1, the Catholic church monopolized all knowledge education, ruled people's thoughts with feudal theology, suppressed scientific research, and culture fell into a low tide.

2. In order to develop capitalism and pursue the enjoyment of life, the emerging bourgeoisie demands to fight against the church in the ideological field.

Second, the rise.

From 1, 14 to16th century, a new bourgeois cultural trend of thought first appeared.

2. With the help of the classical culture of ancient Greece and Rome, many intellectuals attacked the shackles of the church from various aspects and established a bourgeois humanistic worldview. What people thought at that time was actually the rise of bourgeois culture.

3./kloc-It spread to other European countries in the late 5th century, and the Renaissance reached its climax in the 6th century.

Third, the idea of Renaissance works

Renaissance works embody humanism: advocating individual liberation and opposing asceticism and religious views in the Middle Ages; Advocate scientific culture, oppose obscurantism, and get rid of the shackles of the church on people's thoughts; Affirm human rights, oppose theocracy, and abandon all authority and traditional dogma as the basis of theology and scholasticism; Supporting centralization and opposing feudal separatism are the main ideas of humanism. The representative works include Dante's Divine Comedy, Boccaccio's decameron, Machiavelli's The Prince, and rabelais's Biography of the Giant.

Renaissance art praised the beauty of the human body, claiming that the proportion of the human body is the most harmonious in the world, and applied it to architecture. Although a series of paintings and sculptures still focus on religious stories, they all show the scenes of ordinary people and pull God to the ground.

Humanists began to study the Bible by studying classical literature and translated it into the national language, which led to the rise of the Reformation.

Humanism praises the secular and despises the heaven, flaunts rationality rather than the revelation of God, affirms that "man" is the creator and enjoyer of secular life, requires literature and art to express people's thoughts and feelings, scientifically seeks for the welfare of people, educates and develops people's personality, and requires people's thoughts, feelings and wisdom to be liberated from the shackles of theology. Advocating individual freedom has played a great role in historical development.

Fourth, different kinds of Renaissance.

(1) natural science

1 astronomy

1543, the polish astronomer Copernicus published the theory of celestial bodies, in which he proposed a Heliocentrism system different from Ptolemaic geocentric theory. Bruno, an Italian thinker, declared in his works "On Infinity, Universe and All Worlds" and "On Cause, Origin and Unity" that the universe is infinite in space and time, and the sun is only the solar system, not the center of the universe. Galileo invented the astronomical telescope in 1609, published the Star Messenger in 16 10, and published the Dialogue between Ptolemy and Copernicus in 1632. Kepler, a German astronomer, put forward three laws of planetary motion in New Astronomy (1609) and Harmony of the World (16 19) by studying the observation data of Tycho, a Danish astronomer, and determined that the planetary motion around the sun along an elliptical orbit is not constant.

2. Mathematics

Algebra made great progress in the Renaissance, and the solutions of cubic and quartic equations were found. Cardano, an Italian, published a formula for finding the roots of cubic equation in his book Great Skills, but the discovery of this formula should be attributed to another scholar, tartaglia. The solution of the quartic equation was discovered by Ferrari, a student in cardano, and also recorded in The Great Book. Bombelli expounded the irreducibility of cubic equations in his works, used imaginary numbers, and improved the popular algebraic symbols at that time. Symbolic algebra was founded by the French mathematician Veda in the16th century. He published "Introduction to Analytical Methods" at 159 1, systematically arranged algebra, and for the first time consciously used letters to represent unknowns and known numbers. In his other book, On the Identification and Correction of Equations, David improved the solutions of cubic and quartic equations, and established the relationship between the roots and coefficients of quadratic and cubic equations, which is known as Vieta's theorem in modern times. Trigonometry also made great progress during the Renaissance. On Triangle, written by German mathematician Reggio Montanus, is the first trigonometry work independent of astronomy in Europe. The book systematically expounds the plane triangle and spherical triangle, as well as a very accurate trigonometric function table. On the basis of redefining trigonometric function, Rhaticus, a student of Copernicus, made a more accurate trigonometric function table.

3. Physics

In physics, Galileo discovered the three laws of falling body, parabola and shaking through many experiments, which made people have a new understanding of the universe. His student Torricelli proved the air pressure through experiments and invented the mercury barometer. Pascal, a French scientist, discovered the law of pressure propagation in liquids and gases. British scientist Boyle discovered the law of gas pressure.

4. Physiology and Medicine

Belgian doctor Vesaliua Uss published the book Human Body Structure, which challenged Galen's "Trinity" theory. Spanish doctor Servit discovered the small circulation system of blood, which proved that blood flows from the right ventricle to the lungs and reaches the left ventricle through a tortuous route. Harvey, a British anatomist, published the theory of heart-blood movement through a large number of animal anatomy experiments, which systematically explained the law of blood movement and the working principle of the heart. He pointed out that the heart is the center of blood movement and the source of strength. This great discovery made him the founder of modern physiology.

