In August of the second year of Hongwu, the whole country was unified, and Zhu Yuanzhang called all the old ministers to discuss the land to build the capital. Ming Taizu in Chang 'an, Luoyang, the capital of song dynasty, Peiping, etc. After listening to the opinions of ministers about the capital, he thought that "words are endless, but there are different times", and then put forward "I want to think that I am in China, so I can swim according to the risks. What? " Courtiers are mostly from Huaixi, and they are willing to wear clothes and go back to their hometown. "All applaud." In September of the second year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang made a letter to Lin Hao as its capital, saying that "the imperial palace was ordered to be built like an imperial city". Later, taking the meaning of "establishing the world, setting the people of the four seas", the Lin Hao government was changed to a neutral government. Because the Forbidden City was built in the sun of Phoenix Mountain, it was changed to Fengyang.
The construction of Zhongdu in Ming Dynasty can be described as stimulating the masses and consuming a lot. The wood used in the building is not only "famous in the world", but also sent to the joining countries that have not been listed in the catalogue to "seek big wood". The building wall is based on Sumitomo Bai Yushi or strip stone, and then big city bricks are laid on it. When laying, lime, tung oil and glutinous rice juice are used as slurry, and key parts are even "cast iron". All the wooden buildings are "extravagant", the paintings and embroideries are bright and dazzling, all the stone buildings are "gorgeous and ingenious", and the carved patterns are exquisite and incomparable. Due to the short construction and use time, the Ming and Chinese dynasties failed to form a political center. However, some layouts in urban planning, especially the layout of palaces, drew blueprints and made model models for the later reconstruction of Nanjing Capital Palace and the construction of Beijing Capital.
Zhongdu Imperial City is the innermost city, with a perimeter of 3.68 kilometers and a nearly square plane, which is 10,000 square meters larger than the Forbidden City in Beijing. The city wall is "three feet nine feet five inches high, and the female wall is five feet nine inches five minutes high, a total of four feet five feet four inches five minutes". There is a gate on each side of the city wall, with the meridian gate in the south, Xuanwu gate in the north, Donghua gate in the east and Xihua gate in the west. Second Road City is forbidden outside the Imperial City, with a circumference of 7.85 kilometers and a rectangular plane. "Masonry building, two feet high." There is a door on each side of the city wall, which connects the sky in the south, Bei 'an in the north, Dong 'an in the east and Xi 'an in the west. The East Gate, Xihua Gate and East Gate, and Xi 'anmen Gate of the two cities are all located in the south of the East-West City Wall, which makes the Quegong more closely guarded.
The layout of the capital of Ming dynasty strictly follows the traditional symmetry principle, with the emphasis on the architectural layout of Quegong on the central axis. It runs through the central axis of the city, starting from Fengyang Bridge in the south, crossing Jianshui into Hongwumen, the capital city of China, stepping on Hongwu Street, crossing Ji Yun Street, crossing Daming Gate, crossing Kuantu Square, entering Chengtianmen of the Forbidden City, crossing Duanmen, crossing Waijinshui Bridge, entering Wumen of the Imperial City, crossing Neijinshui Bridge, entering Fengtianmen, crossing three main halls, entering the harem and leaving. On both sides of this nearly 7-kilometer-long axis, many buildings are arranged regularly and symmetrically. The main hall in the imperial city is divided into two palaces, the East Palace and the West Palace. The two wings are the second floor of Wenwu and the second hall of Wenwu respectively. The order of the six hospitals on both sides of the harem. To the south of the Wumen Gate of the Imperial City, there are Zhongshu Province and Taimiao on the left, and Dadufu, Yushitai and Shejitan on the right. This layout embodies the tradition of the supremacy of imperial power in feudal society for thousands of years, so it is more strict than the layout of palaces in previous dynasties. Moreover, on the east and west sides of Daming Gate Square, there are the City God Temple and Zhongdu Guo Zi School on the left, and Gongren Temple and Emperor Temple on the right. In front of the square, on both sides of Hongwu Street perpendicular to Daming Gate, there are left and right thousand-step corridors. At the east and west ends of Ji Yun Street parallel to Daming Gate, there are Drum Tower and Bell Tower in the distance. This not only further strengthens the architectural level and depth from the outer city to the forbidden wall, but also makes the palace more magnificent.
In the 600 years after the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, both China and Capital went on strike, and great changes have taken place. In the sixth year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, Fengyang County moved to the old imperial city. In the twenty-five years of Qianlong, the forbidden wall and bell tower were demolished and bricks were taken to build Fengyang Fucheng. In the third year of Xianfeng, Taiping Army burned longxing temple and Drum Tower. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhongdu was the most luxurious capital in Chinese history, and most of the palaces and palaces were completely destroyed, leaving only the Wumen Gate, Xihua Gate and the wall about 1 100 meters long.
Because Zhongdu City was built on a high original soil layer, there has been no large-scale reconstruction so far, so the stratum is not chaotic, the ruins are still there, and the ruins are clearly identifiable. Inside and outside the capital, the temple base is like a mountain, and the door base is high and the mountain is high; The old roads such as Baiyushi Street, Jinshui River and Jinshui Bridge are still there; Several large wells, such as the Forbidden City, can still be used; The moat is more than 70 meters wide; There is a 400-meter-long earth wall on the north wall and the east wall of Zhongdu, which is nearly 10 meters higher than the ground. The wall around the forbidden wall has become a road or avenue; The western section of the western wall and the southern wall of the imperial city basically retains the majestic momentum of the past; Wumen Gate and Xihuamen can still see the grandeur of that year. In particular, the relief of Sumi Mountain on the base of Wumen Gate and the stone carving in the city are rare stone carving art treasures in China. At present, Fengyang County has started the requisition and relocation of residential buildings inside and outside the Imperial City, and started to build Ming Zhongdu into a national archaeological site park.
