The first chapter is the rise of capitalism in Europe.
memory
In the 4th century1./kloc-0, commerce, banking and finance in Italy, the Netherlands and Britain were very prosperous.
2. 14 and 15 centuries, the seeds of capitalism first appeared in Venice, Florence and other cities.
3. The development of capitalism in industry has gone through three stages: simple cooperation, workshop handicraft industry and machine industry.
Portugal and Spain are the main countries to open up new routes.
5. Navigator, time and route to open up new routes.
( 1) 1497- 1498? Gamma Europe-India
② 1492 Columbus Europe and America
③1519-1522 Magellan sailed around the world.
6. After the opening of the new sea route, Portugal and Spain were the first countries to embark on the road of colonial conquest.
7. The Renaissance originated in Italy and flourished in western European countries. This is an ideological and cultural movement from 14 to 16, which reflects the requirements of the emerging bourgeoisie in European countries.
8. The two earliest representatives of the Italian Renaissance were the poet Dante and the painter Giotto. Dante's masterpiece is The Divine Comedy. Giotto's masterpiece is Mourning for Christ.
9. The main social trend of thought during the Renaissance was humanism.
10. Petrarch is called "the father of humanism".
1 1. Who were the "three outstanding artists" in the heyday of the Renaissance? Finch, Michelangelo and Raphael. Da? Finch's masterpiece is Mona Lisa? Lisa, the last supper; Michelangelo's masterpiece is the mural of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, and Raphael's masterpiece is the Madonna of the Sistine Chapel and the Athenian School.
12. The outstanding representatives of British humanism are Moore and Shakespeare, and Moore's masterpiece is Utopia.
13. The novel Don Quixote by Spanish writer Cervantes is a world cultural treasure as famous as Shakespeare's plays.
14. The revolution of astronomy became the beginning of modern natural science. Famous representatives of astronomical revolution and their contributions;
Copernicus established the "sun-centered theory" in Poland.
Kepler pointed out that planets orbit the sun in elliptical orbits.
Galileo invented the astronomical telescope in Italy, which proved the correctness of Heliocentrism.
15. Bruno in Italy and Francis in Britain? Bacon is an outstanding thinker who advocates materialistic scientific research.
16. Martin of Germany? Luther initiated the religious reform. Menzel led the German peasant war.
17. The "Idol Destruction Movement" opened the curtain of the Dutch revolution, which was the first successful bourgeois revolution in world history.
Understand; Understanding
1. The influence of China's gunpowder, compass and printing on Europe;
(1) gunpowder shattered the knight class; (2) The widespread popularity of firearms has promoted the development of metallurgical industry; (3) Compass needle is conducive to opening up new routes, opening up the world market and establishing colonies; (4) Papermaking and printing promoted the wide spread of cultural knowledge and became the tools of Protestantism and the means of scientific revival.
2. The impact of the opening of new routes
1 triggered a "commercial revolution" and expanded the economic and cultural exchanges among various regions and nationalities in the world. The main trade routes shifted from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic coast, and Spain, Portugal, Britain and the Netherlands replaced Italy's commercial status. It caused a "price revolution", with four gold and silver prices falling and five prices soaring. The emerging industrial and commercial bourgeoisie has made huge profits, 6 feudal lords have declined, and 7 working people have become increasingly poor; It accelerated the decline of feudal system and the development of capitalism in western Europe. (3) European colonists began to colonize and plunder Asia, Africa and Latin America, which increased capital accumulation and caused poverty and backwardness in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
Chapter II The Eastern and Western Worlds in the Bourgeois Revolution Era
memory
1. 1640, the convening of the new British parliament marked the beginning of the British bourgeois revolution.
2./kloc-in the 6th century, the British bourgeoisie and new noble were formed.
3. 1649, the British Parliament executed Charles I, and Britain declared * * * and the country.
4. 1688' s "glorious revolution" (palace coup) marked the completion of the British bourgeois revolution.
5. 1588, Britain defeated Spain's "Armada" and began to establish maritime hegemony.
6. 1600, British businessmen formed the East India Company and the London Company and began to colonize India and North America. /kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, Britain began to colonize and expand in North America and India.
7. 17 and 18 centuries, Britain defeated the Netherlands and France successively, and established the world colonial hegemony, so-called the sun never sets.
