jin Dynasty and Northern and Southern Dynasties

Seventeen. The Battle of Guandu and Battle of Red Cliffs p 10 1

1, Battle of Guandu: In 200, Cao Cao fought Yuan Shao's army in Guandu with a small number of troops. Cao Jun defeated Yuan Jun with fewer victories.

Function: It laid the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north.

2. Battle of Red Cliffs: In 208, Cao Cao led a great army south to wipe out Liu Bei and Sun Quan and unify the world. Sun Quan and Liu Bei formed an alliance and fought Cao Jun in Chibi. The Allies took advantage of Cao Jun's weakness in water fighting and chain warships, and defeated Cao Jun with artillery fire. This is the famous Battle of Red Cliffs in history.

Impact: It laid the foundation for the formation of the tripartite confrontation among the three countries.

In 3.220, Cao Cao died of illness. Cao Pi, his son, proclaimed himself emperor in Luoyang, with the title of Wei, who was called Cao Wei in history. In 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of Han, which was called Shu or Shu in history. In 222, Sun Quan also became king, with the title of Wu, which was called Sun Wu or Soochow in history, and later made Jianye its capital. (In 229, Sun Quan officially proclaimed himself emperor) The tripartite confrontation between the three countries was formed. (Note: Cao Cao was not a figure in the Three Kingdoms period, but in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. )

National digital time capital

Wei 220 Luoyang

Shu 22 1 Chengdu

Wu was king in 222 and emperor Jianye (now Nanjing) in 229.

Eighteen, the economic development of Jiangnan★ p110

1. The reasons for the development of Jiangnan area are as follows: ① Good natural conditions: Jiangnan is warm and humid, and the land is fertile. (2) The northward migration enriched the labor force in the south of the Yangtze River and brought advanced agricultural and handicraft production technologies. (Main reasons) ③ The people of the north and the south have jointly developed and built many water conservancy projects and cultivated a large number of fertile fields. (4) There are relatively few wars in Jiangnan, and the social order is relatively stable.

2. The performance of the development in the south of the Yangtze River: ① Agriculture: A. Building numerous water conservancy projects and reclaiming a large number of fertile fields. With the improvement of rice cultivation techniques, rice yield has been greatly improved. C. dryland crops in the north, such as millet and wheat, move south. D. Water hammer and water mill for hydraulic processing of grain are widely used. (2) Handicraft industry: A. The sericulture reeling technology has been improved, and the level of silk weaving industry has been improved and popularized. B. the level of smelting and casting is very high, and many famous smelting and casting workshops have appeared. (3) Commerce: Jiangnan transportation network has been formed, business is active, and many cities and cities are prosperous. (4) Shipbuilding technology: Shipbuilding technology is very developed. As early as the Three Kingdoms, Sun Quan sent people to Yizhou (Taiwan Province Province) by sea.

Influence; The development of the south of the Yangtze River has had a far-reaching impact on China's economy, laying the foundation for the gradual shift of the economic center of gravity to the south.

Nineteen. Emperor xiaowen's reform in the northern Wei dynasty ★ P 1 15

1. Background: Ethnic minorities have moved inward, and ethnic integration and integration have become the mainstream of the times; The Northern Wei Dynasty unified the Yellow River basin and ended the separatist regime in the north.

2. Objective: To accept the advanced culture of Han nationality and strengthen the control of the Yellow River basin.

3. Content: (1) Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved his capital to Luoyang in 494. (2) The imperial court must use Chinese, and Xianbei language is forbidden; Officials and their families must wear Han costumes; Change the surname of Xianbei nationality to Han nationality, and change the royal family from Tuoba to Yuan; Encourage Xianbei nobles to intermarry with Han nobles; Adopt the official system and laws of the Han nationality;

4. Significance: Emperor Xiaowen's reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty was conducive to the recovery and development of the northern economy, accelerated the feudalization process of the northern ethnic groups, and promoted the great integration of the northern ethnic groups. Emperor Xiaowen was an outstanding political reformer of ethnic minorities (Xianbei) in ancient China. The people of all ethnic groups and the Han nationality have lived together for a long time and influenced each other, and the differences between ethnic groups have gradually blurred, and the north has achieved great ethnic integration.

Twenty, Zu Chongzhi and Pi P 1 17

Zu Chongzhi was a famous scientist in Southern Song Dynasty and Qi Dynasty. He accurate pi to seven decimal places, about 1000 years earlier than Europeans.

21. Wang Xizhi's Calligraphy P 12 1

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, calligraphy became an art. Wang Xizhi, a "book sage" (Eastern Jin Dynasty) and Preface to Lanting, was called the best running script in the world by later generations.