The grand and rigorous Ming Taizu Mausoleum is located 7 kilometers southwest of Fengyang County and 5 kilometers north of Zhongming Provincial Capital. It is the tomb of Zhu Yuanzhang's parents, the ancestor of the Ming Dynasty. It was built in the 26th year of Yuan Dynasty and completed in the 12th year of Ming Hongwu. His three brothers and sisters and two nephews are buried here. In February of Hongwu's second year, the name of Ling Ying was recommended, and it was renamed the Imperial Tomb in May. At this point, the tomb of the former dynasty has been expanded to the tomb of a generation of emperors.
The imperial tomb has three cities: inner, middle and outer. The innermost is the imperial city, "brick base, 20 feet high, 75 feet 5 feet per week, red soil mud"; In the middle is a brick city, "inside and outside brick buildings, two feet high, one hundred and fifty-eight steps on Saturday, four doors open, all with buildings"; The outermost is Tucheng, "18 miles on Tuesday, six doors open". Most of the main buildings are located on the central axis. Once out of the south gate of Zhongducheng, we set foot on the southwest avenue and entered the Zhenghongmen at the north gate of Huangling Outer City, followed by Hongqiao, Xingxingmen, Lianglou in Brick City North, Shinto, Yuqiao, Jinmen in Imperial City, Xiangtang, Houhongmen in Imperial City, mounds, Lianglou in Brick City South and Tucheng South Gate. Through this design, the "majestic and neat" imperial mausoleum complex can complement the "luxurious and majestic" Zhongdu Palace Que.
After the completion of the imperial tomb, it has maintained a grand scale because of the firm protection and continuous repair of the next generation. The Shinto of the Imperial Tomb is 257 meters long, with 3 1 stone statues symmetrically arranged on both sides. These stone statues are unique. First of all, it has the largest number of imperial tombs in past dynasties. The number of stone statues on Shinto in front of the Mausoleum has a certain system in past dynasties. There are 3 1 pairs in the Ming tombs, which is a must. Secondly, the students' modeling and artistic style are very unique. It can be said that it is a large-scale stone carving art treasure representing the Yuan Dynasty after the Tang and Song Dynasties and the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Finally, the placement of huabiao is different from that of tombs in Tang and Song Dynasties, not before stone beasts, but between stone beasts and stone men and horses. This is a special case. Its meaning is unclear, which influenced the later Ming Zuling and Ming Mausoleum.
There are five royal bridges at the southern end of Shinto, which have been destroyed. One bridge was rebuilt in 2000, and the rest of the bridges were submerged in the Jinshui River. Crossing the Imperial Bridge, there are wordless tablets in the east and tombstones in the west. The two monuments have the same specifications and shapes, and consist of five parts: head, cloud disk, body, hump and seat, with a total height of 7.05 meters. The inscription on the tomb was written by Zhu Yuanzhang himself in the eleventh year of Hongwu. The inscription 1 105, in order to recall his hard life and military career and clarify the reasons for the prosperity of the Long March, is intended to serve as an example for future generations. For more than 600 years, this monument still stands in its original place and is a very precious cultural relic. Further south is the main hall, that is, the imperial hall, also known as the pleasure hall. Daxiong Hall is one of the main buildings on the central axis, "nine rooms, Dan III, yellow glaze, blue paint."
Across the ruins of the Ursa Major Hall, 240 meters south is the grave of Zhu Yuanzhang's parents. Now it is an oval mound with lush pine trees.
Longxing temple and longxing temple, located at the southern foot of the first mountain in the north of Fengyang County, Anhui Province, were built in the sixth year of Ming Hongwu. As the birthplace of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, this temple is related to the whole Zhu Ming Dynasty. Longxing temple has been one of the famous temples in China for hundreds of years.
Longxing temple, whose predecessor was Zhu Yuanzhang, became a monk in Huangsi in his early years and later changed his name to Temple. The temple site is located in the south of Ershiying Village, 7.5km southwest of longxing temple. In the twelfth year of the Yuan Dynasty, the temple was burned down and the site was still there.
After Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne, he never forgot the Yellow Temple and always wanted to build it. After the completion of the temple, Zhu Yuanzhang named longxing temple and Master Yamazaki as the abbot of the mountain to commemorate the land of Longxing and express his intention of returning home in splendor. The newly-built longxing temple, "a castle in the temple, majestic regulation", Zhu Yuanzhang's words such as "longxing temple Monument" and "the first mountain", stand in a stone, and the system is extremely elegant, which adds to the majesty of longxing temple.
Less than 60 years after its establishment, longxing temple was burned after five years of orthodox education. In the third year of Tianshun, more than 500 yamen, including Zhongshu Province, were demolished and rebuilt according to the formula, and have been destroyed and built repeatedly since then. During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, wars were frequent and longxing temple was in disrepair. Kang Youwei visited the temple and was deeply moved. He once wrote a poem called The Portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang. In 3 1 year, the temple was renovated.
At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Party and * * * allocated funds 1959 to repair longxing temple, basically maintaining the scale of Guangxu period. 198 1 year, the people of Anhui province declared longxing temple as a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit, and at the same time allocated funds for maintenance, and made three small exhibition rooms open to the public. 1993, in order to develop tourism in Fengyang County, with longxing temple as the religious department, religious figures in Jiuhuashan raised funds to build more than 200 temples, including Ming Taizu Hall, Mahayana Hall, Tianwang Hall, Dizang King Hall, Buddhist Sutra Building, Zen Hall and Liao Fang. Now longxing temple has become the most famous Buddhist temple and tourist attraction in northeast Anhui.