Open classification: Warring States, figures, militarists, history, Qin State.
Tian Lei (? -the first 258), also known as GongSunQi, was a famous soldier of Qin during the Warring States Period. Yan County (now the northeast of Shaanxi Province) was a famous strategist and commander in chief in the history of China.
Qin, originally a small country in the western border, was reformed by Shang Yang, which laid the foundation for the country's prosperity. Since then, it has continued to develop its power and its national strength has been strong. When Qin Zhao was king, he appointed Bai Qi as general. Bai is famous for his profound understanding and strategic planning. In the 13th year of the Qin Dynasty (in the first 294 years), Bai Qi became the commander-in-chief and led troops to attack Xincheng Han (west of Yichuan County, Henan Province). The following year, Zuo Shu moved to Zuogeng, sent troops to attack Korea and Wei, and used the method of avoiding reality and attacking emptiness. Divide-and-conquer tactics wiped out the allied forces of Korea and Wei in Yi Que (now Longmen, Luoyang, Henan Province), captured 240,000 heads alive, captured General Gong Sun Xi alive and captured five cities (see the Battle of Yi Que). Because of his work, he was promoted to captain of the national team. He crossed the Yellow River and seized the land of the main river east of Han Anyi. 15 years later, he was promoted to great merit, led the troops to capture Wei, and occupied 6 1 seat in large and small cities. In sixteen years, Tian Lei and Ke Qingshi jointly captured the city. Twenty-one years, Bai Qi attacked Zhao and occupied Guanglang City (now west of Gaoping County, Shanxi Province). Twenty-eight years, Chu, Yan, Deng and other five cities. The following year, Ying (now northwest of Jiangling, Hubei Province), the capital of Chu, was captured, and Yiling (now Yichang, Hubei Province) was burned. The king of Chu fled the capital and took refuge in Chen (see the battle of Yan Ying). The state of Qin takes Ying capital as the southern county. Tian Lei was made a state, and then he occupied the State of Chu and pacified Wu and Guizhou (now Sichuan and Guizhou) counties (see the Battle of Guizhou). In thirty-four years, Tian Lei led an army to attack the Zhao and Wei allied forces to save Korea, and defeated the allied forces in Huayang (now Xinzhengbei, Henan). Jiang Wei fled in defeat, captured three Jin generals alive and beheaded 130 thousand (see the battle of Huayang). He also fought against Jia Yan, the general of Zhao, and drowned twenty thousand soldiers of Zhao. In forty-three years, Leitian attacked Hongcheng in Korea, captured five cities and beheaded fifty thousand people (see Battle of Hongcheng). In 44, Tian Lei attacked Nanyang Taihang Road in South Korea and cut off the Taihang Road in South Korea. In forty-five years, he attacked the wild king of Korea (now Qinyang, Henan). When the wild king descended to Qin, Shangdang's road to the capital was cut off (Xinzheng, the capital of Korea, had to cross the river before Shangdang could reach Xinzheng). After consulting with the people, Feng Ting, the county magistrate, said: "The external road to Shangdang has been cut off, and we can no longer serve the Korean people. Qin Bing is approaching, and there is nothing South Korea can do. It is better to join Shangdang and go to Zhao. If Zhao accepts, Qin will attack Zhao angrily. Zhao's attack must be close to South Korea. If Han and Zhao unite, they can resist Qin. " So he sent someone to report to Zhao. Zhao Haoqi, Cheng Xiao, Pingyang Jun and Heping Yuanjun are considering this matter. Pingyang Jun said, "Don't accept it. The harm brought by accepting it must outweigh the benefits. " On the other hand, Ping Yuanjun believes that there is no reason to refuse the land obtained for free. It will be good for us to accept it. Zhao accepted Shangdang and was named Hua Yangjun.
