After leaving vocational school at the age of fifteen, Miss worked as a draftsman for local architects, mainly designing decorative patterns for neoclassical buildings. Later, the 19-year-old lady was chosen to work for an architect who is good at wood structure design in Berlin.
Later, Miss became an apprentice to Bruno Paul and accepted the influence of the new art trend from him.
1907 left Paul's studio to design the first work-Lille residence.
1908, Miss Peter Behrens came to her office and worked here with le corbusier and Gropius. Baehrens is an advocate of new art and technology. He is a pioneer of innovation and pursues modern design. Although it has taken away obvious neoclassical features, it is also trying to find what modernism needs-order and perfection. In particular, the factory building design of AEG Electric Company is the first excellent example of applying steel and glass materials to buildings and is recognized as the first modern building.
Smith didn't study byers's neoclassicism. However, the design of Karl Federico Schenker, a German architect, such as the structural layout at the foot of a wide platform, the sense of scale rhythm and pure design elements, made Mies, then a painter, have a strong interest in neoclassicism.
The Hugo Pailes residence designed by Miss in 19 1 1 is a traditional residential area with Schenk style. A sunken porch, protruding cornice, slightly sloping roof.
In particular, in 19 12, the Krule residence in The Hague, the Netherlands, was a Schenk-style residence. The owner decided not to design the house according to Baehrens' original design, and let the young lady stay in The Hague to design the house. Miss Wang redesigned the house from her own point of view, and the details still have neoclassical style, but the villa was not built.
19 13 years, Miss returned to Berlin and opened her own office. The houses she designed were all Schenk-style, but they kept the classical clarity.
Although it is a member of the classical form, the concept of "structure first" is unique and superior. Emphasize expression and be loyal to structure, that is, "form is determined by structure and not dominated by form".
1914-1918, during the first world war, Madame Army served.
19 19 Smith sketched a 20-story all-glass skyscraper, which was the first person to draw a glass skyscraper and laid the foundation for the common glass and metal skyscrapers today.
192 1 "Honeycomb", as the design scheme of Miss's high-rise building in Frederick Street, was well received for its bold innovation, but it didn't win the prize in the end.
1922 simulates the second sketch.
20 stories high, all glass, free plane form. Each layer of glass plate is surrounded by a continuous glass curtain, and the external curve consists of many short straight lines that gradually change direction, with emphasis on light reflection.
1923, he published his own magazine-G (Creation), and wrote in the July issue: "We are opposed to all abstract aesthetic theories, all dogmas and all formalism ... We should start from our tasks and create forms in a new era. This is our task. "
The design of reinforced concrete office building and the scheme of rural brick villa are also Mies' influential works in modernism.
The office building has a flat roof, a right-angled plane and a reinforced concrete structure. Continuous glass and walls are interlaced to form light and shadow, emphasizing that the walls are not load-bearing, open to the outside and connected with nature.
Bright and open working space, no false decoration, skinny buildings.
1923 Brick villa was exhibited in Berlin Art Exhibition, using free and asymmetric volume, alternating space and extended wall to create the effect of virtual and real space contrast.
The layout of independent and free walls does not close the room, nor does it imply the area of the room, but represents the dynamics in the space, and the space permeates each other, transforming the interior into a dynamic spatial unity. Exploring the integration and clear structure inside and outside space is Smith's transitional work.
During the period of1925-1929, Miss built three houses and a monument-Karl Liebknecht and rosa luxemburg Monument.
1926 karl liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg both adopt brick wall facades. He believes that brick is a structural material and does not need to be hidden.
1927 The residential buildings in Wiesenhoff Exhibition are relatively consistent in style, which shows that the trend of modern architecture is gradually unified and is an important milestone in the history of modern architecture.
The master plan of Miss Planning has established the concept of housing planning, and the residents of Wiesenhof have proved their courage and industrial level completely and excellently so far.
This exhibition is also a display of modern furniture. The "Metal Cane Chair (MR)" designed by Ms. Kloc-0/927 is very successful.
The German Pavilion in Barcelona (1929) is the highest achievement of Smith's architectural creation in Europe.
The German Pavilion is a landmark building, which mainly embodies the modern spirit of Germany.
Emphasis is placed on exquisite handicrafts and rich materials, and attention is paid to the regular steel frame structure and the treatment of extending the wall to the external space.
Floating roofs and open airplanes.
The plane of the exhibition hall is simple, but the space handling is very complicated. Steel columns and marble are the main components of free walls.
Here, the flowing space has been fully reflected. In addition to the necessary components, the only decorations are two rectangular pools and a girl statue.
Miss designed chairs specially for interior decoration, and their shapes matched the buildings. The style of modern furniture is very popular in America, so it has become a "Barcelona chair".
1930 Mies lived in Tugenhart, Brno, Czech Republic, which is another work after the German Pavilion in Barcelona. Together with Savoi Villa in Corbusier and Robin Villa in Wright, it represents the historical features of modern architecture.
The open plane and free flowing space are very similar to the German Pavilion in Barcelona.
It is a classic modern interior design, which is characterized by the space treatment of the residential part and the application of indoor materials.
The size and design of the living space are concise and the details are exquisite.
193 1 The detached houses in the Berlin architectural exhibition are typical works.
1938, Miss came to "Aarmo Institute of Technology" and is now the head of the School of Architecture of Illinois Institute of Technology.
