Problem description:
The more detailed, the better.
Analysis:
Le? Corbusier was born on June 6th, 1987 in Chocqueuse-Germany-France. His original name is Charles Edouard Jeannert-Gris, a master of modern architecture, one of the most important architects in this century, and a radical and leader of modern architectural movement. He and Walter. Ludwig Gropius? Miss? Where is it? De? Luo is also known as the main representative of modern architecture school or international architecture school.
Corbusier was born in a small town near the French border in northwest Switzerland. His parents are engaged in the manufacture of clocks and watches. When I was a teenager, I studied in the watch technical school in my hometown and was interested in art. 1907 went to Budapest and Paris to study architecture, and in Paris I went to August, an architect who is famous for using reinforced concrete. Berry studied in the office, and later went to work in Bach Rennes, Germany. Peter. Baehrens office is famous for trying to design novel industrial buildings with new architectural treatment methods, where he met Gropius and Smith who worked there at the same time. Where is it? De? Luo, they influenced each other and jointly created the trend of modern architecture. He also went to Greece and Turkey and visited ancient buildings and folk buildings.
Corbusier 19 17 settled in Paris, engaged in painting and sculpture at the same time, and co-edited the magazine "New Spirit" with painters and poets of neo-cubism under the pseudonym Le? Corbusier, he wrote in the first issue: "A new era has begun, which is rooted in a new spirit, a constructive and comprehensive new spirit with clear goals." Later, he sorted out some articles about architecture published in it, and published a solo book "Towards New Architecture", which vehemently denied the conservative architectural views and retro architectural styles since19th century, praised the achievements of modern industry, put forward that "our times decide our own styles every day" and praised the working methods of engineers. "Engineers are driven by economic laws and guided by mathematical formulas, so that we can be consistent with the laws of nature and achieve harmony." It puts forward that "housing is a living machine" and advocates building houses on a large scale by industrialized methods. "The primary task of architecture is to promote the reduction of construction costs and reduce the components of houses." Architectural design emphasizes that "the original form is a beautiful form" and praises simple geometric form.
Le? Corbusier is an imaginative architect. His interpretation of the ideal city, his understanding of the natural environment and his strong belief and reverence for tradition are quite unique. As an internationally influential architect and urban planner, he is a rare talent who is good at using popular styles-he can perfectly combine the rolling elements of fashion with the rough and exquisite factors.
He designs with grids and cubes, and often uses simple geometric figures, ordinary squares, circles and triangles to build seemingly simple patterns. As an artist, Le? Corbusier knows the importance of controlling volume, surface and outline, which is also reflected in a large number of abstract carving patterns he created. So, having fun? In Corbusier's design, a vivid visual effect is dominated by a large number of patterns, and his architectural models are transformed into architectural objects just like artists carving and cutting on clay molds. Through careful design, under the contrast of light and shade, he succeeded in maximizing the limited space and produced good visual effects.
He advocated using the traditional model to provide a template for modern architecture. He once stated that tradition has always been his true leader, so by Le? The architecture designed by Corbusier is not only considered from two or three angles, but also from four angles, but his understanding of nature has gradually changed his style. Nature is wonderful. Fresh air, bright sunshine, freshness and beauty from nature make people happy. Corbusier felt it necessary to establish a brand-new style to adapt to the development of today's machine age. When all buildings are regarded as "machines in the machine age", people begin to pay attention to the basic functions of houses. His goal is: in the machine society, we should re-plan and build according to natural resources and land conditions, taking into account the problems of sunshine, space and green vegetation.
19 1 1 year, Le? Corbusier wrote in the book: "I am looking for geometry. I am frantically looking for all kinds of colors and cubes, spheres, cylinders and pyramids." The rising of the prisms and the balance between them can make the midday sunlight enter the building surface through the cube, which can form a unique rhythm. The rainbow in the evening seems to last until the morning. Of course, this effect requires the full integration of light and shadow in the early design. We are no longer artists, but observers who go deep into this era. Although our past time was noble, beautiful and valuable, we should continue to do better, which is also my belief. "
1926? Corbusier proposed five famous new buildings (some people compared them to five classical columns): 1. Independent columns are used at the bottom of the building; 2. Roof garden; 3. Free plane; 4. Transverse long window; 5. Free facade. People compare this architectural age to the machine age, le? Corbusier is the most influential architect and a famous social reformer. When inspecting the great buildings, spacious spaces, trees and statues of the whole city, he was full of * * *. His rich and varied works and architectural philosophy have profoundly influenced the urban appearance and contemporary lifestyle in the 20th century. From the early series of white villa buildings and horse apartments to Langxiang Church, from the reconstruction planning of Paris to the new town of Gar, from "Towards New Architecture" to "Magic Capital", his ever-changing architecture and urban thoughts always leave his pursuers far behind. Corbusier is the insurmountable peak of modern architecture and the inexhaustible source of architectural thought.
