Billiards is an indoor entertainment and sports activity. You can hit the ball with a cue on the stage and decide the outcome of the game by calculating the score. Billiards is also called billiards.
Billiards originated in Britain and is an elegant indoor sport that is popular all over the world.
About14th century, it is said that billingsyard, a pawnbroker in London, invented it for entertainment, hence the English name of billiards. By the end of 18, billiards was very popular among the British people as a game. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, the world's first public billiards room opened in London. The earliest billiards, there were only two white balls on the table. Later, France felt that it lacked challenges, so it added a red ball and improved its play. Later, the British developed it into a very popular snooker today.
Now billiards has developed into various types: Russian snooker, British snooker, Karen snooker, American snooker and snooker, among which snooker is the most common and officially recognized game.
Billiards was introduced to China 100 years ago, and now it seems indispensable in every entertainment place.
[Edit this paragraph] Classification
Billiards are popular all over the world, and there are different classification methods from different angles, which can be classified from countries, the number of billiards and the hitting skills of billiards.
(1) By country: French billiards, English billiards and American billiards.
(2) According to the quantity: 3-ball billiards, 4-ball billiards, 9-ball billiards, 16 color billiards and 22-color billiards.
(3) According to the hitting technique: snooker billiards, No.8 billiards and spinning billiards. There are many kinds of billiards. In addition to the familiar snooker billiards, there are many popular styles of play at home and abroad, all of which have their own world competitions. In some comprehensive competitions, billiards has also set up many events. In order to let you know the development of billiards in the world, here are some popular billiards styles in the world.
English billiards include English proportional billiards and snooker billiards. Mainly popular in Britain and continental Europe. English proportional billiards, also known as three-ball billiards, is a basic type of billiards and one of the official billiards competitions in the world. English proportional billiards appeared earlier and needed more comprehensive technical play. At present, many famous snooker players in the world have quite solid basic skills in proportional billiards. Snooker, another kind of English billiards, is one of the popular mainstream billiards in the world. English "snooker" means obstacle, so it is named after the transliteration of English "snooker". Snooker can not only score points by hitting the ball into the bag, but also consciously hit the obstacle ball to prevent the opponent from displaying his skills, thus making the opponent blocked and punished. Therefore, snooker is highly competitive and interesting, and it is also an item of the world billiards competition.
American billiards, also known as American Poole Ball (also known as Ruhr Ball), is an important school of billiards and a new style formed after French billiards and English billiards. It keeps pace with English billiards and French billiards and is very popular in the Western Hemisphere and East Asia. However, compared with French billiards and English billiards, American billiards are still not as well known as them. Some people think that American billiards is just a game for the "lower Liba people" in bars and streets. However, this is a recommendation for the popularization of American billiards. American billiards such as 8-ball billiards also have a broad mass base in China. American billiards include 8-ball billiards, 9-ball billiards, Chicago billiards, Poole billiards and bowling billiards.
French billiards originated in France, also known as Caron billiards, which means hitting two balls in a row, that is, touching two balls with the main ball in a row, which is the most basic requirement of French billiards. The main difference between English billiards and American billiards tables is that there is no net bag. There are many kinds of Caron billiards competitions, the most important of which is Trilateral Caron billiards.
Karen billiards originated in France, but it is very popular in Japan. It is called "Japanese Impact Billiards" and is one of the international competitions. Karen's table for billiards has no pockets. This is a billiards game with a cue to score points. This billiard game is rarely seen in some billiard halls in China. Karen billiards can be divided into four styles: star opening, three-star opening, four-ball opening, straight opening, table opening and so on, but the most popular one is four-ball opening.
The "four-ball start" has four balls, two red balls and two white balls, and the two white balls are the main balls of both sides in the game. The old rule scoring method is: the main ball hits two or more balls before it can have the right to hit the ball. The home ball scored 2 points when it hit a red ball and a white ball; Play "double red" on the home ball and get 3 points; The home ball is "double red", and a white ball gets 5 points. This binary system, three-point system and five-point system were commonly used in the past. However, the new rules all adopt the scoring system of 1. As long as you touch two of the three target balls, you can get 1, which eliminates the scoring gap caused by ball configuration and is relatively simple to calculate.
The result of the game depends on who gets the agreed score first. Therefore, when we get the right to hit the ball, we must try our best to get more points. Because the ball used in the "four-ball opening" is slightly heavier, the club is thicker than other types of clubs.
