"Notes to Confucius: Explanations of Seventy-two Disciples" also ranks it in 10, and records:
There are 20 chapters in The Analects of Confucius about Shang Bo (Xia Zi). In particular, Zhang Zi recorded many of his words and deeds. From this perspective, Champo and his disciples should also participate in the editing of The Analects.
First, high flyers of the Department of Literature.
Shang Bo (Xia Zi) is one of the two high flyers of Confucius Institute and Literature Department, and Yan Yan (Zi You) is in front of him.
Second, Xi' an Xian Yi se
Confucius said that a person can become a gentleman as long as he can be gentle. But his old man's house also said that one should first "be filial, be a younger brother, believe in his way, love the public and be kind to others" and spare no effort, and then study literature and emphasize the importance of moral character. Shang Bo (Xia Zi) inherited this view from Confucius.
Shang Bo (Xia Zi) believes that one can attach importance to virtue and appear solemn in front of people with virtue; Serve your parents and do your best; Serving the monarch can give his life; Communicate with friends, speak honestly and keep your word. Although such a man has never been to school, I must say that he has.
It should be noted here that the first sage of sages is a verb, which means to attach importance to and take … as a sage, and the second sage refers to a saint, which is a noun. Discoloration is not feminine, but refers to one's attitude and opinion. Virtue can change color, which means that when a person meets a saint with high knowledge and moral cultivation, he will respect him and take him seriously.
Regarding the explanation of "the sage changed color", Xing Bing, a scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty, explained in the Annotation to the Analects of Confucius: "It is good to change one's lustful heart and become a sage. Therefore, some people say that Xi 'an Xian Yi se also. It is said that the heart of beauty is replaced by the heart of respecting the virtuous. " In the Qing Dynasty, Liu Baonan quoted Wang Niansun's words in The Analects of Justice, saying that "righteousness" means "Confucianism", and sages change color, and "virtue is like lewdness". Zhu said in the Notes to the Four Books: "Sages are virtuous, easy to commit adultery and good faith." Qian Mu's New Interpretation of the Analects of Confucius was also said by Zhu. Yang Bojun's The Analects of Confucius is interpreted as: for a wife, morality is valued over beauty. This explanation comes from the back, that is, serve your wife first, then your parents, your husband and your friends. However, in ancient times, especially in the era of Confucius, you must never treat your wife in front of your parents, husbands and friends. Even the "five ethics" of later generations put the couple in the third place, that is, father and son, monarch and minister, couple, brother and friend. Therefore, this explanation is far-fetched, or wrong.
According to Nan's Analects of Confucius, there are two words "virtue", the first is used as a verb, and the second is a noun, which refers to a moral person-a person with good knowledge and cultivation. Simple, change clothes. In the Spring and Autumn Period, changeability means constant change. Color, attitude, attitude towards people, things and society. In other words, it is "meeting Si Qi", that is, when we see a person with good knowledge, good cultivation, great skills and really good technology, we will feel awe when we see him, and our attitude will naturally change accordingly. Nan resolutely criticized the way Song Ru and others interpreted the word "color" as "female color", "woman" and "male and female color".
In the Analects of Confucius, "color" has two meanings. One is face and attitude, for example, there are as many as twenty meanings of "clever words make color" and "be reluctant" One is feminine, such as "not seeing goodness is like lewdness", and "a gentleman has three precepts: young people are uncertain about blood gas, so it is advisable to abstain from it." There are only three meanings, including two "goodness" and "lust". The Analects of Confucius did not use "color" to express the meaning of color.
In addition, color also means "changing face" and "changing attitude", that is, it is used as a verb and as a "color". "Biography of the Ram Six Years of Mourning for the Duke": "The doctors looked terrible when they read it." He Xiu's note: "The color is natural and the appearance is amazing." Confucius' Family Remarks: An Interpretation of the Theory of Rights: "Ji Sun suddenly realized:' I am sincere. "Mencius under the Sun's Ugliness": Mencius went to Qi, and when he was in danger, he asked, "If your master is not prepared."
