1

Vaccination, or deliberately controlling the treatment process of infectious diseases through vaccines, originated from 1796. At that time, dangerous smallpox was prevalent in Britain. An English doctor named edward jenner noticed that the local milkmaid had never had smallpox, but she had permanent vaccinia. He was inspired by this: vaccination with benign vaccinia vaccine may effectively prevent fatal smallpox. So Jenner smeared the vaccinia pustules collected from the milkmaid Sarah Nelms on the scratches on the arm of 8-year-old James phipps.

/kloc-the cowpox pustules on the hands of milkmaids in the 0 th and 8 th centuries helped invent the first vaccine.

His theory was proved by phipps. After successful vaccination, phipps has never had smallpox, which kills 400,000 people every year. At the same time, due to the successful vaccination process, he did not give birth to vaccinia. Jenner's theory has been recognized and widely used. By 1980, smallpox, a disease that once plagued all directions, was finally eradicated all over the world.

2

Before 1877, microorganisms such as bacteria were unknown. Until Louis Pasteur put forward the germ theory of disease, he thought that disease was caused by the spread and proliferation of bacteria invisible to the naked eye. 188 1 year, Pasteur made an open experiment. He inoculated 24 sheep, a goat and 6 cows with a bacterium called anthrax, and left another group of unvaccinated farm animals as a comparison. A few weeks later, he released anthrax all over the farm. A few days later, the onlookers returned to the farm. They saw that all the unvaccinated animals died, but the animals in the vaccinated group were safe and sound. Five years later, Pasteur invented the rabies vaccine.

three

As early as 400 BC, Hippocrates, a famous Greek doctor, described diphtheria, a disease in which mucous membranes hindered breathing and swallowing. But it was not until the19th century that antitoxin, as a pioneer of vaccine, was developed to control this potentially fatal infectious disease. As the inventor of antitoxin, emil von behring won the 190 1 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this discovery.

four

During the period of 1952, the epidemic of polio spread in the United States, and the number of cases of the disease has accumulated to 57,000. At this time, the most famous polio victim, President franklin delano roosevelt, has been dead for seven years. Three years later, Dr Jonas Salk invented a vaccine made of dead bacteria. At the same time, Dr. Albert Sabin also developed a vaccine made of live bacteria with weakened toxicity. The combination of these two vaccines has produced excellent results in preventing polio. 1994, the world health organization officially announced that polio had been eradicated in the whole western hemisphere.

five

1963, Pfizer introduced measles vaccine, which is a highly contagious disease in children. Three years later, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced a campaign to eradicate measles. Within two years, the incidence of measles has dropped by more than 90%.

six

When George Washington led the soldiers to recapture Quebec from the British, smallpox broke out in the army, which led to the failure of the battle. 1777 after the war, general Washington insisted that all his troops should complete the "human pox vaccination" (the predecessor of the vaccine).

seven

The hero behind the vaccine, Dr. Maurice Hillemann, developed a vaccine to prevent mumps in 1967, and then developed measles and rubella vaccines in 1968 and 1969 respectively. In 197 1, he combined these three vaccines into one vaccine, called MMR. This vaccine has saved millions of lives all over the world. Hillemann developed 40 kinds of vaccines in his life.

eight

The first vaccination in the western world was promoted by Mary Wortley Montagu, a British expatriate whose husband was a Turkish diplomat. On 17 15, Mrs Mary Wortley Montagu was disfigured by smallpox. 172 1 After witnessing the local practice in Turkey, she publicly vaccinated her two-year-old daughter against smallpox. In a letter to a friend, she mentioned: "Smallpox is so deadly and common in Britain." . But in Turkey, there is no harm at all, because of the invention. Every autumn, a group of elderly women are vaccinated. "

nine

According to records, as early as the tenth century, China people mastered the means to prevent smallpox: collecting the scars of infected people, grinding them into powder and putting them into the noses of healthy people.