When there is a fire in a building, it is necessary to evacuate as soon as possible in order to avoid indoor personnel from being hurt by fire, smoke and house collapse. However, due to the various functions of buildings, the fire risks of different buildings are different, which brings different degrees of difficulties to the evacuation of people in emergencies. Building fires produce a large number of high-temperature toxic smoke, which poses a serious threat to the safe evacuation and escape of people. Therefore, how to ensure the safe evacuation and escape of personnel is particularly important.
First, the fire risk of civil buildings
1, school building fire hazard
School buildings include nurseries, kindergartens and primary and secondary schools.
Nurseries and kindergartens are characterized by young children who have limited ability to respond, protect themselves and evacuate quickly in case of emergency; Teachers and nurses are mostly lesbians; Interior decoration, equipment and children's toys are mostly flammable and combustible. If fire safety is neglected, once a fire accident occurs, it is difficult to evacuate, which is likely to cause casualties.
Primary and secondary school students are underage, but they have strong activity ability, and the school hours are very concentrated. Under normal circumstances, students often crowd at the stairs after class, and occasionally there will be injury accidents. If there is an emergency such as a fire, the situation will be more serious. In economically backward rural areas, there are many practical situations in primary and secondary school dormitories, such as low fire resistance rating of buildings, insufficient evacuation routes, messy wires and crowded accommodation. Once a fire breaks out, it is easy to cause group deaths and injuries.
2. Hospital fire risk
Hospitals are usually divided into general hospitals and specialized hospitals. In the process of diagnosis and treatment, hospitals use all kinds of flammable and explosive dangerous chemicals, all kinds of medical electrical equipment and other open flames; Moreover, because there are many outpatients and inpatients in the hospital, it is difficult to move, and there are many family members, relatives and friends who take care of and visit patients, and the flow of personnel is very large; At the same time, some large and medium-sized hospitals belong to high-rise buildings, and once a fire breaks out, it will easily cause casualties and major economic losses.
3, shopping malls (markets), hotels (restaurants), stadiums (gymnasiums), auditoriums, public places of entertainment and other public gathering places of fire risk.
The common characteristics of public gathering places are that there are many electrical equipment and large lighting power, which leads to more ignition sources; Use a lot of combustible substances, and the fire load is large; The building has a large span and a large space; There are many holes in doors and windows, and the air circulates. When a fire breaks out, it is easy to spread and the fire develops rapidly. Many public gathering places rebuilt and expanded by using the original buildings often or partially do not meet the requirements of the current fire protection code for building design, and there are many problems. Strong sociality and high concentration of people, even a small fire accident will cause the audience to panic, scramble to escape and crowd each other, which will affect the timely evacuation and cause heavy casualties.
4. Fire hazards in libraries and archives.
Most of the books, newspapers and archives collected in libraries and archives are combustible materials; Public libraries and large libraries of scientific research and education institutions often receive a large number of readers. Once a fire breaks out in the library and archives, it will not only turn rare books, rare newspapers and periodicals, historical archives and documents into ashes, but also endanger the life safety of personnel. In the history of our country, a large number of precious books and materials were destroyed by fire. In modern times, fires in this area are not uncommon. The main causes of library fires are improper installation and use of electrical appliances, lax control of fire sources and the influence of external fires. The library must be listed as the key unit of fire control work, and strict preventive measures must be taken to be foolproof.
5. Fire hazard of ancient buildings
Most of them are wooden frames, and the fire load is large. Wood is a medium for spreading flame and has good combustion conditions; Lack of fire spacing and safe space is prone to "fire and camp"; Lack of water sources, traffic obstacles and difficulties in fire fighting and rescue; There are many problems in use management (including improper use, poor protection and hidden dangers; The surrounding environment is harsh and threatened by external fire; Poor management of fire source and power supply, and many hidden dangers; Shortage of fire fighting equipment, backward equipment, etc.
6. Fire hazards of radio and television stations
Radio and television stations have transmitter rooms and antennas, as well as important facilities such as broadcasting rooms, studios, TV broadcasting control centers, film projection rooms, film developing rooms, video and tape production rooms, film tapes and records storage rooms, TV ob vans, editing and business departments. Its fire risk is shown in the following aspects: (1) A large number of combustible materials are used inside the building; Improper use of electrical equipment is prone to failure or the glass shell of high-temperature lamps is broken, which may cause fire accidents; Television stations often record TV films and need to use a lot of flammable and combustible materials such as wood, landscape films, curtains, curtains and paints.