In the later Five Elements, there is a detailed usage of the word "Seran": (1) The same story is unique to the road of scholars, so it is called cowardice. (2) It is unholy to hear the way of scholars and not know the way of heaven. (3) With this smell, this unique color is different from the road of scholars, and ... is sacred. (4) See the same thing, but you are not a wise man, so you are unknown. (5) It is unwise to meet a saint without knowing his deeds. (6) Seeing the same thing, only the color distinguishes the virtuous, and it is also clear. The first three sentences mentioned above are aimed at "learning from the way of a gentleman" and the last three sentences are aimed at "seeing Si Qi", all of which emphasize "true colors" when facing the way of a gentleman and a sage, otherwise it is unwise. In addition, "Five Elements" also said: "When you meet a sage, it is jade, and jade is shaped, and the shape will not die." Jade color is the "true color" expression from the inside out when facing scholars and sages.
"Yi" has the following meanings: First, simplicity. The essence of Fang Lin's politeness. Confucius said, "What a big problem! Ceremony, not luxury, is quite frugal; It's easier to mourn than to grieve. " ("The Analects of Confucius Eight-legged essay" 3.4) Second, it refers to Zhouyi. Confucius said, "Add me a few years old and I will be eager to learn at 50. It's no big deal." (The Analects of Confucius 7. 17) Third, Yi. Confucius said, "Poverty without resentment, wealth without arrogance." (The Analects of Confucius 14 10) The fourth is to change and transform. "The world is full of flowing wells, but who can change it? ..... "The master said sadly," Birds and beasts cannot be in the same group. If I am not a believer in Sri Lanka, who can be with me? There is a way in the world, and the hills are not easy. " (The Analects of Confucius +08.6)
According to the above explanation, we can say that "Yi" means change, which should be beyond doubt and its original intention. "Color" means changing one's appearance, which can be extended to attitude, and can also be directly interpreted as nan huaijin's attitude towards people, things and society. In this chapter, "the sage changes color" is a general statement, and the last three sentences are specific explanations. Therefore, we can translate this chapter like this:
Xia Zi said: "When facing scholars and sages, one should respect knowledge and sages, change his attitude, pay attention to his behavior, look up to sages, and be wise and wise." Serving parents can do the best; Serve the monarch and be able to do your best; Friends can be honest and trustworthy. Such a person, although he says he has never learned (from the teacher), I must say that he has learned, is knowledgeable and educated. "
Third, the attitude towards parents.
Confucius gave different filial answers to different people. Shang Bo asked about filial piety, and Confucius gave another answer.
When answering Shang Bo's question, Confucius thought that the most difficult thing was to be kind to parents. Parents have something, and children do it for their parents; Children have wine and food, so parents can eat first. These are all filial acts. However, if you don't even have a good attitude, can parents eat? Therefore, the key to filial piety is to have a good attitude towards parents, treat them well and make them feel comfortable. This is the real filial piety.
Fourth, put benevolence before ceremony.
Shang Bo (Xia Zi) is a clever man with high IQ, and he can draw inferences from others in his study. For example, when he reads a poem, he realizes other truths.
Shang Bo (Xia Zi) read the sentence in the poem and asked Confucius, "Teacher, the poem says that you see that girl's beautiful smile is so pure and beautiful! Black and white eyes are so cute and clear! Colorful embroidery on white surface is gorgeous and beautiful! What do these words mean? "
Money means good looks, smiling and smiling well, such as money and women. Expectation, eyes are black and white, and there is a feeling of amorous feelings, such as expectation. Gorgeous and literary; Painting, painting; Plain color, white background.
In fact, Shang Bo (Xia Zi) can understand the meaning of these poems, but he seems to think that these poems should have other meaning. So I asked Confucius, what is it?
Confucius probably didn't want to go into details, for fear that Shang Bo (midsummer) wouldn't understand him, so he casually said, if a person looks good, his eyes will look good, his smile will look good, and his white face will look good if there is no interference from other colors.