In the forty-seventh year of Zhao Haoqi (260 BC), the Qin Dynasty sent Wang Bi, the eldest son of Zuo Shu, to attack North Korea and seize Shangdang. Shangdang people fled to Zhao, who was stationed in Changping (now Gaoping County, Shanxi Province) to appease Shangdang people. In April, Wang Bi attacked Zhao (see the battle of Changping). Zhao sent Lian Po to resist. Zhao foot soldiers ordered Qin to denounce the soldiers, and Qin denounced the soldiers to chop Zhao Bijiang eggplant. In June, he defeated Zhao and captured two armies and four armies. In July, Zhao Jun built a wall to defend. Qin Jun attacked the Zhao wall again, took the second commandant, and broke the array to seize the Western Wall.
The two sides were deadlocked for many days, and Zhao Jun suffered huge losses. According to the situation that the enemy was strong and we were weak and lost in the first battle, Lian Po decided to stick to the camp and prepare to attack Chi. Many times, Zhao did not send troops. The prince of Zhao repeatedly blamed Lian Po for this. In response to Hou, the Qin Dynasty sent people to take their daughters to pay bribes to Zhao. They used deviant methods to spread rumors and said: "What Qin hates and fears is Zhao Kuo, the son of Ma Fujun Zhao She; Lian Po is easy to deal with, and he is about to surrender. " The prince of Zhao resented Lian Po's defeat, suffered heavy casualties and earned Lian Po's stubborn refusal to fight. So he listened to rumors, sent Zhao Kuo instead of Lian Po as the general, and ordered him to lead troops to attack the State of Qin.
After Zhao Kuo came to power, the deployment of rebelling against Lian Po not only changed the military system in the war, but also replaced a large number of generals, which made Zhao's combat power decline. When Qin saw Zhao Zhongji, he secretly ordered Bai Qi to be the general and Wang Bi to be the lieutenant. Zhao Kuo is arrogant, but he is afraid to start from scratch. The king of Qin ordered that "whoever dares to vent his anger on Wu Anjun will be beheaded." ("Historical Records? Tian Leichuan Wang Jian)
In the face of reckless and arrogant opponents, Tian Lei decided to retreat to lure the enemy, divide and panic. He ordered the border guards to take on the task of luring the enemy. When Zhao's army attacked, he pretended to be defeated and retreated. He deployed the main force in depth to build a bag-shaped position, and sent another 5 thousand troops to wedge between the enemy vanguard and the main force, waiting for an opportunity to split the Zhao army. In August, Zhao Kuo rashly took offensive action without knowing the actual situation. Pretend to fail, and secretly spread his wings to build Indiana Jones to intimidate Zhao. By the time Zhao attacked the pass, Qin was ready, and the pass was strong and could not be entered. Tian Lei ordered Indiana Jones to attack quickly and cut the Zhao army into three sections. Zhao Jun separated from head to tail, and the route for providing foodstuff was broken. Send hussars to harass Zhao. Zhao's war situation was critical, so he had to build a wall to support reinforcements. When the King of Qin heard that the grain and grass supply of Zhao was cut off, he went to Hanoi to supervise the war, recruited Ding Congjun, a male over 15 years old, and awarded him the rank of civilian, so as to stop the reinforcements and grain of Zhao and fight against Zhao with all his strength.
By September, Zhao Bing had been hungry for 46 days and even committed suicide. Desperate, Zhao Kuo regrouped his troops and divided them into four teams, which broke through in turn, but never got out. Zhao Kuo led a good soldier and was shot by Qin Jun. Zhao Kuo's army was defeated. 400,000 soldiers surrendered in vain. Tian Lei and others argued: "Qin conquered Shangdang before, and Shangdang people did not want to join Qin, but joined Zhao. Zhao Bing is capricious. If you don't kill them all, I'm afraid it will be a disaster in the future. " So he cheated and killed all Zhao's soldiers, leaving only 240 soldiers to report back to Zhao. In the battle of Changping, Qin Jun killed 450,000 prisoners of Zhao, which shocked Zhao. From then on, Zhao was badly hurt and never recovered.
