The words "Han" and "Lin" in "Hanlin Academy" were first seen in Fu for Wealth by a famous writer in the Han Dynasty. The so-called "Hanlin" means "Wen Han is like a forest, and people gather together". From its establishment in the 26th year of Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty (AD 738) to its abolition with the demise of the Qing Dynasty, this central institution (namely imperial academy), which fully embodies the Confucian cultural tradition and the characteristics of the feudal autocratic regime in the Central Plains, has lasted for more than 1 100 years in history. "Hanlin Academy" has gone through the five generations of Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties from the initial "mixed" small-scale official institution to the decisive feudal ruling mechanism. It is no exaggeration to say that it is thanks to its existence that the ruling structure of the feudal dynasty in China history can be more stable and efficient.

After the history entered the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the impact and collision of western culture, the historical mission of "Hanlin Academy" gradually came to an end. Nevertheless, the efficiency it brought to the rulers was incomparable to that of the previous dynasties. According to historical records, "The prosperity of Hanlin is unparalleled in the previous generation." It can be seen that the later the dynasty, the higher the value of its historical research. Based on this, in this paper, the author takes the "Hanlin Academy" in the Qing Dynasty as the research object, and explores its characteristics of the times from the perspective of historical materialism and with the help of relevant historical materials.

0 1. Specifications and responsibilities of imperial academy in the Qing Dynasty As mentioned at the beginning of the article, imperial academy was only a small-scale official institution set up in the early Tang Dynasty, and the so-called "mixed imprisonment" can be literally understood. Then, why should the "Hanlin Academy" in the Tang Dynasty be evaluated with such derogatory words as "miscellaneous leave and levy" in historical materials? On this issue, we have to talk about the specifications, grades and responsibilities of the "Hanlin Academy" in this period:

First of all, in terms of responsibilities, the "Hanlin Bachelor" in the Tang Dynasty was mainly responsible for drafting the secret imperial edict system, and the officials who successfully entered the "Hanlin Academy" during this period basically had no specific official rank. To put it bluntly, when you came in, your rank was the same, but it was not convenient to keep the original rank, and you just added the title of "Bachelor of Hanlin" (also known as "Bachelor") on this basis. In addition, there are many absurdities in the selection of "Hanlin Bachelor" in Tang Dynasty. For example, I believe that most people think that those who can enter the "Hanlin Academy" are basically well-educated literati and talented people. However, during this period, in addition to talented scholars, other scholars such as medical doctors, Ji Fang, calligraphy and painting, and even monks and Taoists could enter the "Hanlin Academy". This is also an important reason why there is a derogatory evaluation of "Hanlin's initial placement and miscellaneous detention" in historical materials.

In the Qing Dynasty, due to the careful polishing of imperial academy, compared with the Tang Dynasty, imperial academy in the Qing Dynasty had a systematic improvement in specifications, responsibilities and personnel selection. For a simple example, if the Hanlin Academy is compared to a listed company, then the rulers of the Tang Dynasty are the original founders of the company, while the rulers of the Ming and Qing Dynasties are the ultimate "founders" who really carry forward the company and successfully go public.

In A.D. 1644 (the first year of Shunzhi), the ruling rights and interests of the Qing Dynasty quickly expanded from the corner outside the customs to the whole Central Plains, thanks to the comprehensive effects of many factors such as the collapse of the Ming Dynasty and the strategic decision-making mistakes of the leaders of the peasant army. Prior to this, although the rulers of the Manchu Dynasty had followed the example of the Ming Dynasty and established a set of ruling mechanisms (such as the "Inner Third Courtyard") that met their own development needs, compared with the vast territory and complicated ruling situation they faced after entering the customs, the mechanism was obviously inefficient. Therefore, re-screening and perfecting the original ruling mechanism has become another "new topic" for the rulers in this period. Surrounded by this situation, imperial academy was formally established in the first year of Shunzhi. The specific historical records are as follows:

(Hanlin Academy) Bachelor of Science is a full-time official, Han member 1 person, and assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites. There are two bachelors in attendance, two in attendance, two in attendance, and five staff members in editing, editing, auditing and Jishi Shu. Two classic works, one by Confucius, were written by Han people. (All official ranks) Jin Bachelor's degree is third-class, scholars study and teach fourth-class, scholars study and teach fifth-class, compilation is sixth-class, revision is seventh-class, and revision is seventh-class. Cut doctors, serve books, and serve letters. -"Clear Draft" and "Linz Allusions"

