Dear hello, religion, the idea of ruling Europe, the development of navigation technology and the prosperity of commodity economy have made capitalism sprout and the capitalist economy develop rapidly. At that time, the Atlantic coastal waterway was controlled by the Ottoman Turkish Empire. So a new route was opened up, the capitalist market was expanded, the capitalist economy flourished, and humanism became more and more dominant in people's minds, which led to the Renaissance and the Religious Reform. As a result, western European countries ushered in the dawn of the capitalist era.

The development of commodity economy

The Renaissance

The gradual formation of nation-state and the revival of kingship

The opening of a new airline.

With the development of Italian capitalism, a group of businessmen opposed religious theology and the oppression of human nature by the church in the name of reviving ancient Roman Greek culture, which was the beginning of modernization in Western Europe. However, during the Renaissance, the church was still very strong. The purpose of the Renaissance is only to let the church relax its repression of capitalism a little, with the aim of compromise. Moreover, the influence of the Renaissance was mainly concentrated in the upper class, and it did not affect the ordinary citizens who accounted for the majority of the population. Then, influenced by Renaissance humanism, Germany, which was most oppressed by the Catholic Church, first started the religious reform movement. A group of religious reformers represented by Martin Luther and Calvin began to declare war on the Catholic Church in an all-round way. This religious reform movement swept across Europe and the bottom people, completely opening the ideological shackles that bound people. Lutheranism, Calvinism and Episcopal Church formed in this movement all recognize the rationality of people's pursuit of secular happiness and wealth. Based on this theory, the glorious revolution in Britain overthrew the feudal autocratic monarchy and established the bourgeois constitutional monarchy. By this time, the emerging bourgeoisie in other European countries is also very strong, and it is no longer necessary to use the guise of religion. In the 17th century, the Enlightenment was launched with great momentum, which was called another ideological emancipation movement after the Renaissance. In the Enlightenment, the emerging bourgeoisie clearly put forward the ideas of opposing church authority, opposing feudal society, advocating rationality, strongly criticizing feudal absolutism, religious ignorance and privilege, and propagating freedom, democracy and equality. The representatives of this movement include Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau, Kant and so on. Montesquieu even studied the organizational form of bourgeois regime, that is, the famous theory of separation of powers. At this point, the process of European modernization has been basically completed.