Changzhou Dialect and Northern Mandarin and Putonghua
What was the accent of Changzhou people in ancient times? It's impossible to find out now. However, it can be concluded that the current Changzhou dialect is the result of many mixed interactions between the local indigenous language and the Central Plains language. At the end of Shang Dynasty, Taibo and Zhong Yong went to Wudi to combine with local aborigines. The language they spoke was Wu dialect. Every time there was a war in the past dynasties, the residents of the Central Plains had to move southward on a large scale. On the one hand, the residents of the Central Plains live together with the surrounding ethnic groups, forming the current northern mandarin; On the other hand, the residents of the Central Plains mixed with the residents of the Wu dialect area, forming the present Wu dialect.
During the Xianfeng period, the Qing army and the Xiang Yong Tuan fought fiercely with the Taiping Army in Wujin, Jintan and Liyang, and the local population dropped sharply. Because Changzhou is located at the dividing line between Wu dialect and northern mandarin area, immigrants from northern mandarin area have entered in large numbers. For example, the original old Jintan dialect in Jintan belongs to Wu dialect. In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the Taiping Army attacked Jintan City for the second time, and fought bloody battles with the Qing army. 1 10 day, there were less than 3,000 people left in the city and less than 30,000 adherents in the county. Since then, due to immigration, the population has risen to 87,024 in Tongzhi four years (1865) and to176,500 in Guangxu ten years (1884). Due to this great change, bilingualism has appeared in Jintan County. The old Jintan dialect belonging to Wu dialect coexists with the new Jintan dialect belonging to Jianghuai Mandarin (Jianghuai Mandarin is a branch of northern Mandarin, which is popular on both sides of the Yangtze River in Anhui Province, in most areas north of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, above Zhenjiang on the south bank of the Yangtze River, below Nanjing and along the Yangtze River in Jiangxi Province), and the new Jintan dialect is dominant. In the early Qing Dynasty, the local people must have spoken the old Jintan dialect. Because the Jintan dialect quoted in Duan Yucai's Notes on Shuowen Jiezi in Qing Dynasty and recorded in Gong Zizhen's Notes on Jintan Dialect are the same as the old Jintan dialect now.
After the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, in the west of Wujin (Xiaxi, Huangli), there was a Suzhou rich man Xu, who took relief, land reclamation and land lease as his business, attracting a large number of immigrants from northern Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan and Hubei to settle down (mostly). In some villages in the north (Xiaohe, Xiaodu, Weicun and Tang Wei), immigrants mainly from Su Beiren settled in Xiatan by the river to reclaim land. In Liyang, immigrants from Henan (Guangshan and Luoshan counties), northern Jiangsu (Xinghua and Gaoyou counties), Zhejiang (Wenzhou), Anhui and Hubei settled in Liyang. They live in hilly areas such as Pingqiao, Yonghe and Shangxing, and in Dangtan polder areas such as Yuqiao, Gudu and Ma Qian, respectively, and use Liyang dialect and local dialect. For example, the county belongs to Wu dialect, and it is said to be "don't" in Jianghuai Mandarin in the northwest countryside. This has formed some foreign dialect islands. They speak two dialects, both in their native languages at home and in the village, and speak Wu with the locals.
Changzhou dialect is close to the Jianghuai Mandarin area and influenced by foreign dialect islands (most of which speak Jianghuai Mandarin), so its accent and vocabulary are more Jianghuai Mandarin. For example, Changzhou people say "pot, footbath, dress, eat, talk and kneel", just like Jianghuai Mandarin, while other places in Wuyu District generally say "iron pot, footbath, dress, gossip and squat". Someone in Changzhou said "pulling ghosts" làgui (strange. For the convenience of readers, the following phonetic notation mainly uses Chinese Pinyin with approximate pronunciation), "false mother pulling ghosts" (pretending) and "dull" black Dai (dull), which are dialects shared with the adjacent Jianghuai Mandarin areas. However, Changzhou pronunciation still completely retains the ancient voiced initial system. For example, the words "Dian", "Zhi", "Si" and "Fu" are pronounced with unvoiced initials, while the words "Dian", "Zhi", "Tired" and "Fu" are pronounced with voiced initials, while people in Putonghua often pronounce them as homophones.