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Functionally, imperial academy shouldered a heavy task in Qing Dynasty. According to the historical data "Records of the Qing Sai-zu", imperial academy was in charge of:

After the banquet, I will speak and write a chapter; Foreign language books are typed and translated by officials of the Fourth Translation Institute; Examine Jishi Shu; List the topics of teaching Jishi Shu and send them to the cabinet with questions; Compile various books and histories; List the titles of editing posts and send them to the cabinet for inscription; Examiners for all exams, township exams and martial arts exams, with titles listed and sent to the Ministry with questions; Write a patent letter listing the titles of Hanlin's official position and cabinet; Fill in the Hanlin official and his dispatch, salary, worries, holidays and other issues. , and write the situation of each department; And the right to serve straight, attend classes, follow, paste yellow, repair jade butterflies, keep letters, teach the library, go to the mausoleum, give gifts, award titles, write letters and so on.

02. Ways to Enter imperial academy in the Qing Dynasty During the Qing Dynasty, there were only three ways for ordinary people to enter imperial academy, namely, imperial examination, special approval (recommendation, special examination, etc. ) and the "foreign Hanlin" in the late Qing Dynasty. Among these three ways, the imperial examination is the most common. So look at the Qing Dynasty from this angle. (This article focuses on the way of imperial examination)

First of all, compared with the other two ways, taking part in the imperial examination is undoubtedly the best and simplest way for most ordinary people to enter the "Imperial Academy". But even so, it still has a set of extremely strict selection criteria. Generally speaking, if you want to get the qualification to enter the academician courtyard, you must first take the "exam". At this stage, the candidates are provincial candidates. After passing the exam, candidates need to take the second interview immediately, and the candidates who stand out from the second interview can really have the opportunity to take the "palace exam". The so-called "imperial examination" (also known as "imperial examination") is invigilated by the emperor himself, and the examination room is generally located in the Baohe Hall of the Forbidden City. Because of the most special and rigorous specifications, this round of examination is also the highest level of the whole imperial examination system. Generally speaking, the imperial court has given a title and a salary to the candidates who are fortunate enough to take the court examination, which is enough.

However, those who take part in the "palace examination" have a long way to go to become a real "Hanlin" despite their superior abilities. Take the most obvious example: the final score of palace examination is generally divided into the top three, and only the top three (namely, champion, champion, champion) can be directly awarded the qualification of "Hanlin Academy" after the publication of palace examination, that is, the champion is awarded the editing position of Hanlin Academy, and the champion and champion are awarded the editing position of Hanlin Academy. Of course, Dimei, the first in the imperial examination, and imperial academy, the first in the imperial examination, can also be employed in imperial academy. In addition, the candidates of Di Mei and 3A were selected by the rulers according to their achievements in imperial academy, imperial examinations and re-examinations. Those lucky enough to be selected can study in the ordinary hall attached to imperial academy, which is called "Jishi Shu" (the number of places is not fixed, usually 30 to 40 students in each subject). It should be noted that these people selected by the emperor can enter ordinary museums, but strictly speaking, these people (namely Jishi Shu) are not officials who directly enter the imperial academy. Therefore, the only "Hanlin" who was really selected in the Palace Examination was "Palace Examination", with the top three in Grade A, the first in Dimethyl and the first in Korean.

By the way, "Jishi Shu" is mentioned here. During the reign of the Qing Dynasty, emperors of all dynasties actually attached great importance to the selection of "Jishi Shu". Although these people are not official "Hanlin" (after three years of study, "Jishi Shu" has the opportunity to work in the "Hanlin Academy"), like other civil servants, these people also enjoy a lofty social status, as the emperor shunzhi said: "I have formulated a system to review the past, and I have to choose Jishi Shu to study in the library every time I take an expedition. So ask for allusions and write articles. As an elector, Tsinghua tends to be different and too conventional. But be well-behaved and have excellent articles. " Thus, the selection of "Jishi Shu" had a far-reaching impact on the politics of the Qing Dynasty.

To sum up, people have to sigh more and more: It was not easy to "mix bowls of food" in imperial academy in the Qing Dynasty! Not to mention taking the palace exam, it is not easy to pass the "county exam", "government exam" and "rural exam" before taking the exam.