8./kloc-The famous French enlightenment thinkers in the 0/8th century included Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau and the Encyclopedia School represented by Diderot.
9. Before the Great Revolution, the third class of French society included peasants, workers, urban civilians and the bourgeoisie.
10.1789 July 14, the people of Paris captured the Bastille, and the French Revolution broke out. The trigger is the convening of a three-level meeting.
1 1. gironde came to power, won the battle of Valmy, established the first Republic of France, and executed Louis XVI.
12. jacobins's measures to solve the problem of farmers' land are: dividing the land of fleeing nobles into small pieces and paying the land price in 10; Rural public land can be distributed according to the local population; Abolish all feudal rights unconditionally.
13.1In the spring of 775, the British army and the North American militia exchanged fire in Lexington, and the North American War of Independence began. 1783, the North American War of Independence ended.
14。 Franklin and Jefferson were outstanding American enlightenment thinkers.
15, Washington is the commander-in-chief of the continental army and the first president of the United States.
16. 1776 On July 4th, the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, and the United States of America was born.
17. Saratoga was a turning point in the American War of Independence.
18. 16- 18 The two western colonial countries that enslaved Latin America were Spain and Portugal.
19. Haiti is the first independent country in Latin America.
20. The outstanding leaders of the Spanish Latin American independence movement are Hidalgo, Bolí var and San Martin.
2 1. Brazil declared its independence from Portuguese colonial rule (1822).
22. The Korean dynasty was established in Li Chenggui (14).
23./kloc-At the end of June, Japanese Toyotomi Hideyoshi launched two wars of aggression against Korea.
Li Shunchen, a patriotic general of North Korea, and Deng Zilong, a veteran of the Ming Dynasty in China, died heroically in the anti-Japanese struggle.
Babur established the Mughal Empire (65438+early 6th century). During Akbar's reign, the Mughal Empire became the richest country in the world at that time.
Understand; Understanding
1. The reason and significance of British bourgeois revolution;
Reasons: ① After the opening of the new sea route, Britain became the Atlantic shipping center, and capitalism rose and developed; ② The Stuart dynasty practiced feudal autocracy and religious autocracy, which caused political tension. The rise of Scots became the direct cause of the revolution.
Significance: ① It overthrew the feudal autocratic monarchy system and opened the way for the development of British capitalist economy and the establishment of capitalist politics and writing system. It reflected the requirements of the whole world at that time, and had a wide impact on Europe and other parts of the world, marking the arrival of a new historical period.
2. 17- 18 the feudal countries and their monarchs that carried out reforms in continental Europe, as well as the same ways and influences of reforms.
Country, monarch: Louis XIV of France; Peter I of Russia; Frederick II of Prussia; Austrian Queen Theresa and Joseph II.
* * * The same way: top-down reform.
* * * The same influence: the feudal autocracy was strengthened, and Qiang Bing became a rich country to a certain extent, which objectively promoted the development of capitalism.
3. 17- 18 The nature and influence of the European Enlightenment;
Nature: bourgeois ideological emancipation movement.
Influence: ① It pointed directly at the feudal system and its spiritual pillar-the Catholic Church, and made full ideological preparations for the upcoming French Revolution. (2) They advocated natural human rights, separation of powers, freedom, fraternity and equality, which quickly spread to Europe and America, influencing and promoting the bourgeois revolution in Europe and America. Many works of enlightenment thinkers were introduced to China, Japan and other Asian countries, encouraging people with lofty ideals there to fight for the transformation of the old society.
4. The significance of the French Revolution.
(1) ended the feudal rule of France 1000 years, which was also a heavy blow to the feudal rule of European countries. (2) Its thoroughness has set an example for later revolutions in various countries and has world significance.
5. The causes and significance of the North American War of Independence.
Reasons: ① The development of capitalist economy in North America has initially formed a unified market; ② The American nation began to form, and the national consciousness gradually awakened; (3) The spread of the Enlightenment strengthened the democracy and national consciousness of the North American colonies; (4) Britain tried its best to suppress the economic development of the North American colonies and amassed more wealth from them. The colonial people were dissatisfied with British exploitation and slavery, and the contradiction between the two sides became increasingly acute, which eventually led to the outbreak of war.