1928, Zhao Yuanren divided Changzhou dialect into "street talk" and "gentry talk", which can also be called folk accent and official accent, namely the accent of the lower class and the accent of the upper class. The so-called "gentry dialect" or official accent is the accent of Changzhou gentlemen. Gentlemen communicate more widely with the outside world and culture, so they speak with a Putonghua accent and use the language of "literary reading". In dialects other than the northern dialect, there is a phenomenon of both literary and colloquial reading. The so-called literary reading is to speak the vocabulary of the northern dialect with the voice of the south. Because there is no such vocabulary in the local area, when this vocabulary enters the local area, only the pronunciation of the northern dialect can be used. Because the local pronunciation and habits are different from the northern dialect, it is inevitable to bring a little local accent. Reading for free is to pronounce the corresponding vocabulary in the local dialect, because there is also this vocabulary in the local dialect.
The pronunciation of literary reading is generally similar to that of northern dialect, while the pronunciation of white reading is completely different from that of northern dialect. The phenomenon of "second reading" in Chinese in the six southern dialects is different. Generally speaking, among Chinese dialects, Wu dialect and Cantonese are greatly influenced by the northern dialect, while Min dialect is least influenced by the northern dialect. Wu dialect has more than 300 words, so it is a very common language phenomenon in Changzhou. Generally speaking, the same word only has different pronunciations and expresses the same meaning. However, sometimes, not reading and studying for literature have become two different concepts. Such as "life", when doing "work", "reading" is like business, and reading is useless; When doing "activities for survival and development", read "life" as a book and read for literature. Life also means "beating". For example, "eating life" means being beaten.
There are also subtle differences in accents and vocabulary in Changzhou dialect area, which belongs to Wu language family: it can be called old school and new school, old age accent and new age accent. 1949 Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, Putonghua has been popularized throughout the country, forming a new school of Changzhou dialect. The old Changzhou dialect spoken by the elderly is closer to the old Wu dialect, and the young people are greatly influenced by Putonghua. Their accent is slightly changed on the basis of the old Wu dialect, which can be called the new Changzhou dialect.
For more than half a century, Changzhou pronunciation, like the whole Wu dialect area, has a tendency to move closer to Mandarin. For example, old people say "Yi" is "Ni" and young people say "Yi". The most remarkable change is that most young people don't distinguish between sharp group sounds, such as "borrowing-driving, sharp-binding, western-Greek, wine-nine, eliminating-noise, essence-Beijing, pulp-ginger, connection-knot, seven eating and filial piety", but they will refer to "borrowing" (Zia) as "driving".
Some Special Words and Rhetoric in Changzhou Dialect
In Changzhou dialect, there are many words that cannot be expressed in Chinese. There is a lack of correspondence between some spoken Chinese and standardized Chinese characters, and there are often words without words. Therefore, when describing dialects, we must borrow Chinese characters. Loanwords are similar to dialects only in pronunciation, and their meanings are completely different from those before borrowing. For example, the word "Bai Xiang" in Changzhou dialect means to play, which has nothing to do with the original meaning of the words "Bai Xiang" and "Bai Xiang". Similar to this situation, there are "losing your temper", "taking away your bones" (strict management and rules) and "removing dirt" (diarrhea, laziness and laziness) and so on. Some Wu dialects can't borrow corresponding ready-made Chinese, so it is necessary to create unique expressions of words in dialects. For example, the word "Yi" was created later. The same is true of reactions, stunts, ice cream (ice cream), bang (river) and so on. The created dialect, which belongs to the dialect with official characters, is included in the Putonghua system, but its source is Wu dialect, which is mainly used in Wu dialect area. In addition, for example, in Changzhou dialect, words such as "Bie" and "ca" have been created (see Changzhou City Records), but they may not have become standard mandarin words. There are a large number of dialects (mainly slang and slang) in Wu dialect. On the one hand, there are no ready-made words to borrow, on the other hand, there are no specially created words, such as hai (pronounced "hi" as swollen skin), Pang (pronounced "pong" as sprinkling water) and Heiwei (pronounced "hi" as showing off power and skills), which brings difficulties to written communication.