After the battle of Changping, he planned to attack Zhao. In October of forty-eight, the State of Qin pacified Shangdang again, and then the army was divided into two ways: one led by Wang Biao and attacked Picang (now Wu 'an, Hebei); Sima Geng captured Taiyuan all the way. Tian Lei will surround Handan. South Korea and Zhao were frightened, so they sent a large sum of money to bribe the corresponding princes of Qin. He said, "After Zhao's death, the State of Qin can claim the title of emperor. After Zhao's death, he captured more than 70 cities for the State of Qin, and also captured Zhao Kuo's troops in the south, Ying and Hanzhong, although none of them could surpass him. Today, if Zhao dies and the king of Qin is king, it will be fair. Can you be under Tian Lei? Even if you don't want to be in his position, it's impossible. Qin once attacked North Korea, besieged Xingqiu and was trapped in the Party. People who joined the Party flocked to Zhao, and all the people in the world felt very unhappy about it. Today, when Zhao was destroyed, the territory of the State of Qin extended to Yan in the north, Qi in the east, and Han and Wei in the south, but Qin did not get many people. It is better to let Han and Zhao divide the land and make peace, so as not to destroy Zhao Zhigong in vain. " So he asked Han and Zhao to cede territory for peace on the grounds that Guo was exhausted and anxious to recover from illness. Zhao Haoqi agreed. Han cut Yuan Yong, Zhao cut six cities for peace, and the soldiers did not fight in the first month. Tian Lei heard about it and made enemies with Fan Ju from then on.
In September of that year, Qin sent troops again, making the tomb of the Five Chiefs attack Handan and Zhao (see the Battle of Handan). Just in time for Tian Lei to be sick and unable to walk. In the first month of the second year, the tomb attack on Handan was not smooth, and the king of Qin increased his military support. As a result, the tomb lost five captains. After Leitian recovered from his illness, the king of Qin wanted to attack Handan with Leitian as the general. Leitian said to the prince of Zhao, "Handan is not easy to attack. If the governors save it, they will send troops one day. The princes hated Qin for a long time. Today, although the Zhao army was defeated by Changping, more than half of the casualties were lost. Our army is far away from rivers and mountains to compete for other people's capitals. If Zhao fights from the inside and the princes coordinate from the outside, he will be defeated. Therefore, we cannot send troops to attack Zhao. " Zhao Haoqi failed to get the command line himself, so he sent Fan Ju to invite him. Tian Lei refused all the time, so he couldn't admit his illness.
Beggars in Wang Zhao sent Wang Bi to replace the tomb as the general, and besieged Handan in August and September, but they could not attack for a long time. Chu sent Chun Shen Jun and Wei Gongzi Xin Ling Jun to lead hundreds of thousands of troops to attack Qin Jun, and Qin Jun suffered heavy casualties. Hearing this, Tian Lei said, "At the beginning, the King of Qin didn't listen to my plan. What now? " Zhao Haoqi was furious and forced Tian Lei to send troops. Tian Lei claimed that he was seriously ill, but he still refused to accept the disease at Fan Ju's request. As a result, Zhao Haoqi was relieved of his official position in Tian Lei, reduced to a soldier and moved to Yinmi (now west of Lingtai County, Gansu Province). I couldn't come because I was ill in Tian Lei. I lived in Xianyang for three months. During this period, the governors constantly attacked Qin Jun, and Qin Jun retreated one after another, followed by those in a hurry. The king of Qin sent someone to send Tian Lei away so that he could not stay in Xianyang. When he left Xianyang and went to Du You, Wang Zhao consulted with others. Tian Lei was expelled from Xianyang. He was dissatisfied and complained, so he might as well be put to death. So Zhao Haoqi sent messengers to get the sword and let Tian Lei commit suicide. Bai ups and downs sword said to himself: "Why am I guilty of heaven?" After a long time, he said, "I deserve to die." In the battle of Changping, hundreds of thousands of Zhao surrendered, and I was cheated to death. "("historical records? Tian Lei's Biography of Wang Jian) committed suicide. Tian Lei died in November, the tenth year of the reign of King Zhao of Qin (257 BC). It was not his crime to die in Tian Lei. The Qin people felt sorry for him, and all the towns sacrificed to him.