Significance: ① The North American War of Independence was not only a national liberation war, but also a bourgeois revolution. It overthrew British colonial rule, won national independence and established the first independent country in America. ③ Completed extensive political and socio-economic reforms and established a relatively democratic bourgeois political system, which laid the foundation for the rapid development of American capitalist economy; ④ It had a positive impact on the French Revolution and the Latin American independence movement.
analyse
1. The era, main spirit and function of the Bill of Rights.
Time: 1689
Main spirit: use clear provisions to limit the king's power and restrain his behavior.
Function: Britain has established a "constitutional monarchy" capitalist system.
2. Manifestations of the evil of colonialism and its consequences.
Crime: ① Carrying out the policy of genocide and killing local residents; (two) robbery, looting of wealth, resources and labor; (3) Trafficking in black slaves cost Africa hundreds of millions of able-bodied men.
Consequences: ① plundering a large amount of wealth from the colonies and transporting it to Europe for capitalization, making Europe develop and prosper; (3) The vast number of colonial people suffered unprecedented disasters and disasters; Caused the backwardness of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Until today, its sequelae still exist.
3. Contents, progress and limitations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Note:
Contents: ① Human beings are born free and equal; Freedom, property, security and resistance to oppression are unshakable human rights; (2) Law is the expression of public will, and everyone is equal before the law; Property is a sacred and inviolable right.
Progressiveness: it reveals the principles of natural human rights, self-sufficiency and equality, embodies the requirement of destroying monarchy, and denies the feudal hierarchy, which is of progressive historical significance.
Limitations: admit the inequality of property and safeguard the interests of the bourgeoisie.
4. US Constitution 1787
Main contents: ① stipulate that the federal government has political, economic, military and diplomatic powers. Such as taxation, conscription, declaration of war, etc. (2) The national functions and powers of the United States are divided into legislative, judicial and administrative departments, which are presided over by Congress, the Supreme Court and the President respectively.
Evaluation: ① Strengthened the rights of the federal government and consolidated the state power. (2) established the * * * and political power in the United States. It is democratic to stipulate that the president and members of parliament are elected by the people. (3) Allow the existence of slavery. There are some limitations in denying that blacks and Indians enjoy equal rights with whites.
comprehensive
1. In Cromwell.
Cromwell was a famous representative of Puritans and an outstanding leader of the British bourgeois revolution. (2) Command Naxibi and other battles to defeat the royalist army, end the civil war, and Britain was declared a republic. (3) After the civil war, Cromwell came to power, maintained his rule by force at home and developed industry and commerce; Implement teaching laws and regulations. Conquer Ireland and Scotland; Carry out the navigation bill, carry out the first "Anglo-Dutch War", and try our best to safeguard Britain's overseas trade interests. (4) Later, Cromwell was declared as "lord protector", and Parliament was dissolved many times and became a military dictator.
2. Comment on Napoleon.
Napoleon was a famous French bourgeois politician and strategist. Its achievements include: ① financial reform, establishment of the Bank of France, and encouragement of the development of capitalist industry and commerce. ② The Civil Code, Commercial Code and Criminal Code have been formulated and promulgated, which have become the legislative norms of capitalist society. (3) Establish public middle schools and French universities, encourage scientific research and technical education, and train a large number of talents. (4) His early wars defended the achievements of the French Revolution, brought the revolutionary spirit and thoughts wherever the French army went, and shook the feudal rule of the European continent.
Napoleon is the representative of the interests of the French big bourgeoisie. His faults are as follows: ① The war he launched later violated the independence of many European countries, plundered the people of all countries and caused strong resistance. He started from the military, believed in force, and finally set himself on fire, which led to the collapse of the empire and the restoration of the Bourbon Dynasty.
Chapter III The initial formation of the capitalist world system and the development of the socialist movement.
memory
Major inventions during the industrial revolution
British Hage Jenny spinning machine
Klomp mule loader, UK
Cartwright hydraulic loom in England
British Watt improved steam engine
Fulton shipping co., ltd
British Stephenson steam locomotive
2. The 65438+ Industrial Revolution began in Britain in 1960s. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, Britain, France and the United States completed the industrial revolution.