In Changzhou dialect, there are some words unique to Changzhou, which are not found in other places in Wu dialect area. For example, dzuε (cheeky, pronounced "rule"), dza (chattering, outspoken, pronounced "tie"), and bou (walking, pronounced "wave"). People who say that they are thick-skinned are called "head healers", women who say that they are chattering are called "Zhapo", and walking is called "Lubo". There are two versions of the word "dirty" in Putonghua in Changzhou, "sloppy" and "answer", and the word "answer" is unique to Changzhou.
The word that impresses foreigners most in Changzhou dialect vocabulary is "eh". What does this mean? What is this? The words that are often used orally are "what" and "what".
The word "Lao" in Changzhou appears frequently as a modal particle. It can be attached to nouns, verbs and adjectives, such as "iron old, wood old, male old, red old, knowing old, happy old, good old and sweet old" to express the meaning of "de". But the word "old" has different meanings in the following different words: little guy (child), good guy (good), three guys (busy), hi guy (many), old guy (like this) and old guy (like that). There is another word called "lie", such as "good old (ok), bad old (broken), bad old (broken), old old (gone), gone (gone), what did you do? )"。 The word "lie" mainly means "le"
Changzhou people's love for children is called "Da", or they call children (such as Quanda and Dog Da) with the suffix of "Da", just like "Bao" and "Bao" in Northern Mandarin and "Mao" in other Wu dialect areas (such as Da Mao). If you are a guest in Changzhou, the host of your elders will kindly call you "Da" and say that they will cook "Duck and Chicken" for you. Don't think that the host will kill chickens and ducks to entertain you. In fact, he will cook eggs and duck eggs for you (this is also VIP treatment). When you are a guest, Changzhou people say that you are "decent", not that you dress decently, but that you are beautiful; Changzhou people call you "sophisticated", not that you are sophisticated and mature, but that you are honest. However, if you hear someone say that you are "from my mother's family", you are not talking about your relatives, but mocking your rudeness. You are a little worthy.
The grammatical expression of Changzhou dialect has a special emotional color. Adjective reduplication is used to emphasize the tone. ABAB is used in Mandarin and AAB and ABB are used in Changzhou dialect. For example, the color is white and deep, Mandarin is white and deep, and Changzhou dialect is white and white, black on one side and black on the other. There are moldy addictions, tender chirps and spicy sounds. There is no ABAB pattern in fixed phrases in Mandarin, but in Changzhou dialect, such as historical analysis (children are restless and make a small noise), crab in crab (struggling to do things) and chopping in mud (walking in the mountains).
Just as the accents of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai, which belong to Wu language family, are very different, Changzhou dialect also has internal differences. This is a big family. Jintan, Liyang and Wujin have different accents and vocabulary, and there are some internal differences. For example, in downtown Changzhou, there are also differences between urban people and suburban people, which can be called urban accent and rural accent. In Changzhou, people in the city mainly use the rising tone, while people outside the city mainly use the falling tone, such as the word "good". People in the city say yes, and people outside the city say yes. For example, "Xi" in Putonghua means "white phase" in Changzhou city, and there are several expressions of "phase", "west" and "tune" outside the city. You can say "phase", "west" and "tune" when playing. There are also differences in accents between people in Liyang city and those outside the city. The vowels of the villages (Xinchang, Yuqiao, Daxi and Shahe) near the county towns in the west, north and south are called [i ι], and the county towns are called [i ε].
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Changzhou dialect is much more blunt than Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect. There is a saying that "I would rather listen to Suzhou people quarreling than Changzhou people", but it is precisely this that can represent the inheritance of a place and the continuation of a culture. Yangzhou dialect is the most respected language in Jiangsu Jianghuai language family, and Suzhou dialect in Wu dialect is the representative. Personally, Changzhou dialect is much better than Yangzhou dialect!