Tian Lei's main records:
In the battle of yique, the allied forces of Korea and Wei killed 240,000 people. Attack Chu three times, attack the capital of Chu, burn its ancestral temple, and annihilate 350,000 Chu troops.
Attacking Zhao, 600,000 troops of Zhao were annihilated successively (including the battle of Changping). Attack Korea and destroy Wei, and annihilate 300 thousand.
Tian Lei probably wiped out 1 650,000 troops from six countries in his life!
Title: Wu Anjun. Official position: Guo Wei (Minister of National Defense).
Nickname: God of War, murderer, the first of the four famous generals in the Warring States Period.
Tian Lei commanded many important battles. Destroy the Chu army, invade Ying capital, and force Chu to move the capital, and Chu never recovered. The battle of yique wiped out 240,000 Korean-Wei allied forces and completely defeated the eastward advance. The battle of Changping wiped out 450,000 Zhao troops in one fell swoop, creating the earliest and largest encirclement and suppression precedent in the history of China. The size of more than 70 wars, no defeat, from the lowest military attache has been sealed in Wu Anjun, the six countries began to feel afraid when they heard the news.
The battle of Changping * * * killed 450,000 people, plus 240,000 people who attacked Korea and Que before, hundreds of thousands of people drowned when attacking Chu, 0/30,000 people were killed when attacking Huayang, 20,000 people were killed in the battle of Yan, and 50,000 people were killed when attacking Korea * * more than one million people. This is a very incomplete Tian Lei murder bill. According to Liang Qichao's research, during the Warring States period, * * * killed two million people, accounting for half. Later, due to disagreement with the king of Qin on whether to attack Zhao again, he was replaced by a mausoleum and retired from the historical stage.
Bai Qi's art of operational command represents the level of war development during the Warring States Period. Use your troops badly, be good at analyzing the situation between the enemy and ourselves, and then take correct strategic and tactical policies to attack the enemy. For example, in the battle of yique, we concentrated our forces and divided them one by one; Tao Xin's tactics in the battle of Yan Li were accompanied by water attack; The battle of Huayang was a long-distance attack. The battle of Changping lured the enemy away from the established position by pretending defeat, and then divided into encirclement tactics, killing 450,000 enemies, creating the largest example of annihilation war in the history of pre-Qin war, and it was also the earliest, largest and most thorough panic war in the history of China. Its scale and brilliant achievements are also rare in the history of world wars. The battle of Changping also reflected the development of the war itself.
Leitian's operational guidance has three characteristics: first, it is not the only goal of attacking cities and seizing land, but the ideology of annihilation with the main purpose of annihilating the enemy's effective forces, and he is good at fighting in the field, which is the most prominent feature of Leitian. He is an unparalleled commander in chief who used panic tactics in the history of war. He is also one of the three military commanders who are best at fighting annihilation in the history of China War (the other two are Genghis Khan and General Su Yu). But it is very rare that Bai Qi advocated the war of annihilation more than 2000 years ago. Second, in order to achieve the goal of annihilation, it emphasizes the pursuit of war and chases the enemy fiercely, which is better than Sun Wu's "Don't chase the enemy" and Shang Yang's "You can't go ten miles north with your victory" (Shang Junshu? Tactics tenth), obviously a step forward. Third, pay attention to field fortifications, first lure the enemy out of fortified positions, and then build fortifications in the expected enemy-killing areas to stop the enemy and prevent its breakthrough. This kind of operational guiding ideology with fortifications as auxiliary attack means was unprecedented at that time.
