According to legend, Qin Shihuang sent two generals, Ren Qi and Zhao Tuo, to unify Lingnan, and later Zhao Tuo called himself Emperor Wu of South Vietnam at the beginning of Han Dynasty, imitating the palace gardens of Qin Dynasty. The earliest royal gardens in Lingnan, such as Yuewangtai, Bailutai, Changle and Chaohantai, were built in Panyu, the capital of Vietnam, and later in Guangzhou.
In the early Tang Dynasty, Lingnan gardens included Guangzhou Pear Garden and Fuzhou Furong Garden. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Nanhan and Fujian were both one of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries. After Ada established the Southern Han Dynasty, it set off the second royal garden climax, leaving Xiyu Garden, Henan Palace, Yuemingxia, Yuexiu Mountain, Ganquan Garden and FangLin Yuan in Guangzhou. King Fujian built the West Lake into a royal garden and a crystal palace.
Later, with the decline of the separatist forces in Lingnan area, the royal gardens in Lingnan disappeared. However, with the gradual rise of social economy, the development of culture and art and the increasingly frequent exchanges at home and abroad, Lingnan gardens gradually show more and more local folk customs.
In the Song Dynasty, the art of gardening spread rapidly in Lingnan, and government gardens and secluded gardens developed the tradition of winning by flowers. Duanzhou, later Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province, built a chrysanthemum garden in the county government when Bao Zheng, the prime minister of the Northern Song Dynasty, was the magistrate. "There is a porch in front, the soil is a mountain, the stone is the foundation, and it is simply called' rotten cave'".
In Huizhou, Guangdong, Guishan County has Lishan Garden built by Li Chunsi, the ambassador of Qiongzhou Anfu, and a "Treasure Pavilion" has been built on the riverside of this garden.
Later, Su Shi, a writer and politician who was demoted to Huizhou in the Northern Song Dynasty, wrote the inscription of Huizhou Lishi Qianzhen Pavilion for him. The inscription describes the artistic conception of the owner of the mountain garden "choosing victory and living in the spirit" This garden:
At the southern foot of Wei 'e City, Li Zhifang, an immortal, took root in the stone mound, crossed the drinking water river, sent iron pillars to the eaves and inserted them into the depths of Qingjiang River.
It can be seen that Qianzhen Pavilion wins with flowers, relies on mountains and waters, and skillfully uses the terrain to build pavilions.
In Chaozhou, Guangdong, Pukou Village at the foot of Shimashan Mountain in Rongcheng, Jieyang, Peng Yannian, the cousin of Ouyang Xiu, a northern song writer, built a "Pengyuan", which was the first private garden in eastern Guangdong during the Northern Song Dynasty.
According to Pengyuan Map, the layout of Pengyuan is dominated by mountains and rivers, with pine trees on the left and bamboo on the right. There are Siwanglou, Lian Bi Pavilion, Yueting, Yaoyuan, Dongtang, study, martial arts school, Shuige, rockery and other buildings.
This garden covers an area of over 10,000 square meters. Peng Yannian specially invited famous craftsmen from his hometown of Luling, Jiangxi Province to take charge of the construction, which is an example of absorbing the gardening culture in Lingbei for Guangdong.
According to legend, there was a special envoy named Deng in the imperial court at that time, who praised Pengyuan and even said that "Luoyang Fuyuan, Dongyuan and Duyuan lacked Pengyuan characteristics". It can be seen that Pengyuan's gardening technology is very high.
Luoyang, the ancient capital of Han and Tang Dynasties, was a place where famous gardens gathered in past dynasties. Luoyang was regarded as Xijing in the Northern Song Dynasty, and there were many mansion gardens built by officials and nobles, which can be regarded as the representative of private gardens in the Central Plains of the Northern Song Dynasty. So at that time, people said that "Luoyang is the first famous garden in the world" and "Luoyang is the first famous garden in the world".
During the Northern Song Dynasty, Lingnan Gardens included Huizhou Baiheju, Hainan Zaijiutang, Dengzhou Twelve Stone Zhai, Guangzhou West Garden, Gaoyao Chrysanthemum Garden, Sunshine West Garden, Xinxing Shixian Garden and Quanzhou Jinchi Garden. In Matian Mountain in Chaoyang, there are famous Wu's former residence, Tang and Youzi Temple.
According to legend, when Wu went to Dengzhou, Shandong Province to play with Taishou Li, he thanked Zhishi officials for twelve beautiful stones from Dengzhou Islands, which were shipped back to his hometown by sea and placed in the old cold hall. Su Shi, a writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, befriended Wu and wrote Twelve Stones in Beihai for him.
In modern times, many good things can cause stones, but those who did not occupy the North Sea and establish the South China Sea did not.
This shows that the tradition of putting flowers and stones first in gardening in the Southern Han Dynasty was passed down by later generations. In Guangzhou, due to the prosperity of foreign trade and the expansion of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries in the Song Dynasty, this gardening feature of winning with flowers has a unique embodiment.
When Yu Jing, a famous official in the Northern Song Dynasty, was appointed as Zuo Chengzhi, a senior minister in Guangzhou, he once wrote "Shi Tian wrote poems about the West Garden in Guangzhou", and there is a saying that "there are stars in the stone and many foreign names are spent". Yu Jing also built a West Garden in Qujiang, the hometown of northern Guangdong, where he once received a helpless visiting ancestor and sang with him. Zu had no choice but to build a West Garden in Yangjiang, western Guangdong. "The old continent ruled West Erli, with strange trees and rocks, born bare, also known as Panyuhe."