Soon after, the school gave him the first design opportunity and let him come to the IIT campus planning project in the United States.
1939 started work and the preliminary scheme was completed. Later, it was revised twice and finalized in 1949, which was not completed until the mid-1950s.
The campus designed by Ms. Smith includes eight urban areas. The general plan is very different from the previous design, which makes full use of American architectural technology, so it is still an influential masterpiece in American architectural products.
The main building is the office complex of the library tourist card. Structural members are exposed like Gothic churches, and steel columns and brick frames are clearly visible inside and outside.
The final campus master plan can clearly see three obvious characteristics:
First, buildings are basically simple cubes, and buildings are arranged in a straight line.
Second, the building is used for teaching services, using low-rise buildings, which is convenient to use.
Thirdly, according to the proportional relationship between modules, the overall layout of the whole campus and the design of single buildings are determined.
Smith, who attaches great importance to building materials, discovered steel in America. The structure of steel and glass embodies the power of modern technology. The architecture of steel and glass purifies the entity to the essence, reaching the objective truth that Mies expected.
The "cosmic space" invented by Smith is to use contemporary advanced science and technology to gather exquisite and standardized detail units and create future buildings with flexible functions.
Farnsworth House was built in 1945- 1950, which is the only house built by Miss after she moved to America.
With steel and glass as materials, a large piece of glass replaces the wall that blocks the line of sight and becomes a "house with scenery".
In summer, lush sugar maple trees provide shade, but strong sunlight still shines in. In winter, the heating system is unbalanced, and the surface of large glass freezes.
In the frame of steel structure, the open space is not blocked by columns, and the internal functions are divided by the combination of partition walls and furniture.
The whole building is like an all-glass square box, all the privacy is exposed, which can't meet the privacy requirements of living, and finally there is a serious conflict with the owner. This is a long lawsuit.
Farnsworth residence is widely regarded as one of the models of modern architecture, which also marks the turning point of Smith's later design-paying attention to structural form.
Chicago Cape Apartment built in 1946- 1949 is the first large-scale building designed by Miss. Due to the shortage of steel due to the war, reinforced concrete was forced to be used.
The lakeside apartment in Chicago, built in 1948- 195 1, was a high-rise building with far-reaching influence at that time.
Slender proportions, 26 stories high, flat roofs and glass walls have become the prototype of new skyscrapers.
The structure of the building is composed of frames, which clearly shows the structural characteristics.
I-beam not only strengthens the window lattice, but also achieves beautiful effect.
The purity and perfection of form have become the supreme law. Architectural art is a strict training, and architectural art is an industrial product. Architectural art creation and construction industrialization have reached a consensus.
1954- 1958 finally decided to design the Higramm Tower as a 3×5 bay towering rectangular tower, parallel to the main street, and the most direct thing is the square space in front of the building.
The square provides a welcome and comfortable space on the street with dense buildings, which increases the opportunities for pedestrians to appreciate specific architectural art.
The office building is a rectangular column, and the light gray glass curtain wall is almost all straight vertical lines, and both inside and outside are decorated with copper skin.
Especially in the lighting and lighting design of the building, the dark brown heat-absorbing glass can prevent the sun from shining during the day, and the building is illuminated by bright lights at night. The whole building exudes a warm, peaceful and bitter color.
West Graham Tower and Plaza are the most classic works of Smith's architecture designed in the United States.
1958, Miss retired from Illinois Institute of Technology at the age of 72.
1956- 1963 The residential area of Lafayette Park in Detroit is an important part of the American urban renewal movement, but you have carried it out according to the modernist urban planning thought. Authors: Smith and Hillbo Sammy.
It's for the middle class. Parks are residential areas.
Due to the destruction of the neighborhood unit effect, the social interaction of residents in the mixed community disappeared in the grassland, and the service facilities were inconvenient, so the residential area was also criticized by relevant social parties.
The Callinan Hall of the Art Museum was built in 1954- 1959, which is quite different from the early style. Instead of using the treatment method of flowing space, the Datong room is flexibly arranged.
In the facade modeling, it is simple and steady, and can be coordinated with the classical characteristics of the original main building.
1962- 1968 the new national gallery was built as a treasure house of paintings and sculptures, and Smith's determination to realize this project with his unique style is unshakable.
The gallery is located on a 346×362-foot granite platform, with the entrance facing east.
In addition, the building has both a magnificent appearance and touching details, which can represent the most complete spatial structure in this century.
Domingo Center and Westminster Square are both commercial buildings, which need public service facilities such as commercial office buildings, banks, restaurants, shops and theaters. There are two tall skyscrapers in the Domini Center, and a single-story bank hall is connected between them. Westmont Plaza is a two-story commercial building with two high-rise apartments and an office building, and a low-rise building between the two buildings.
Chicago Federal Center is a government complex, which needs a postal building, a court and a federal office building. It is two office skyscrapers connected by a single-story post office.
Although the functions of the three blocks are obviously different, they all adopt similar solutions. Similar to asymmetric group combination, they are separated by squares, but each single building still maintains its own axis.
1963, President Kennedy awarded Smith the Medal of Freedom in recognition of his contribution to American architecture. However, in June 5438 +065438+ 10, President Kennedy was assassinated, which was decorated by President Johnson himself.
/kloc-in the summer of 0/969, Miss passed away at the age of 83. He left more than 140 architectural works to the world, completed the largest number of works that an architect could complete, and left these works in the world.
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