Corbusier emphasized the beauty of machinery and highly praised the crystallization of new technologies such as airplanes, automobiles and ships. He believes that the shape design of these products is not limited by any traditional style, but is designed according to new functional requirements. They are only limited by economic factors, so they are more reasonable. He pointed out: "... in the past 50 years, steel and concrete have occupied a dominant position, which shows that the structure itself has great capabilities. For architectural artists, the old classics in architectural design have been overthrown. If we want to challenge the past, we should realize that the past style in history no longer exists for us, and a new design style belonging to our own era has emerged, which is revolution. By emphasizing the importance of machinery, Corbusier became the founder of mechanical aesthetics theory. He thinks that houses are machines for people to live in, and books are machines for people to read. In contemporary society, a newly designed product serving modern people is a machine in a sense. Their aesthetic principles are unique and do not follow the aesthetic principles of classical art. Only in the face of this new social situation can we grasp a new aesthetic standpoint and aesthetic principles, that is, mechanical aesthetics representing the new era of the twentieth century. In the specific design, Corbusier emphasized the starting point of mathematical calculation and geometric calculation, which not only made the building more scientific and reasonable, but also embodied the technical principles. He was the first person who advocated the introduction of Paris art form into design.
From 65438 to 0927, Corbusier initiated the International Conference on Modern Architecture in * * * Raz, Switzerland, and became the central organization of modern architecture with international style. Le? Corbusier's architectural thought can be divided into two stages: before 1950s, he was the main leader of rationalism, functionalism and national style, represented by Sava Villa in 1929 and Marseille Apartment in 1945. The load-bearing walls of many building structures are replaced by reinforced concrete, and buildings are often suspended above the ground; After fifty? Corbusier turned to expressionism and postmodernism. Langxiang Chapel shocked the architectural world with its expressive force and unique form of sculpture, which completely deviated from the early classical vocabulary and was one of the most memorable buildings built by modern people. In furniture design, music? Corbusier, on the other hand, is famous for his luxurious and comfortable steel tube frame recliner, which almost became a symbol of elegant life in the 1920s.
Main works:
Masai apartment
Like Noah's Ark, with a lost little world. In fact, on the one hand, Marseille apartment has absolute privacy. Every family member has a small private room like a monk, and every apartment unit is soundproof, just like living in a cave. On the other hand, it has a direct connection with the surrounding landscape, and at the same time, its social function has been greatly exaggerated. In fact, it has designed as many as 26 different social spaces.
Sava villa
One of the classic works of modernist architecture is located in poissy, a suburb of Paris. /kloc-designed in le corbusier in 0/928, completed in 0/930.
Savoi Villa covers an area of 12 mu, with rectangular foundation, about 22.5 meters long and 20 meters wide, with three floors in total. The ground floor is empty on three sides, supported by pillars, with a hall, garage and servant room. On the second floor, there are living room, bedroom, kitchen, dining room, roof garden and semi-open rest space. On the third floor is the master bedroom and the roof garden, which are connected by stairs and ramps. There are no decorative feet inside and outside the building, so some curved walls are used to increase the variety.
Savoi Villa adopts reinforced concrete frame structure, which is free in plane and space layout, interspersed with each other and communicated with the inside and outside. The outline of the villa is simple, like a white square box supported by thin columns. The horizontal long window is flat and wide, and the outer wall is smooth without any decoration, but the light and shadow are varied. The appearance of the villa is simple, but the interior space is very complicated, just like a finely hollowed-out geometric figure and a complicated machine. Savoi Villa is the concrete embodiment of the five characteristics of new architecture put forward by le corbusier, which has great influence on the establishment and popularization of modernist architectural style.