At the beginning of the "four-ball tee-off", there are two red balls between two white balls, and the four balls are in the same straight line.
The ball is placed on the table, and each side hits an empty pole to the end, which determines the batting order. Players with the ball near the bottom get the option; You can also draw lots to decide the options. On the kick-off side, the white ball with black spots is the main ball, and on the other side, the all-white ball is the main ball. According to the rules, the opponent's main ball can be his own target ball.
According to the rules, the first tee shot must first hit the opponent's white ball, otherwise it will be judged as a mistake and the right to hit the ball will be exchanged. Because the initial swing ball is that there are two red balls between the main ball and the white ball, and the four balls are in a straight line. So the kickoff side usually hits the table, hits two balls (that is, hits two tables), lets the main ball hit the table, and then hits two balls.
In the "four-ball opening" style of play, the role of the table edge is very great. If you can't hit the ball in a straight line, you should try to hit it once, twice, three times or even many times to achieve the goal of playing double balls. There are many similarities between hitting skills and three-sided Karom billiards.
[Edit this paragraph] The origin of billiards
Billiards has a history of five or six hundred years. Which country did billiards originate from? Some say it's ancient Greece, some say it's French, some say it's Britain, some say it's China, Italian and Spanish, and so on. Actually, it's all based on legends, which is difficult to determine. However, it is an indisputable fact that billiards originated in western Europe.
Billiards14th century, in the era of Queen Victoria in England, people attached great importance to billiards activities. In some wealthy families, there are not only luxurious and exquisite billiards rooms, but also strict activity etiquette when playing, and some regulations are still in use today. If a guest comes while playing, you must gently open the door and enter the room. You are not allowed to talk and shout loudly, so as not to affect the players' quiet thinking. For example, when playing ball, you can ask the other side not to stand in front of you or get close to you, and you are not allowed to wave clubs and other uncivilized actions. Billiards is an elegant activity. Now, billiard halls and rooms have similar clear rules against loud noise and smoking.
Billiards appeared in France in 15 10. The billiards played by King Louis XIV of France at Versailles Palace are "single billiards". Put an ivory arch (Port) and an ivory column called "Wang" on the table, and play with a spoon-shaped stick. It is feasible to divide the ball when it touches the door or the door.
Because the physician of King Louis XIV of France suggested that the king play billiards after meals, which is good for health, it was loved and cared by the king of France. Therefore, billiards gradually became popular in France in the 17th century, which may be the basis of the origin of billiards in France.
It is said that billiards was originally a game of digging holes in the outdoor ground and hitting the ball into the hole with a wooden stick, and then it was changed from outdoor to indoor desktop.
Billiards has a history of hundreds of years since it appeared. It is not perfect as soon as it appears, but has been constantly improved and enriched in the long-term circulation, and now it has reached a relatively perfect level. In the past, playing on an indoor table started with a round hole in the center of the table and then four holes in the four corners of the table. The increase of holes also stimulated people's interest in playing ball until six round holes were opened on the table. It evolved into the prototype of today's snooker table. In the development of the table, there is an octagonal table with holes on both sides. There are eight holes, and the number of holes has increased. A ball can accommodate more people.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, the development of billiards began to mature. With the improvement of technology, equipment and appliances have also developed, and many large and small improvements and inventions have appeared.
As for the billiard table, the original table is an ordinary wooden table. Because the wood is deformed due to the climate, it is difficult to ensure the flatness of the table top, which directly affects the play of hitting skills. 1827 or so, the tabletop is made of slate, and the high quality tabletop is smooth, flat and undistorted.
At first, the edge of the table was wrapped with wool or cotton and nailed to the edge of the table for use. Because there is no elasticity, it can only play a role in buffering the impact. It was not until 183 1 that rubber began to take its place. 1835, Phelan, USA, 1854, semi-sand Poland, USA successively improved and invented regular rubber table edges with good elasticity. Who invented and improved the leather head of the club? There are two legends: one is1The bald stick used in the early 9th century was Minquart, a French soldier stationed in India. When he was punished, he was forced to practice for a long time. He found that the bald head of the stick was not easy to use, so he added a piece of skin to it. After the experiment, he began to promote it.
Another way of saying it is: the leather head was invented by the famous French billiards player Miguel, and the chocolate powder was invented by Britain to prevent the club from slipping.