Shang Bo (Xia Zi) immediately contacted what he had learned and said, "What about after the ceremony?" Shang Bo (Xia Zi) said, so my understanding is, if a person is self-denial, plus courtesy, is it benevolence, it will be more perfect?
Confucius said: Yes, yes! Shang Bo is the one who can explain what I mean! Come, come, come! In the future, we can study this poem in depth! The meaning of inspiration, but here is not to inspire Confucius, but to inspire ourselves, to gain something and to be original. For example, Confucius commented that Yan Hui (Ziyuan) "retired and kept private, enough to make a fortune".
Shang Bo (Xia Zi) is one of the two disciples who Confucius thinks can talk about poetry, and the other is Duanmu Ci (Zi Gong). In The Analects of Confucius 1. 15, Confucius said, "Give! I can only tell the poem to people who used to know it. "
In addition, "I think it's gorgeous" is not found in the existing Book of Songs. It may have been omitted, or it was deleted by Confucius when he deleted the Book of Songs. But as can be seen from the original poem, this poem is not suitable in Shuo Ren. I really don't know what the poem Shuo Ren used to look like.
Shang Bo (Xia Zi) was praised by Confucius for understanding the truth of "courtesy before benevolence" from Confucius' words. Confucius believes that benevolence is the basic requirement of being a man. If a person is benevolent at heart, his external performance is bound to be polite and unified inside and outside, until he reaches the realm of "doing whatever he wants without overstepping the bounds" In the third chapter of the Analects of Confucius, Confucius once said, "If people are unkind, what is a ceremony?" ? People are heartless, so what are you happy about? "
Fifth, be a gentleman and be a Confucian.
Shang Bo (Xia Zi) is good at literature, full of emotion and easily excited. For example, he loved his son so much that he cried himself blind when his son died. Confucius had seen Shang Bo's problems, so he warned him.
Confucius put forward the difference between "gentleman Confucianism" and "villain Confucianism", and asked Xia Zi to be a gentleman Confucianism, not a villain Confucianism. "Gentleman's Confucianism" refers to a person with noble status, familiarity with etiquette and law and ideal personality; "Little Confucianism" refers to people with low status, no manners and mediocre personality. Here, Confucius' warning to Shang Bo (Xia Zi) should be mainly to warn him not to be emotional. When Kong Li died, Confucius was very sad, but he didn't cry blind like Shang Bo (Xia Zi).
The debate between a gentleman and a villain, and between a gentleman's Confucianism and a villain's Confucianism has lasted for more than two thousand years.
What is a gentleman? What is a villain?
In the Analects of Confucius, there are many expositions about how to be a gentleman and how to be a kind person. The so-called villain, on the contrary. There are two kinds of villains here, one is "good in nature", but the pattern is not high, and the other is "inherent vice", who is clever and even deceives others.
Confucianism is a person who knows some skills and can provide services to people, and gradually goes deep into people who can lead and educate people. "Zhou Li Tian Guan Zhong Zai" said: "Confucianism gains the people by Taoism." Zheng Xuan's note: "Confucians, governors protect their families, and six artists teach the people." Confucianism in the period of Confucius was a man who knew poetry, calligraphy, propriety, righteousness, yue, spring and autumn or ceremony, yue, shooting, imperial, calligraphy and number. Pre-Confucianism, a senior intellectual who is familiar with heaven and earth, human feelings and ideal personality, can read, write articles, understand etiquette (rules and laws) and music, and can be a politician, at least a "butcher" and even a "southerner". The latter Confucianism knows etiquette and music, can write and count, can shoot arrows and drive cars, can mount a horse and fight, and can dismount to protect the people.
Since Confucius opened the Confucius Institute, the former Confucianists have gradually divided into two categories. One category is still seeking officials, such as the majority of Confucius disciples; The other is full-time study of enlightenment, such as Confucius himself, Yan Hui (Zi Yuan), and later Zeng Ziru and Ba Zi.