Notre Dame
This is a small Catholic church in a deep mountain, which has broken through all forms of the Catholic church for thousands of years. It is deformed, grotesque and mysterious, standing like a rock on a hill regarded as a sacred place. After the completion of Langxiang Church, it won wide acclaim from the world architectural community. It shows the unique understanding of architectural art, skillful body control skills and light processing ability in the later period of music. Whether people appreciate it or not, they must admit it. Corbusier's extraordinary artistic imagination and creativity.
Le? After accepting the reconstruction project of Langxiang Church, Corbusier adopted a unique design scheme like sculpture. He broke through, as if floating on the wall. The south wall is called "light wall". This wall is very thick with some irregular holes. The outdoor opening is small and the indoor opening is large, with a strange ratio. The part near the outer wall is equipped with stained glass commonly used in churches. At the same time, the connection between the wall and the roof is not seamless, but there is a certain gap. Her three curved towers bring natural light into the room from the roof. These practices make the room produce a very strange lighting effect and a sense of mystery. The main chapel is located in the east, in line with Christianity. This church can hold 50 people.
The roof of Langxiangtang is high in the southeast and low in the northwest, showing the momentum in the southeast corner. This steep roof has the function of collecting rainwater. All rainwater on the roof flows to the northwest water inlet and is injected into the underground pool through the extended drainage pipe. There are high windows on the three vertical towers of the church. It contains extraordinary spirit and has a strange twisted shape. The church is simple and inexpensive. It is an ideographic building.
Langxiang Church was founded after World War II. One of the most striking works designed by Corbusier, it represents Le? The change of Corbusier's creative style has had a great influence on the development of western "modern architecture".
High Court of Chandigarh, India
Its outline is very simple, and it is all made of reinforced concrete structure. Because it is on the arid plain, special attention is paid to the local climate conditions in the design, and a large pool is arranged in front of the building. Seen from the front, the building seems to be built in a lake, reflecting up and down. When the breeze blows, the lake is very beautiful. Considering the dominant wind direction in summer, most rooms have airflow. In order to cool down, the building is covered with a huge reinforced concrete roof, which is more than 100 meters long and consists of 1 1 continuous arch shells. The cross section is V-shaped, and the front and rear eaves are inclined, which can not only shade the sun, but also prevent direct access, similar to the cornices in China. There are four floors of space under the roof. There is a hall on the first floor, in which there are eight small courts and a big court. There are three huge pillars four stories high at the entrance, and the top of the straight road is painted in red, yellow and green. This clearly highlights the population. The fa? ade is a sun visor, and the big entrance has an indoor ramp. The walls are dotted with holes of different shapes and painted with bright colors such as red, yellow, blue and white. The grotesque figure, extraordinary scale, rough concrete surface and uncoordinated color blocks bring absurd and rude atmosphere to the building. It is this "animal nature" that gives people the feeling that it is a huge and heavy sculpture, which is why this building is famous.
Works that were rejected but still left a profound impact on later generations:
Geneva League of Nations Headquarters Programme
Obs planning in Algiers
193 1 year, Corbusier thinks that the law of debris combination should be applied to the whole area, and the urban organization form and its parts should be coordinated with each other to maintain the order of the city. There is a main road between the long buildings around the seashore and the curved buildings on the Royal Castle Hill, which extends down to the skyscrapers on the shore. Corbusier's handling in this respect is novel, and this style embodies the way of dealing with artificial scenes by composition. At the same time, it is also an imposed solution regardless of the original situation of the site. Whether it is natural or ancient palaces, their form is often a reinterpretation of the environment. The intersection of various styles embodies full freedom, and the city constantly evolves a new order.
Olbers Planning in Algiers, Elevated Highway, 193 1 Theoretically, Corbusier arranged the architectural elements in advance, that is, within the fixed regional structural framework, such building units can be dismantled, moved and placed everywhere. Each building unit can be replaced without affecting the essence of the project and conflicting with the overall style. The purpose of this idea is not to eliminate diversity, but to ensure their coexistence. Cities can only exist on the basis of following their own production laws. Just like a machine, it does not create value itself, nor does it produce a hierarchy. It is just a tool to form value in the production system. The same is true of cities, and active participation comes from the public's use of it.