The "ball" used in billiards also has a development process. The earliest billiards were made of wood or brass. Later, inspired by Indian ivory ornaments and advanced instruments, ivory was also selected as billiards material. One ivory can make five balls. According to the demand at that time, it is estimated that there are more than 10 thousand elephant teeth to solve every year, and the amount used is really considerable. Because billiards require high quality, roundness, the same weight of each ball and high price, only a few royal nobles can enjoy it, which seriously hinders the popularization and development of billiards.
Until 1868, billiards developed widely in western countries, and the demand for balls increased greatly. A billiards company in new york volunteered to offer a reward of $ 1 10,000 to collect substitutes for ivory balls. At that time, Heath, known as the father of American plastic industry, successfully developed plastic billiards by chemical method, which promoted the revolutionary change of billiards manufacturing industry. At the same time, it has also made great contributions to the development of billiards. Therefore, Heath was also elected to the Hall of Fame by the American Billiards Association.
At first, billiards was played with only two balls on the table. By 1775, the French added a red ball and the British followed suit. At this time, there are three balls on the table. This kind of play is called "opening", and the batter can score by putting the opponent's ball into the goal bag or hitting two balls at the same time. This game is the original game of three-ball snooker that we are playing now, that is, English billiards "Billie", an American billiards game, which was introduced from Spain through Florida in 1504. 1607, the British brought billiards to Virginia. 1690 The French who moved to South Carolina also brought billiards to the United States. At that time, although billiards was introduced to the United States in various ways, it did not develop rapidly until 1800. After years of research and development, until the middle of19th century, it made great contributions to the improvement and perfection of billiards technology, game methods and rules, until it created a major school of American billiards in the world, keeping pace with French billiards and English billiards, and now it has become popular in the east and west.
There is a legend about the origin of snooker billiards. 1875 A Twain County Legion was stationed in India. Neville Chomberlain, a young lieutenant in the regiment, was tired of the three-ball billiards they played every day, so he had an idea of improvement and added a black ball. After a while, another young officer suggested adding a pink ball. With the development, it also enriches the methods of playing ball. Later, several colored balls with different colors were added continuously, totaling 22 balls, including 15 red balls, 6 colored balls with different colors and a white main ball. Through practice, a set of competition methods and rules have been formulated. 1880, Englishman John Robert brought the style and rules of snooker back to England from India. However, at that time, it was in the craze of English billiards, and most famous players and spectators were keen on English billiards. Snooker billiards can't attract people's attention at all. Until the 1930s, English billiards gradually declined, and many famous players gradually turned to snooker billiards. From then on, snooker billiards became popular in Britain and became the national sport of Britain, which has continued until now. About the establishment of billiards organization, the earliest country was Britain. 1885, amateur and professional players formed a billiards association and formulated the first set of formal rules of the game. 1908, the other party set up a billiards management club. 19 19, the billiards association and the billiards management club reached a merger agreement, and the highest institutions of English billiards and snooker billiards were established as the billiards federation, which presided over the two kinds of billiards and formulated rules.
The World Billiards Union was founded in 1940, which is an international organization of billiards activities. Its headquarters is in Brussels, Belgium, and its administrative center is in Barcelona, Spain. The World Billiards Federation is responsible for the world billiards competition. Many countries in the world have developed billiards activities and established billiards associations. More than 30 countries have joined the World Billiards Federation, all of which are members.
The American Billiards Association was founded in 1948, which is the highest governing body of all kinds of billiards in the United States. The meeting place is in Chicago. 1965, the Association established the Billiards Hall of Fame to preserve the important information in the history of billiards and the glorious records of outstanding people.
The earliest popular English billiards game in Britain was Carl, followed by edwin Kentefel, who dominated the game for 25 years. He not only has superb skills, but also has made many contributions to the improvement of billiards equipment. Robles rose at 1849. 1870, the famous Kirk defeated Roberds in the first world billiards competition. Two months later, Kirk lost to Roberts' son, Roberts Jr.
1870, the British billiards championship was unprecedented. In no less than four games, the champion was constantly changed, and Kirk defeated Roberds; George W. Roberds defeated Kirk and Bauer again; Ben Ritter defeated George W. Roberds again. After that, George W. Roberds won many times. By the end of19th century, the dominance of British billiards had always belonged to George W. Roberds. After entering the 20th century, the most outstanding British billiards players are Walter Linden of Australia and Davis of Britain.