But those who start well may not end well, and those who waste their energy will be taboo and eventually die by their own hands. As the saying goes, "A wily rabbit dies when a bird hides its bow", so do Tian Lei, Wu Zixu and Li Mu.
According to legend, Gukou Village is the place where Zhao Jun was killed by Leitian. Therefore, Gukou Village, also known as Shagu, Crying Head and Shengyuan Valley, is located 5 kilometers west of Gaoping City. There are historical sites in the village, such as Baiqitai, Skull Mountain and Skull King Temple. Skull King Temple was built in the Tang Dynasty. When Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was king of Lu, he visited here, and it was shocking to see bones everywhere and mountains with heads. So he built the Temple of the King of Skeletons next to Rentou Mountain, "Choose a giant among the skeletons and build a statue of the King of Skeletons". The present Skull King Temple is a relic of the Qing Dynasty, in which there are statues of Zhao Kuo and his wife. Yu Dazhen, a poet in the Ming Dynasty, once wrote: "This place was originally a battlefield, and Pingsha was desolate and wild. Continuous rain and ghost crying, just like in the ancient temple of Ling Ying. Zhao will spare the hatred for thousands of years, but what is the significance of the death of Chi? In fact, I have tried my best to worship in the temple, and I don't believe that there is a king in the skull. " Those who go to Gaoping for sightseeing must go to the Skull King Temple and enjoy the magnificent scene of the ancient battlefield in Changping.
Qin Jiang Bai qi
The most brilliant general in the history of China, the most prominent general in the Warring States period, has been on the battlefield for more than 30 years, and the armies of the six countries will be frightened as long as they hear that he is leading troops to fight. There is an exact record in the history books: all countries dare not fight with Qin, and a note is added after it, because Qin people have this general! It is rare for a general to reach such a level in the history of war. He made great contributions to the unification of Qin. His record created the highest practical model of China's art of war-God of War-Wu's "An Jun Leitian"!
Tian Lei led countless wars in his life and wiped out more than one million troops from six countries. It is a miracle that I have captured more than 70 cities in six countries. In those war-torn years, I have never lost a battle in my life (all kinds of historical data show that I have never lost once), and I often win more with less. He is both a superb tactician and an excellent strategist. The scale of the war he commanded and the cruelty of the battle were rarely compared by later generations!
What is Spring and Autumn? It means that war, politics and other national events all happen in spring and autumn! In winter, a surprise attack on Hanoi, Wei started the winter war, and for the first time in China's military history, infantry attacked the city on a large scale. Tian Lei commanded the battle of Changping and wiped out the Zhao army. More than 400,000 Zhao troops were annihilated (or * * * more than 600,000 were killed). The battle of Changping was not only a key battle for China to move towards reunification and rewrite history, but also the cruelest and most heroic major battle in the world military history, and the earliest and most thorough panic in China history. Its scale and brilliant achievements are also rare in the history of world wars. There is a precedent for China's large-scale panic in tactics.
The battle of Changping is a life-and-death battle between the two countries. The scale of the war at that time was very rare in the history of ancient wars, and it was the largest war in the Warring States period. Historically, the total number of troops mobilized by Qin and Zhao should be about 1 10,000. At that time more than 2000 years ago, this was a very terrible statistic, which was more than 654.38+0 million. Therefore, neither side can afford to lose this war, including Qiang Qin. In fact, it was a war to decide who would unify China at the end of the Warring States Period. In this war, Tian Lei once again played the leading role, the first hero.
At that time, during the war years, Leitian fought a war of annihilation, and he wiped out the effective forces of the enemy. He always adhered to this principle, which was the most efficient principle at that time. Because we must never forget that during the Warring States period, the population was small and the recovery was slow, and human resources were more precious than land resources. At that time, wars broke out every year, and the monarchs of various vassal States were at war. If you capture a large number of soldiers in a war, well, the war is over, but you let them go. After he returned to China, they will still be soldiers in the next war, and the war will continue, and the war will continue one after another.