By the Southern Song Dynasty, Helitang, Wenyutang and Jingming Temple had spread all over Lingnan. Therefore, there are famous gardens in eastern Guangdong, western Guangdong, central Guangdong and northern Guangdong. Later, in the Qing Dynasty, Foshan Liangyuan, a famous garden in central Guangdong, also known as the "Twenty-four Stone Studio", featured stones.
In the Ming Dynasty, due to the prosperity of Lingnan economy and the promotion of foreign cultural exchanges, Lingnan gardening culture began to learn from Yangzhou and then from Suzhou, with many traces of imitating Jiangnan gardens. At the same time, its own characteristics still carry forward the tradition of winning by flowers and stones, and gradually highlight the obvious tropical scenery characteristics by using climatic conditions, creating a large number of prestigious private gardens.
There are many private gardens found in ancient books in the late Ming Dynasty. There are many charming gardens in the suburbs of Guangzhou. For example:
Zhu's garden is in the northeast of Huicheng, built on the mountain ... The winner of seclusion is also built.
Chen Zilv has a "Gaodong Bie Ye" in the east of the city, which is a poetic garden. Xinyu, Guangdong has described in detail the charming scenery of Bie Ye in Gaodong:
There are buildings in the lake, surrounded by hibiscus and willows. Three white peaks stand in front of it, which can be several feet high. On the lake, the banyan dike and the bamboo dock are entangled step by step, and the twigs cross the bridge. If they are connected, they will be broken.
..... pavilions in the forest are named after their flowers, and several cases of window lattice are utensils, each with a flower image. Flowers are specialized, and irrigation is not taken.
..... There is a book called "People in the Peach Blossom Garden" in the peach tree on the shore. The vines in the laurel bushes are endless, and the walkers need to go back and get lost.
This style and charm are no less than Jiangnan gardens. At that time, there were Huawu, Hualin Garden and Xiyuan Garden on the site of Nanhan in the west of the city. There are expected to be Spring Garden, Fanghua Garden and Nanyuan Garden in the south of the city. There are flowers in the southwest of the city;
Living among the flowers in the art garden, there are many scholar-officials gardens, the terraces are embroidered wrongly, and the flowers and trees are beautiful.
There is also a cloud-brown villa built by Chen Zizhuang in Lianquankeng area at the southern foot of Baiyun Mountain. Covering an area of 100 mu, it is surrounded by Baoxiang Lake, and there are more than 0 buildings and pavilions 10. Plums, bamboos, willows and lychees are planted in the park.
At the southern foot of Yuexiu Mountain, there is a small cloud forest in Li Shixing, which has been transformed into a relay park. There is Fangchun Garden twenty or thirty miles north of the city, and peach blossoms have water, so you can sail. There is Xichou built by Kwang-rok Oh in the west of the city, and plum blossoms are the most prosperous. There are Jiyuan in Xiaobeimen, Guo Jiayuan (converted into Haimin Temple in Qing Dynasty) and Tianshan Academy in Henan.
Throughout the Ming Dynasty, Lingnan Gardens not only have historical records, but also have historical sites in some areas, which is enough to show that they may not be "far less prosperous than the Central Plains". At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the economy in Lingnan area was relatively developed, the cultural level was improved, and private gardening activities began to flourish, which gradually affected Chaoshan, Fujian and Taiwan.
After the mid-Qing Dynasty, it became increasingly prosperous, and gradually formed its own characteristics in garden layout, spatial organization, water and stone application, flower and tree landscape and so on, and finally rose to become one of the three local styles in the south of the Yangtze River and the north. Shunde Qinghui Garden, Dongguan Keyuan, Panyu Yuyin Mountain House and Foshan Liangyuan are also called "Four Famous Gardens in Central Guangdong", among which Yuyin Mountain House is the most famous.
Their styles have distinct characteristics: the pool and lake are in geometric shape, which is due to the influence of foreign countries and the west; The buildings around the lake are also symmetrically arranged, with exquisite garden sketches and lush flowers and trees. The disadvantage is that the building is too big.
Lingnan gardens were mature in Qing dynasty, and the traditional architecture was bright and light, which formed a tripartite confrontation with the stability and elegance of northern gardens and the beauty and elegance of Jiangnan gardens. At that time, besides private gardens, there were also public gardens.
In Qing Dynasty, Lingnan gardens were mainly landscape and temple gardens, which were manifested in mountains in Guangxi and lakes in Guangdong. For example, Seven Star Rock, Elephant Trunk Mountain, Fubo Mountain, Diecai Mountain and Duxiufeng in Guilin were all favored by literati in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
There are also Huizhou West Lake, Chaozhou West Lake, Leizhou West Lake and Zhaoqing Star Lake in Guangdong, which were also developed and utilized by officials who moved south after the Three Kingdoms. Among them, Su Dongpo, a writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, made the greatest contribution to the West Lake in Huizhou, leaving behind Su Causeway, Liu Ruting and Sizhou Tower.
Lingnan gardens have courtyard style, natural landscape style and comprehensive style. Courtyard style is the characteristic of Lingnan gardens, and its compactness is comparable to that of foreign classical gardens. Almost all private houses, restaurants and teahouses have courtyard gardens, such as Keyuan in Dongguan, Guangdong Province and Yuyin Mountain House in Panyu, Guangdong Province.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were more than 50 private gardens in Guangdong alone, such as Gaodong and Lin Xiaoyun, Xiaohuafangzhai in Guangzhou, Yuan Lei in Chaoyang, Chungui Garden in Puning and Ren Jing Road in Meizhou. There are Yanshan Gardens in Guangxi. There are more than 40 private gardens in Fujian, such as Fuzhou Yiyuan Garden, Quanzhou Four Gardens in Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter, and Xiamen Xinzhuang Garden.
Shunde Yuan Qinghui
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