3. 18 15 autumn, the monarchs of Russia, Poland and Austria announced the establishment of a "holy alliance". Its purpose is in the name of Christianity. Unite with autocratic monarchs in European countries to suppress the revolution and safeguard the Vienna system.
4. The Italian Revolution opened the curtain of the 1848 European Revolution.
5. The February Revolution in France overthrew the "July Dynasty" and pushed the 1848 Revolution to a climax.
6. Russia became the military police to suppress 1848 European revolution.
7. 1825 The first capitalist economic crisis broke out in Britain.
8.65438+Three major European workers' movements in 1930s and 1940s: 183 1 and 1834' s French Lyon workers' uprising, 1836' s British constitutional movement and 1844' s German Silesia textile workers' uprising.
9. The Manifesto of the Productive Party drafted by Marx and Engels was published in February 1848.
10. 1864 the first international ("International Working Men’s Association") was established in London.
The Paris Commune was founded in11.1871.
12.1861-1865 American civil war, with Lincoln as the northern leader.
13. 1862, the Lincoln administration promulgated the Homestead Act and the Slave Liberation Act, which reversed the war.
14. Bismarck, Prussia's "Iron Prime Minister".
15. Three dynastic wars in which Prussia unified Germany;
First time: (1864) Pu and Austria defeated Denmark and gained part of Germany under the control of Denmark.
The second time: (1866) Pu defeated Austria and Austria was driven out of Germany.
The third time: (1870) General Defeat Law, 187 1 Germany was unified at the beginning of the year.
16. Sardinia Prime Minister Gafur and Red Shirt Commander garibaldi played an important role in the revival process. In the early 1970s, risorgimento died.
17? The Meiji Restoration in Japan began at 1868.
18.13 uprisings that pushed the Asian revolutionary storm to its climax in the middle of the 9th century: Babu Uprising in Iran, Taiping Uprising in China and Indian National Uprising.
19.1857-1859 Indian national uprising is a great national uprising led by feudal princes with Indian soldiers as the main force.
Understand; Understanding
1.1the significance of the European revolution in 848.
(1) is the bourgeois national democratic revolution; (2) It dealt a heavy blow to European feudal forces and completely disintegrated the Vienna system; (3) Conducive to the further development of capitalism.
Two. Historical conditions, signs and significance of the birth of Marxism.
Historical conditions: ① With the deepening of the industrial revolution, capitalism has developed rapidly, and various drawbacks of the capitalist system have become increasingly exposed; (2) The outbreak of the three major workers' movements in Europe from 65438 to 1930s and 1940s showed that the proletariat entered the political arena as an independent force; The practice of workers' movement needs the guidance of scientific theory, which also provides the necessary conditions for the establishment of scientific theory; (4) Marx and Engels' long-term revolutionary practice and theoretical research, at the same time, extensively absorbed the outstanding cultural achievements of mankind and founded Marxist theory.
Logo: February 1848, the producer's declaration was published.
Significance: Under the guidance of scientific theory, the struggle of the proletariat has developed rapidly.
3. The significance of the Paris Commune.
① It was the first attempt of the proletariat to overthrow bourgeois rule and establish proletarian dictatorship. Its practice enriches Marxist theory of proletarian revolution and dictatorship, and proves the correctness of scientific socialism theory. Its experience and lessons are valuable assets of the international socialist movement. (4) The spirit of commune soldiers will go down in history forever.
4. The content, nature and influence of the reform in Russia 186 1 year.
Contents: ① serfs have personal freedom in law, and landlords cannot buy and sell serfs and interfere in their lives; (2) serfs can get a piece of land, but they must redeem it at a high price.
Nature: Top-down bourgeois reform.
Influence: ① It was an important turning point in Russian legal history, from which Russia embarked on the road of rapid development of capitalism. (2) The reform was incomplete, plundering farmers and retaining a large number of feudal remnants.
analyse
1. Premise and influence of British industrial revolution
Preconditions: ③ The capitalist system was established earlier. (2) Overseas trade, colonial plunder and enclosure movement have accumulated rich capital, increased the employed labor force and broadened the domestic and foreign markets. (3) The development of workshop handicraft industry has accumulated knowledge of production technology.