7. Fire hazard of high-rise buildings
There are many vertical tube wells running through several floors or the whole floor, which are like towering chimneys in case of fire. Pulling out fireworks has become a way for the fire to spread rapidly. There are many floors, people are easy to be crowded in the fire, smoke and fire spread vertically and rapidly in the fire, and the elevators usually used are stopped because of fireworks and power failure, which brings difficulties to safe evacuation; Fire fighting in high-rise buildings is mainly based on indoor fire water supply facilities. Due to the limitation of fire fighting facilities, it often brings many difficulties to fire fighting work. The internal functions are complex, the equipment is diverse, the decoration standard is high, and there are many factors that cause the fire.
8. Fire hazard of underground buildings
Due to the narrow space of underground buildings and limited evacuation facilities, smoke quickly fills the space in case of fire, the space temperature is high, and the visibility is extremely poor. People are easy to get lost in panic and have to evacuate through the entrance and exit.
Second, the building fire evacuation and escape countermeasures
In the emergency rescue of fire, the first thing to do is to evacuate and rescue people, and to ensure the safety of people's lives in the fire is the primary task of the fire brigade after it arrives. At the scene of the fire, the commander should actively implement the principle of "saving people is better than putting out the fire".
Generally speaking, the safe evacuation route of people in buildings can be divided into four stages: the first stage is from the burning room to the door of the room, the second stage is to evacuate in public corridors, the third stage is to evacuate in stairwells, and the fourth stage is to evacuate from stairwells to safe areas such as outdoor. These four stages must be steady step by step to ensure that there is no "countercurrent". The end of the evacuation route must be a safe area.
(a) Safe evacuation and escape of personnel
In case of fire, people present may be burned by smoke poisoning, suffocation, thermal radiation and hot air. Therefore, after the fire, we must first know whether there are people trapped in the fire, the trapped position and the rescue passage, so as to evacuate safely. When fires break out in residential buildings, dormitories and crowded public places, and the safety of personnel is threatened, or when people are injured or trapped at the scene of building collapse or in houses full of smoke and toxic gases, commanders must take reliable measures and actively organize rescue and evacuation.
1, observe calmly, stabilize people's mood and maintain order at the scene.
When a unit or resident has a fire, as the organizer and commander, he should keep calm and immediately give an alarm to the personnel in the burning building by means of radio, alarm bell and indoor telephone. Through publicity to stabilize the mood of personnel, inform the best evacuation route, evacuation method and evacuation precautions; At the same time, according to the division of labor, organize relevant personnel who work in the building or are familiar with the situation in the building to maintain the order at the scene, and organize orderly evacuation as soon as possible to prevent accidents such as squeezing and stepping on injuries caused by panic.
2. The visibility is poor, and the personnel are led to evacuate in a column.
When evacuating, if there are many people or poor visibility, especially at night, it is difficult to identify the evacuation corridor and direction, and the threat is even greater. Under the guidance of people familiar with the evacuation corridor, the fires should be evacuated in columns. The tour leader can take the lead with a rope, and evacuate people to the outdoor or safety inspection place by shouting "Come with me" or pulling the skirt back and forth.
3. When the smoke is thick, do a good job of protection and low-key evacuation.
When the evacuation is surrounded by smoke on the way to the fire site, because the smoke generally flows upward and the smoke on the ground is relatively thin, the method of walking in a low posture or crawling through the smoke area can be adopted; If conditions permit, you can provide towels and simple masks to the trapped people, block their nose and mouth with wet towels, or breathe through their noses with short breaths to evacuate the smoke area quickly.
When the building is on fire, don't panic, find the best evacuation route and escape quickly.
When the lower floor of the building is on fire, people upstairs should not panic, and take correct self-help and evacuation measures according to different situations on the spot. If there is only smoke in the stairwell, you can take a low profile and quickly hold the railing; If the stairs have been sealed by fireworks but not collapsed, there is still the possibility of rushing out. You can pour some water on your head and upper body, wrap your body with soaked quilts, blankets and other things, and rush past the fireworks. If the stairs have been burnt out and the passage is blocked, the trapped people are required to evacuate and escape through the tiger windows on the roof, balcony and along the downpipe. Or tie a rope to a fixed object (such as window frames, water pipes, etc.). ), or tear the sheets into strips and connect them, and then slowly pull the rope down. At the same time, organize ground personnel to quickly find simple life-saving equipment such as ropes, bamboo ladders and bamboo poles to help trapped people escape. If the above measures don't work, you should retreat indoors and close the doors and windows leading to the fire area. You can also water the doors and windows to delay the spread of the fire, put clothes out or throw small objects out of the window to send out a distress signal or shout to attract the attention of people outside the building and try to ask for help. If the fire is too fierce to jump off the building, if you are trapped on the second floor, you can throw some quilts and other things on the ground outside the building, or the ground personnel can put mats such as Simmons on the ground to increase the buffer, and then pull down the windowsill or balcony by hand, so that your feet can land first, and the height can be reduced. If you are trapped above the third floor, never jump off a building. You can move to other safer places and wait patiently for help.
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