It is said that Shang Bo (Xia Zi) is gloomy, but brave. He is "good at being virtuous", but in terms of being virtuous, Confucius said that he was "inferior" and could not meet the standard of being virtuous. Shang Bo () once slaughtered his father and put forward the idea that "the best way to be an official is to study, and learning is the best way to be an official". He also advocated that an official should win the trust of the people before he can be appointed.
Please pay attention! "Being an official is learning, and being an official is learning" was put forward by Shang Bo (Xia Zi) (Analects of Confucius, Zhang Zi 19 13), not Confucius! Moreover, there is a saying in front of "learning to be excellent is to be an official" "learning to be excellent is to learn"!
Shang Bo (Xia Zi) established another school of Confucianism, which is said to be incompatible with Zeng Shen (Yu Zi) and Yan Yan (Ziyou).
Yan Yan (Ziyou) said: "It is ok for students to do some cleaning and seeing off guests in midsummer, but these are only trivial things, but they have not learned anything fundamental. How can this work? " Shang Bo (Xia Zi) said, "Alas, Ziyou was wrong. The way of a gentleman, which to teach first and which to teach later, is classified and distinguished, just like grass and wood. How can a gentleman's way be twisted and deceived at will? I'm afraid only saints can teach students from beginning to end in order! " (Zhang Zi of The Analects of Confucius 19 12)
It is also said that among Confucius' disciples, Shang Bo (Xia Zi) is not as strict with Confucius as Yan Hui (Ziyuan) and Zeng Shen (Yu Zi), but a thinker with originality and heresy tendency. Shang Bo (Xia Zi) is no longer concerned with "self-denial", but with contemporary politics, and has developed a set of political and historical theories that deviate from Confucian orthodox political views.
Shang Bo (Xia Zi) became Wei Wenhou's teacher. His students were Tian Zifang, Duan Ganmu, Wu Qi and Bird Slip. From some viewpoints he put forward, Xia Zi is still a Confucian. And Shang Bo's Confucianism seems to pay more attention to starting from dribs and drabs, starting from "sweeping to cope with advance and retreat", which is quite similar to "how to sweep the world without sweeping a house". On the one hand, these are in line with Confucius' experience of "doing more things", but they are not in line with Confucius' thought of "no crops and no nurseries". Perhaps, because of this, Confucius reminded Champo to set up lofty ideals and not to do trivial things.
According to Qian Mu's new interpretation of The Analects of Confucius, Confucius' precept Shang Bo (Xia Zi) covers his strengths and prevents his weaknesses. Pushing Confucius' so-called villain Confucianism has two meanings: one is to indulge in love classics and get carried away; There is a special chapter and sentence exegesis, but suddenly it is meaningful. Xia Zi's knowledge may be profound, but it is not grand enough. But in the end, it was free from the ridicule of the villain Confucianism. Confucius' kindness is education, which can also be seen.
In fact, Shang Bo's thought of "responding to progress with sweeping, and making progress with retreating" is very beneficial to cultivating students' self-care ability. But if we overemphasize these trivial aspects, it will inevitably affect our thinking about the problem. Just know these "rituals" and carry them out.
I remember that college students, master students and doctoral students can only do some office chores after graduation. If compared with Confucius' era, he is barely a villain, or even worse. If you have no manners and ideal personality, who will do the housework if you don't do it?
In a chat, Duanmu Ci (Zi Gong) wanted to explore the teacher's evaluation of Zhuan Xu Shi (Zhang Zi) and Shang Bo (Xia Zi).
Duanmu Ci (Zi Gong) asked Confucius, "Who do you think is more moral, Zhuan Xu Shi and Shang Bo?" Confucius said, "Sun Shi has passed, but Shang Bo has not yet reached this standard." Duanmu Ci (Zi Gong) said, "Is it better to transfer Sun Tzu's poems?" Confucius said, "Excessive and insufficient are the same."