Impact: ① Greatly improved productivity and consolidated the ruling foundation of capitalist countries. (2) Causing great changes in social structure and class relations. The industrial bourgeoisie opposed the proletariat, and the workers' movement gradually rose. ③ The process of urbanization has begun, and people's lifestyles and values have gradually changed. (4) Close ties with other parts of the world have changed the face of the world and established bourgeois rule over the world. Capitalists such as Britain went home to seize the world market, expand their colonies, and the East obeyed the West. The bourgeoisie actively launched the free reform movement, and free capitalism developed.
2. Vienna Conference.
During the period of1814-1818, representatives of European countries who defeated Napoleon met in Vienna, and Russia, Britain, Poland and Austria manipulated the meeting, which decided: ① to restore the ruling order in Europe; (2) Restrict France, ensure the balance of power in Europe, and redraw the map of Europe with the will of a powerful country in science and technology; (3) By dividing up overseas colonies, Britain acquired many colonies originally belonging to France, further establishing the world colonial hegemony; (1) Continue to maintain the division between Germany and Italy. The European ruling order and state system determined at this meeting is called the Vienna system.
Evaluation: ① It is the embodiment of European monarchs' attempts to maintain the feudal ruling order by high-handed means. It opposes social progress and tramples on the interests of vulnerable groups at will, which is a historical response. Under this system, countries often hold meetings to solve international disputes, which objectively pushes modern international relations into a new era.
3. The causes, nature and influence of the American Civil War.
Reasons: ①/kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, with the expansion of the United States and the development of capitalist economy, the contradiction between the capitalist industrial and commercial economy in the north and the slave plantation economy in the south intensified. (2) The northern industrial and commercial capitalists demanded to protect the domestic market and raw materials, expand the export of industrial products, raise tariffs and restrict the import of industrial products; I hope to abolish slavery, increase the free labor force and establish a "free country" in the West. (3) Southern planters transported a lot of raw materials to Britain and imported a lot of industrial products from Britain. They advocated reducing tariffs, expanding imports, expanding the number of slaves and expanding slavery in the west. The focus of the contradiction between the two sides is slavery. Lincoln, who advocated limiting slavery, was elected president of the United States, and the South provoked a civil war.
Nature: the second bourgeois revolution in American history.
Influence: ① It maintained national unity, abolished slavery, further removed obstacles to the development of capitalism, and paved the way for the rapid development of American capitalist economy. (2) Racial discrimination has not been completely eliminated, and blacks are still treated unfairly.
4. The content, influence and reasons for the success of Meiji Restoration.
Content: ① Politically, reform the backward system and establish a new system. Abolish vassals and set up counties to strengthen centralization. Abolish the feudal identity system, abolish feudal privileges and achieve formal equality. Economically, vigorously carry out reforms and develop the capitalist economy. Reform the land system and recognize private ownership of land. Introduce advanced western technology and vigorously develop modern capitalist industry and commerce. (3) Militarily, implement the conscription system and establish a new army that is absolutely loyal to the emperor. ④ Culturally, the policy of "civilization" was carried out to transform Japanese feudal culture with western capitalist culture; Vigorously develop modern education and cultivate talents.
Influence: ① Japan changed its feudal backwardness and embarked on the road of developing capitalism; Japan rose rapidly, gradually abolished the unequal treaties and got rid of the national crisis. It is the only country in modern Asia that embarked on the road of independent development and soon became an Asian power. (3) Provide experience for some people in Asian countries who are determined to realize national rejuvenation; With the growth of economic strength, Japan has become a new imperialist country.
Reasons for success: ① the feudal autocratic rule was relatively weak, and the anti-curtain faction was stronger; (2) After the establishment of the new regime, the anti-curtain faction carried out comprehensive and effective reforms; (3) Western countries concentrated on invading China, which objectively provided a relatively relaxed international environment for the development of Japanese capitalism.
5. The cause and effect of global expansion of big countries from the industrial revolution to the middle of19th century.
Reasons: ① With the development of the industrial revolution, the bourgeoisie needs to explore a wider commodity market in the world and seize more cheap raw materials; (2) Economic development has expanded the scope of strength of capitalist countries.
Impact: ① It has gained a broader commodity market and richer cheap raw materials for the emerging industrial bourgeoisie, and promoted the development of capitalist economy; (2) It has deepened the poverty and disaster of people in Asia, Africa and Latin America; (3) It objectively impacted the backward social and economic system in Asia, Africa and Latin America, spread the emerging capitalist mode of production and ideas, and promoted the initial formation of the capitalist world system. .