If the battle of Changping is not defeated, Zhao's 450,000 troops will turn back into another army and be defeated in vain. Tian Lei is a national plan-kill!
According to legend, Gukou Village is the place where Zhao Jun was killed by Leitian. Therefore, Gukou Village, also known as Shagu, Crying Head and Shengyuan Valley, is located 5 kilometers west of Gaoping City. There are historical sites in the village, such as Baiqitai, Skull Mountain and Skull King Temple. Skull King Temple was built in the Tang Dynasty. When Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was king of Lu, he visited here, and it was shocking to see bones everywhere and mountains with heads. So he built the Temple of the King of Skeletons next to Rentou Mountain, "Choose a giant among the skeletons and build a statue of the King of Skeletons". The present Skull King Temple is a relic of the Qing Dynasty, in which there are statues of Zhao Kuo and his wife. Yu Dazhen, a poet in the Ming Dynasty, once wrote: "This place was originally a battlefield, and Pingsha was desolate and wild. Continuous rain and ghost crying, just like in the ancient temple of Ling Ying. Zhao will be idle for thousands of years. What is the purpose of pool death? In fact, I have tried my best to worship in the temple, and I don't believe that there is a king in the skull. " Those who go to Gaoping for sightseeing must go to the Skull King Temple and enjoy the magnificent scene of the ancient battlefield in Changping.
A hundred years later, Xiang Yu also killed 300,000 Qin soldiers. Why do people regard Tian Lei as a murderer and sympathize with Xiang Yu? Just because he is obsessed with leitian?
The battle of Changping was a feat of chinese military history and even the diplomatic history, but it was completed by Qin State, which was despised by later Confucian literature and history and pursued the rule of Legalism (rule of law)!
To sum up, we can't sigh because we think that Li Mu's generation of heroes have no good end, and blindly turn our feelings to the defeated Zhao; We should not insult and distort the state of Qin, because we didn't leave a single soldier in every battle in Tian Lei.
Qin is not invulnerable, otherwise it would not have died the next year. However, when we evaluate historical figures, should we be fair and objective, instead of generalizing "violent Qin" and "murderous"?
Tian Lei, a military wizard, is a god of war, but he ignores tactics and is not worthy of the word "lean". As for heroes, they have always been respected by later Confucian kings. Because Tian Lei killed too many enemies, he was also excluded from these "benevolent and moral" literati. Therefore, later generations often call him a murderer, and some historians even think that Tian Lei is not worthy of being called a famous star at all. But as we all know, in fact, Tian Lei occupies a very important position in the world military history, and it is really a "God of War" born for war!
Wu Zixu, Sun Wu, Wu Qi of Wei State, Pang Juan, Sun Bin of Qi State and Yan State, all famous Warring States players, first learned from their teachers, and then went to their favorite countries to "visit the generals", hoping to gain the appreciation of wise monarchs. This is a good atmosphere for selecting talents in two ways during the Warring States period. As the saying goes, "a hundred schools of thought contend, and harmony is different." Most of these "great generals" wrote books after retiring or losing power, hoping to pass on their military theories and practices to future generations.
The real four famous soldiers in the Warring States Period-Bai Qi, Lian Po, Wang Jian and Li Mu-have not been systematically studied by military strategists, but are purely "military origins". They started with soldiers and left their names for future generations with their achievements in killing and fighting.
Qin and Zhao were the bloodiest and most combative countries in the Warring States period, especially Qin. Due to the thorough implementation of the Legalist military system, all generals were born in the war. Even the children of nobles are still veterans and cannot be knighted. In this environment, a generation of God of War was born, such as Bai Qi, who moved from the grassroots generals to glory step by step!