"Too much is not enough" is the concrete explanation of the golden mean. Because they went too far and didn't do enough, they were all bad. Confucius said they "went too far."
Seven, all brothers within the four seas.
Shang Bo (Xia Zi) gave lectures after Confucius' death, which showed that he had the potential to be a good teacher and was good at persuading people to dispel doubts.
On one occasion, Sima Geng (Niu Zi), a fellow disciple, somehow caused his inner sadness and said, "Everyone else has brothers, but I don't." Shang Bo (Xia Zi) comforted him and said, "I have heard that life is death and wealth is heaven. As long as a gentleman takes what he does seriously, does not make mistakes, respects others and conforms to the rules of etiquette and righteousness, then everyone in the world is his brother. Why should a gentleman have no brothers? "
Eight, all the waste of straight mistakes.
Shang Bo (Xia Zi) can also answer questions that other disciples don't understand.
Shang Bo (Xia Zi) thought the teacher's words were very profound. Shun the world, choose Hao Tao from the crowd, and the ruthless person is alienated; Soup is the best in the world. People who are heartless will be alienated if they follow the crowd and choose Yi Yin. It means to be able to select and appoint sages, which is benevolence.
Nine, haste makes waste.
Once (Xia Zi) was killed by his living father, and he asked Confucius for advice on politics.
Jufu is a city in Lu, not a giant state at that time. At that time, Juguo was in Juxian County, Shandong Province. In the 14th year of the Spring and Autumn Period (496 BC), it was recorded that the "city father" of Lu was going to build a father city.
Ju's father is a county magistrate. He asked Confucius how to handle political affairs. Confucius said, "Don't be eager for quick success and instant benefit, and don't be greedy for small profits. If you can't achieve your goal quickly, you can't make a big deal out of greed. "
Confucius put forward two principles for Shang Bo (Xia Zi). These two principles are very important, and they are also important to us now.
First, don't be eager for quick success and instant benefit in everything, which is almost a common problem of most politicians. In order to achieve political achievements as soon as possible, politicians will always take some unrealistic measures, but the consequence is that they will not achieve this goal. Performance projects kill people.
Second, don't covet small profits. Especially as a local official, don't just look at short-term profits, but make long-term plans for a place. If you only covet small profits, what great things can you achieve? The development of a place should consider overall planning and long-term planning, regardless of long-term interests, and do not rush to launch a project or even a pollution project.
Ten, don't be a villain.
Confucius taught Shang Bo (Xia Zi) to be a gentleman's Confucian rather than a small Confucian, so he put it into practice.
Trail refers to various skills such as agriculture, industry, commerce, medicine and divination. Mud is blocking, blocking, blocking.
Shang Bo (Xia Zi) said: "There must be some advantages in some small skills, but indulging in them may hinder lofty goals. So don't do it well. "
"Afraid of mud in the distance" is similar to Confucius' "attacking heresy".
Eleven, knowledge is accumulated over time.
Shang Bo (Xia Zi) may be a "gradually enlightened" person, who believes that knowledge is accumulated over time.
Shang Bo (Xia Zi) Xia Zi said, "Learn something you don't know every day, and you can't forget what you have learned every month. This can be called studious. "
Twelve, benevolence is learning.
For learning, Shang Bo (Xia Zi) advocated strong will, knowledge and asking more questions.
Read widely, study extensively and stick to it. We should ask more questions and think seriously. Benevolence is among them.
Thirteen, Tao is also learned.
The method of learning is understood on the basis of extensive learning. This is the same as all walks of life. As long as you study hard, you will be the best. The same is true of learning. As long as you study hard, you will understand the learning method.
One hundred workers, craftsmen from all walks of life. Four. A workshop for making goods in ancient society.
Fourteen, a gentleman will change a villain.
A gentleman is not afraid of mistakes. The key is to recognize the mistakes and correct them. Confucius said, "If you go too far, you are not afraid of change." Villains are different. The villain must cover up his mistakes.
Words mean decoration and disguise. When a villain makes a mistake, he tries his best to defend and cover it up.