5. "Great geographical discovery"

There has been a revolutionary leap in navigation technology, and explorers from Portugal, Spain and Italy have started a series of long-distance navigation activities. The geographical discoveries of Columbus and Magellan provide strong evidence for the theory of the earth circle.

6. The rediscovery of printing in Europe and the spread of papermaking, compass and gunpowder (the four great inventions of China) from the East have promoted the rapid spread of scientific ideas.

(2) Literature

Writers all over the world began to use their own dialects instead of Latin for literary creation, which promoted the development of popular literature and injected a large number of literary works into various languages, including novels, poems, essays, folk songs, plays and so on.

In Italy, there were "three outstanding literary figures" in the early Renaissance. Dante wrote many academic works and poems in his life, among which the famous ones are "New Life" and "Divine Comedy". Petrarch is the originator of humanism and is known as the "father of humanism". He was the first to call for the revival of classical culture and put forward the idea that "humanism" opposed "theology". Petrarch mainly wrote many beautiful poems, among which the representative work is Lyric Sonnets. Boccaccio is the founder of Italian national literature, and decameron, a collection of short stories, is his masterpiece.

In France, the Renaissance obviously formed two factions, one is optimates represented by Seven Star Poetry Society, and the other is Democrats represented by rabelais. The Seven Star Poetry Society, represented by Longsha and Du Beilai, has made outstanding contributions to language and poetry theory. They first put forward the idea of unifying national languages, which promoted the development of French national languages and national literature. But they rejected folk poetry and only served a few nobles. Rabelais is an outstanding humanist writer after Boccaccio and a representative of the French Renaissance Democrats. The Biography of the Giant, which he created in 20 years, is a realistic work interwoven with reality and fantasy, and occupies an important position in the history of European literature and education.

In Britain, the representatives are Thomas Moore and Shakespeare. Thomas Moore is a famous humanist thinker and the founder of utopian socialism. 15 16 Utopia, which he wrote in Latin, is the first work of utopian socialism. Shakespeare is a gifted playwright and poet. He, together with Homer, Dante and Goethe, is called the four great European writers. His works have complete structure, vivid plot, rich and refined language and outstanding personality, which represent the highest achievement of European Renaissance literature and have a far-reaching impact on the development of European realistic literature.

In Spain, the most outstanding representatives are Cervantes and Vega. Cervantes is a realistic writer, dramatist and poet. He wrote a large number of poems, plays and novels, of which Don Quixote, a long satirical novel, was the most famous, which had a great influence on the development of European literature. Vega is a dramatist, novelist and poet, the founder of Spanish national drama, and is known as the "father of Spanish drama". He is one of the few prolific writers in the world. He wrote more than 2,000 plays in his life, and more than 600 have been handed down to this day. There are religious drama, historical drama, divine drama, robe and sword drama, pastoral drama and other forms, which deeply reflect the social reality of Spain and are deeply loved by the masses. The most outstanding representative work is Yangquan Village.

(3) architecture

Renaissance architecture is an architectural style that was born in Italy in the14th century with the cultural movement of Renaissance. Based on the criticism of the supremacy of theocracy in the Middle Ages and the affirmation of humanitarianism, architects hope to reshape the harmonious order of the ideal classical society with the help of classical proportions. Therefore, generally speaking, Renaissance architecture pays attention to order and proportion, with strict facade and plane composition and column system inherited from classical architecture.

1, function

* Learn the classical style represented by ancient Greece and Rome and develop the concept of' column'.

* Emphasize that the proportion of buildings is the same as that of people, which reflects the harmony and laws of the universe and strongly reflects the influence of Pythagoras and Plato's traditions.

* Use symmetrical shape and center.

* Restore "nature", draw with a ruler and ruler, mainly with circles and squares.

* Oppose Gothic architecture

2. Famous architecture and architects

Filippo brunelleschi

In terms of time and place, Florence, Italy is considered as the beginning of the Renaissance. The cathedral built by Fillipo Brunelleschi, an architect in Florence, Italy, does not take the form of Goethe, but looks like Notre Dame in Byzantine period, but instead of using the spinnaker arch, the pointed arch is directly placed on an octagonal wall. Finally, a small pavilion at the top of the arch looks dangerous, which plays a role in connecting several parts of the arch and pressing them together with its own weight. In addition, this vault is a wooden roof, not a Roman stone or concrete roof.