Chapter IV Formation of Monopoly Capitalism
Memory:
1.65438+ In the 1970s, the second industrial revolution began.
2./kloc-In the late 20th century, monopoly organizations appeared in major capitalist countries, the main forms of which were cartels, syndicates and trusts.
3.65438+At the end of 2009 and the beginning of the 20th century, major capitalist countries successively entered the stage of imperialism.
4. America is "trusting imperialism"; Britain is "colonial imperialism"; Germany is "Yong Ke bourgeois imperialism"; France is "usury imperialism"; Russia is "military feudal imperialism"; Japan is a "military feudal imperialism".
5./kloc-In the late 9th century, European colonial countries occupied almost the whole of Africa.
6./kloc-In the 9th century, the United States invaded Latin America under the banner of "Monroe Doctrine", put forward the slogan of "pan-americanism" and pursued the imperialist policy of "dollar" and "stick".
At the beginning of the 20th century, the colonial system of the capitalist world was finally formed.
8. Japan forced North Korea to sign the first unequal treaty, the Jianghua Treaty (1876).
9. 1894, the East School Party Uprising broke out in North Korea.
10. 19 10, Japan forced North Korea to sign the Japan-Korea Merger Treaty and formally annexed North Korea.
1 1. The major events that marked the awakening of Asia were the Korean people's anti-Japanese struggle, the Boxer Rebellion in China and the Revolution of 1911.
The national liberation movement in India in the early 20th century and the bourgeois revolution in Iran and Turkey.
12. 1905, the radicals of the Indian National Congress led the Indian people's anti-British struggle.
13. 1869. Suez Canal opened.
14. 188 1 year, the Mahdi anti-British uprising broke out in Sudan.
15 and 1896, the Ethiopian people won the struggle against Italy and defended their national independence.
Mexico's new constitution is an important achievement of the bourgeois revolution.
17. 1903 The formation of Bolshevism marked the birth of Leninism.
18. 1882 Germany, Austria and Italy formally established a tripartite alliance with Germany as the core.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Britain, France and Russia formed the Allies Group.
20. World War I was triggered by the Sarajevo incident; Start and end time:1914-1918. One of the warring parties is Germany and Austria-Hungary; On the other side are the allies, Britain, France and Russia.
The main battles of the First World War were: the Battle of the Marne River, the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme on the Western Front; On the eastern front, Russia's summer offensive; At sea, Jutland naval battle.
Results: The Allies defeated the Allies.
In 2 1. 19 17, the United States and China joined the allied forces in the war.
Got it.
1.65438+ The reasons for the rapid economic development of the United States and Germany and the reasons for the slow economic development of Britain and France in the late 19th century.
The reasons for the rapid development of American economy are: ① vast territory and rich resources; (2) The development of the western region has provided abundant raw materials and a huge market; (3) Eurasian immigrants brought technology and labor; (4) Abolish slavery and clear the way for the development of capitalism.
The reasons for Germany's rapid economic development are as follows: ① the completion of national reunification has opened up a unified domestic market; (2) France's 5 billion francs reparations, increased a lot of money; (3) The mineral deposits in Alsace and Lorraine have supplemented important resources; As a rising capitalist country, it is easier to adopt new technologies and equipment to improve productivity.
The reasons for the slowdown of British economic development are as follows: ① Britain is an old capitalist country with outdated enterprise equipment; (2) Capitalists do not update equipment and adopt new technologies, and a large amount of capital is lost abroad; (3) With a huge colony, even under the condition of low technical level, it can get huge profits from the colony, which will affect the equipment renewal.
The reasons for the slow development of French economy; (1) French farmers are poor, agricultural management is backward, and the domestic market is narrow; (2) The huge losses and land-cutting compensation in the Franco-Prussian War hindered the economic development; Capitalists invest a lot of capital in the credit field, not in the production field, and more in foreign countries.
2. The nature and results of the First World War.
Nature: It is an imperialist predatory war, which is unfair to both warring parties. Although Serbia is fighting to defend its sovereignty and independence, it cannot fundamentally change the injustice of the whole war.