Karen billiards is an outstanding player in the world. The first one is an American silk scarf, because he has mastered superb billiards skills. Therefore, he is known as a genius among billiards celebrities, and his heyday was from the end of 19 to the beginning of the 20th century. In Karen billiards, his name is the most respected.
Karen billiards also has a famous player, Leo Le, who is Spanish. He not only dominates the world in Karen billiards, but also dominates American billiards. 1887, after winning the American billiards championship for the first time, 15 times won the American billiards championship in 24 years. In Karen billiards, he won ten championships from 1908 to 19 19. He is seventy-one. In the face of young master Hope, he lost to a young rookie because his physical fitness could not meet the demand.
American billiards has a short history, but it has become one of the two most popular billiards in the world in recent years. 1860 The first professional billiards championship in the United States was won by Komanla. The first American billiards masters were Leolay and Heston, followed by Tabosky, who won six world American billiards championships. There is even better Graf, who won the championship 19 19 to 1937 for eight years. After that, Moscone, an outstanding player, was the king of American billiards and won the American billiards world championship for thirteen times.
Since the 1960s, the top players in American billiards have been Lhasa, Baucus and Kleffie Junior. In addition, there is Maruka Shi, a world-leading American billiards woman. Born in new york, she 1959 is a world-famous female tennis king.
Davis won the first amateur snooker competition. After that, in the fierce competition of many masters, he maintained the title of world Nock professional billiards champion for more than 20 years with superb skills.
1939 is the heyday of snooker, and the high score record of sweeping all the balls on the table with one shot keeps emerging.
The highest score of a shot in snooker billiards is 147, and the first time to reach this record was1928 in Lieonaro, Australia; 1942 is He Ruilinden; 1948, Davis, who retired from Canada for half, also achieved this result in 1995.
Shortly after the outbreak of World War II, the craze for billiards in England also cooled down and stopped. 1946 After the end of World War II, the World Professional Snooker Competition resumed, Davis won the championship again, and finally retired because he was in his twilight years.
Billiards first spread to Asia in India and Thailand, and then to Japan. 19th century was introduced to China in the late Qing dynasty. Before liberation, there were only embassies, concessions and small-scale billiard halls privately operated in big cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Harbin and Fanyang, with only a few tables.
After liberation, there were two small factories in Shanghai, Cai and Xinxin, which produced billiards tables. But just after liberation, according to the people's economic living conditions at that time, it was too early to participate in billiards activities. So, it only took a few years to end. Nowadays, with the rapid development of economic construction, billiards, like other sports, has been popularized. There are no billiard halls and rooms in stadiums, clubs, entertainment centers, hotels and restaurants in many large and medium-sized cities. Many large, medium and small towns, streets and alleys, are full of billiards stalls.
From 65438 to 0986, China Billiards Association was established in China, and local billiards associations were also established in various provinces and cities. 1960, the first national billiards competition was held. 1985, the second national billiards invitational tournament was held in Tiandang and Shanghai successively. 1986165438+10, the second national billiards invitational tournament was held. Especially1From March 5th to 8th, 987, the Jianpai Cup China International Billiards Competition held in Beijing was a world-class billiards competition, in which eight world billiard masters from the United States and eight players from China participated. The top eight countries in the world are Steve Davies, third dennis taylor, fifth jimmy white, seventh William Thorne, eighth terry griffiths, tenth Tony Meo, thirteenth Neil foulds and sixteenth Rex Williams. Their wonderful performance feasted our audience, and finally Willie Fuld beat jimmy white 5-2 to win the championship. Although eight players in China were eliminated in the first round, Zhang won a game. Through this TV broadcast, about 1 100 million viewers in China enjoyed this high-level broadcast, which triggered a billiard craze in China.
65438-0994 was the first time to jointly establish a professional billiards class with Beijing Sishi Zhongxingwei Sporting Goods Co., Ltd., which was favored by candidates, parents and society, and was supported by Taiwan Province Asia and World Federation. In order to carry out the policy of "China billiards goes to the world and faces the future" and cultivate new billiards players, referees and management talents with cultural theory and high technical level, the first "Beijing billiards sports school" in China was formally established on the basis of 1995 billiards professional class. 1996, Xingwei Sporting Goods Co., Ltd. and Beijing Sport University jointly established the billiards project of the Department of Physical Education, which created conditions for cultivating advanced billiards professionals in China.