However, during the closure of the Franciscan order of St. Scrooge, the chapel built for the Pazzi family did use a jib arch. This time, the lower plane is square, and the upper plane is cantilever arch and circular arch. The technology lost for centuries has finally come back to life. From then on, the dome and the plane of basilica became the standard in the following centuries.

Leon battista alberti Leon Batista Alberti

Filippo plays the role of a traditional medieval craftsman. Leon Batista Alberti is a real representative of Renaissance architects. He really raised Renaissance architecture to a theoretical level. His architectural theory was published in 1485. It is worth mentioning here that Gutenberg invented printing, which made cultural exchange faster. This is an important factor in cultural exchange. In this book, he discusses the possibility of architecture from the perspective of Renaissance humanists. According to Euclid's mathematical principles, he proposed to recombine the basic collection systems such as circles and squares in proportion to find the golden section of architectural beauty. In the process of building the Ruselle Palace, he used all kinds of columns, all of which were carefully weighed. The top of the palace is also an original deep eaves, even covering the roof, so that the appearance of the building remains complete square.

Donato Bramante

Bramao is the man who pushed this ancient rationalism spirit to the extreme. He tried his best to examine every architectural scale. From his Tempietto in San Pietro, you can see that this ratio has been scrutinized to be almost perfect. In the future, many public and religious buildings, such as St. Peter's Church, Pantheon, and even the White House, have the shadow of Bramao.

The greatest work of the Renaissance can be said to be St. Peter's Church, which was built for more than a century. The list of architects is like who's who in the Renaissance. And this beginning, or skeleton, was done by Bramao. Raphael, Peruzzi, Sangalo Junior, Michelangelo, Vignola, Della Berta, fontana and Madena followed closely.

Michelangelo

Michelangelo was not a professional architect but a great sculptor. Because of this, he avoided the disadvantages of his contemporaries who were too entangled in proportion, and refined architecture from a unique three-dimensional perspective of a sculptor. He uses various techniques, such as disturbing the balance, or using narrow walkways or colonnades to achieve touching architectural effects, but he doesn't care much about whether it conforms to strict classical proportions. Among them, the giant column used in St. Peter's Cathedral was obtained by raising the ordinary column several times. This creative application of classical patterns introduced the Renaissance into later technicalism.

Palladio (Palladio)

The leader of Vicenza is Palladio, who is a serious classicist. The sublimation of classicism always makes this master's works as pure as diamonds. It embodies the accuracy of the mathematical aesthetic feeling of Renaissance architecture and the control of the central plane. Looking further, we can see that under this strict aesthetic system, as the main body of architecture, it has been squeezed into a very marginal corner, and architecture has completely become the carrier of concepts in Palladio's hands.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) National Characteristics of Renaissance

(a) Italy and its representatives

On behalf of:

Poets: Dante, Petrarch;

Writers: Boccaccio, Machiavelli;

Painters: Giotto, Botticelli, Da Vinci, Raphael, Titian;

Sculptor: Michelangelo; Architect: Filippo Brwnelle-Schi;

Musicians: Palestrina, Lasso, etc.

(2) Spain and its representatives

The Spanish Renaissance entered the "golden age" in the second half of16th century and the beginning of17th century, and made remarkable achievements in novels and dramas.

Representative figures: writer Cervantes and dramatist Lope de Vega.

(3) Germany and its representatives

In Germany: the main achievements are in the religious reform, peasant war, satirical literature and scientific and technological inventions.

Representative figures: Martin Luther, Diu Lei, etc.

(4) France and its representatives

In France: free thinking and skeptical thinking are quite developed.

Representative figures: essayist: Montaigne, novelist: rabelais, etc.

(5) Britain and its representatives

In Britain: Poetry and drama are flourishing like never before.

Representative figures: writer Shakespeare, etc.

Sixth, the significance of the Renaissance.

For a long time, the Renaissance was regarded as a simple restoration of classical culture. In fact, the Renaissance did not really want to "restore" classical culture, but to attack the culture and system at that time, so as to establish a new culture and create public opinion for the establishment of a new social system.

Renaissance is a period of gradual development, with no clear dividing line and events. But the Renaissance changed people's thinking at that time, which led to the religious reform and fierce religious war. The later Enlightenment took the Renaissance as an example. /kloc-historians in the 0 th and 9 th centuries believe that the subsequent scientific development, geographical discoveries and the birth of nation-states all originated from the Renaissance. Renaissance is the watershed between the middle ages and modern times in the "dark age" and the public opinion premise of bourgeois revolution. Renaissance is a prelude to liberating Europe from the shackles of decadent feudal religions and expanding it to the whole world.

Its main performance is as follows:

1, Renaissance is a great change in the field of ideology and culture, with strong vitality.

Modern science came into being, which promoted the progress of human science and civilization.