Results: ① The Allies won and the Allies failed; (2) It has caused great material and spiritual harm to mankind: it has greatly weakened the power of imperialism, and the four empires of Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Osman have collapsed one after another, and Britain, France and Italy have been weakened: Russia won the socialist revolution in October and established the first socialist country; (4) The proletarian revolutionary movement in capitalist countries and the national liberation movement in Asia, Africa and Latin America have reached a new climax.
Analysis:
The influence of the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War.
(1) Japan occupied Korea, seized China, Taiwan Province Province and other territories, and obtained a large amount of reparations from China, which promoted the development of Japan's economy; (2) Japan's expansion to the southeast laid the foundation for expanding its invasion of China. (3) Korea became a Japanese colony until the end of World War II, and the Korean people suffered for nearly half a century. (4) The occupation of Taiwan Province Province in China for so many years has increased the burden on the people and deepened the semi-colonial and semi-feudal degree. (5) Stimulated internal contradictions in Russia and led to the revolution of 1905. (5) After the war, Russia stepped up its competition with western powers in Europe.
Comprehensive:
Main manifestations and characteristics of scientific and technological development in the second industrial revolution.
Performance: ① With the application of electricity, electricity has become a new energy source, and mankind has entered the electrical age; (2) The innovation and use of internal combustion engine, because the cars, ships, diesel locomotives and planes driven by it have been put into use one after another, have greatly changed the traffic appearance and promoted the emergence and development of petroleum production and petrochemical industry; (2) With the development of telecommunications, wired telegrams, telephones and wireless telegrams came out one after another, which strengthened the world connection.
Features: ① The new development of natural science began to be closely combined with industrial production. Science has played a more important role in promoting the development of productive forces. Its combination with science and technology has made the industrial revolution more fruitful. _ ② The industrial revolution happened in several advanced capitalist countries almost at the same time, and new technologies and inventions were beyond the scope of one country. It's bigger. (3) Some countries (such as Germany and Japan) have had two industrial revolutions, which can not only absorb the technological achievements of the first industrial revolution, but also directly use the new technologies of the second industrial revolution. The speed of economic development is faster.
Chapter v/kloc-natural science and art from the 7th century to the early 20th century.
memory
1. French Descartes founded analytic geometry.
2. Newton in Britain and Leibniz in Germany independently established calculus.
Newton's scientific masterpiece is the mathematical principle of natural philosophy. The establishment of Newtonian mechanical system is the symbol of the formation of modern science.
Faraday in Britain and Oster in Denmark discovered electromagnetic induction, which opened the era of electricity.
Boyle in England was the founder of modern chemistry.
6. Mendeleev of Russia worked out the periodic table of chemical elements.
7. Harvey of England established the theory of blood circulation.
8. Linnaeus of Switzerland made a plant classification.
9. Darwin in Britain founded the theory of biological evolution.
10. Roentgen in Germany discovered the radiation phenomenon.
1 1. French Curie couple discovered radioactive element radium.
12. Einstein of Germany put forward the theory of relativity in physics.
13. Pasteur of France laid the foundation of microbiology.
14. Moliere in France is a master of classical drama.
15. Robinson Crusoe by the British writer Defoe.
16. The masterpiece of Goethe, the most outstanding German writer, is Faust.
17. Outstanding romantic poets include Byron and Shelley in England.
18. French romantic writer Hugo's masterpieces include Notre Dame de Paris and Les Miserables.
19. Balzac of France is a master of critical realism literature, and his masterpiece "Human Comedy" is called "Social Encyclopedia".
20.19th century Russian writers Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol, Tolstoy's masterpiece is yevgeny? Onegin, the soul of death, war and peace.
2 1. death of marat is the representative work of the French classical artist David.
22. The French painter Delacroix's Guide People's Freedom is recognized as a romantic masterpiece.
23. The representative work of Russian realist painter Lie Bin is The Volga River Tracker.
24. The French impressionist painter Monet's masterpiece is Sunrise? Impression.
25. The German musician Bach is called "the father of music".
26. Haydn in Austria is called "the father of symphony".
27. Beethoven in Germany is the greatest musician in modern times.
Schubert of Austria is called "the king of songs".
29. Strauss of Austria is known as the "King of Waltz", and his masterpiece is The Blue Danube.