Fifteen, the gentleman has three changes.
What does it feel like to be a gentleman?
A gentleman gives the impression that he is solemn and respectable from a distance, gentle and amiable from a close look, and listen to his harsh language.
The image of Confucius is "combining rigidity with softness, being strong but not fierce, being respectful and safe" (7.38 in The Analects of Confucius and Shu Er), and the three changes of gentlemen put forward by Shang Bo (Xia Zi) are actually the same.
Sixteen, the importance of honesty
A gentleman must first be sincere in his heart. It's the same for people.
Shang Bo (Xia Zi) put forward two principles of politics and making friends, which are actually honesty. At the same time, it can be interpreted from Confucius' exposition.
First, a gentleman must gain the trust of the people before he can be kind to them, otherwise the people will think that he is abusing and infringing on them. Shirley means aggression and injury. Confucius said: "Take a thousand times the country, respect things and believe, save money and love others, so that the people can make use of the time." ("The Analects of Confucius Learn" 1.5) and said: "Enough food, enough soldiers, the people believe it." (The Analects of Confucius, Yan Yuan 12.7)
Second, a gentleman should gain trust first, and then persuade; Otherwise people will think you are slandering him. Slander is slander, and remonstrance is remonstrance. Even if your friends trust you, you should pay attention to the ways and means. Duanmu Ci (Zi Gong) asked Confucius how to make friends. Confucius said, "Those who are loyal and good can't stop, not bring disgrace to oneself." (The Analects of Confucius, Yan Yuan 12.23)
Seventeen, the gift is not small.
To be a man, we must adhere to principles, especially self-denial. However, after all, people are not gods or perfect, and they can't cross the line in some big festivals, but they can be different in some small aspects.
Virtue, virtue, refers to a large section of the problem of doing things. Idle, wooden fence, here refers to the border.
As a gentleman, you should take the overall situation into consideration and don't haggle over every ounce.
This view of Shang Bo (Xia Zi) is basically consistent with Sima Qian's view that "big banks don't care about details, and big gifts don't hesitate to make small concessions". Historical Records of Xiang Yu's Biography records the part of "Hongmen Banquet":
Pei Gong has gone out and made Chen a surname Pei Gong. Pei Gong said, "What can I do if I leave today and don't retreat?" Fan Kuai said: "Big banks never hesitate to give small gifts regardless of details. Now man is a knife and I am a fish. Why should I resign? " So I went. To make Sean stay and thank you.
18. Being excellent for an official means learning, and learning well means being an official.
Regarding the relationship between reading and being an official, later Confucianists emphasized that "it is best to be an official after reading", which also caused the problem of "harming people" in the imperial examination system in later generations. These are all problems that the rulers of later generations have for their own ruling needs. In fact, in the early Confucianism, it was emphasized to handle two relations well.
If you have the energy and time to be an official, you can learn, recharge, broaden your horizons and improve your skills. If you study well and have a skill, then go to be an official. You can realize your life ideal in another way.
Nineteen. Academic differences
There are also some differences between Shang Bo (Xia Zi) and other students in their studies. The Analects of Confucius recorded two things.
The first one.
Once, my disciple asked Zhuan Xu how to make friends. This disciple heard two answers.
Students in (Xia Zi) ask (Zhang Zi) how to make friends.
Shi Chuansun (Zhang Zi) first asked, "What did your teacher say?"
Disciple replied, "Make friends with him if you can meet him, and refuse him if you can't meet him."
"On War" (Zhang Zi) said: "What I have heard is different from these: a gentleman respects the virtuous and can tolerate; Can praise good people and sympathize with people with insufficient ability. If I am a very virtuous person, what can I not tolerate others? If I am not virtuous, people will refuse me. How can I refuse others? "
Second, Shang Bo (Xia Zi) directly clashed with Yan Yan (Ziyou).
Ziyou and Xia Zi had a heated argument about how to teach students. Perhaps, it's just that there are different ways of education.