Qin Shihuang, named Ying Zheng, was the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty. He later destroyed six countries and unified China. For two thousand years, the evaluation of him has been controversial, so what kind of person is Qin Shihuang?
A difficult childhood made a young emperor.
The birth of Qin Shihuang was directly related to his father Zi Chu (also known as an alien) as a hostage. He was born at the end of the Warring States period, and the struggle between countries was extremely fierce. Qin was one of the Seven Heroes at that time. Qin Zhaowang, the great-grandfather of Qin Shihuang, listened to the strategy of "making friends far away and attacking near", aimed at neighboring South Korea and Wei, and United with Zhao in the distance. According to the practice at that time, the two countries exchanged hostages to show their sincerity. Zi Chu, the father of Qin Shihuang, was sent to Zhao by Qin State because his position in Qin State was not very high.
Zi Chu is the grandson of Zhao Haoqi and the son of Prince Ann Guo Jun (the grandfather of Qin Shihuang). Zi Chu's mother, The Last Month Of Summer, didn't get the favor of a Guo Junren, and Zi Chu was not the eldest son among more than 20 sons of a Guo Junren, so her status was very low, so she chose him when choosing a hostage.
Zi Chu had a bad time in Zhao, but it changed his fate.
At that time, Lv Buwei was already a wealthy businessman, and he was very speculative. When he met Zi Chu, he felt that he was as rare as a valuable commodity, and he could borrow him for fame and fortune in the future (this is the origin of the idiom "Only rare commodities can live" now). I am very familiar with the inside story of Qin State, and know that although Ann loves Mrs. Huayang most, she has no son, so she is determined to let Mrs. Huayang accept her stepson Chu as her adopted son. Then, after Prince Ann Guo Jun acceded to the throne, Zi Chu will be the prince, and she will certainly make a lot of money by using her special political capital.
Once the idea is decided, Lv Buwei will put it into action. He took out 1000 gold as capital, of which 500 gold was given to Zi Chu to make friends, and 500 gold was used to buy rare treasures, and then brought to Qin. He is very clever. Instead of going to see Ann Guo Jun and Mrs. Huayang directly, he adopted a safer and more effective detour strategy: to find Mrs. Huayang's sister. Lv Buwei showed his eloquence, saying that Zi Chu was wise, smart, made friends all over the world, and ambitious. Although I am in a foreign land, I miss the kind and virtuous Mrs. Huayang every day, and often tell him that "Mrs. Huayang is a paradise", and sometimes I miss crying late at night. Finally, seeing that Mrs. Huayang's sister was moved by his words, I asked her to give the gift to Mrs. Huayang. Mrs Huayang accepted a gift from Lv Buwei for Zi Chu, and heard about Zi Chu's attitude towards her and a Guo Jun, so she had a good impression on Zi Chu.
Lv Buwei also persuaded Mrs. Huayang's sister to lobby Mrs. Huayang to choose a good son among the sons as soon as possible and make her Chu Jun, so that even after the death of Zhao Haoqi of Qin, she could keep her position, and Zi Chu was the most suitable candidate. The shrewd calculation of Lv Buwei businessmen happens to be what Mrs Huayang is worried about day and night. My sister came to mention it, which is exactly what she wants. Therefore, Mrs Huayang used Guo Jun's love to persuade him to let Zi Chu be his heir.
After the incident, Zi Chu's situation and status changed greatly: Ann Guo Jun and Mrs. Huayang gave Zi Chu enough money and asked Lv Buwei to be his teacher to help Zi Chu.
Since then, Lv Buwei has lived in Handan for a long time, making friends with Zichu, waiting for the day when he returns to China to be a prince, and preparing to succeed to the throne in the future.
In order to win Zi Chu's heart better, Lv Buwei gave Zi Chu a beautiful woman who can sing and dance. Because she is in the capital of Zhao, she is called in history. Later, Evonne gave birth to a son to Zi Chu. This is Qin Shihuang. At first his surname was Zhao, because he was born in Zhao. Born in the first month, his name was Zheng, and later he was changed to Zheng. When I returned to Qin, I changed my name.
As soon as Qin Shihuang was born, Qin and Zhao became enemies from allies. The next year, Zhao tried to kill him during the siege of Qin. As a result, with the help of Lv Buwei, Zi Chu bribed the officials guarding the city gate and fled Handan. Under the cover of grandma's house, Qin Shihuang and his mother escaped death.
Six years later, in 2 15 BC, Zhao Haoqi of Qin died and Guo Jun ascended the throne. This is King Xiaowen of Qin, Queen Huayang and Prince Zichu. At this time, the relationship between Qin and Zhao was restored to the former friendly state, and Qin Shihuang and his mother were able to return to Qin. Ann Guo Jun's reign was very short. She first mourned for her father for a year, and died only three days after she officially acceded to the throne. Zi Chu acceded to the throne, is the king of Qin Zhuang. Just acceded to the throne, then let Lv Buwei do the prime minister, also Wen Xinhou. But Zi Chu's reign was short, and he died only three years later. In 247 BC, Ying Zheng, who was just 13 years old, ascended the throne of the king of Qin. Because of his youth, politics fell into the hands of He Zhao.
Make every effort to rule the six countries within ten years.
After Ying Zheng became the king of Qin, Lv Buwei became more powerful. Moreover, he also won the title of "Guan Zhong". His family is very big, with tens of thousands of children and rich. At the same time, in order to expand his influence, he gathered many people to collect historical materials, and finally compiled Lv Chunqiu.
Before being sent to Zi Chu by Lv Buwei, Empress Zhao had a close relationship with her. Now, despite her prominent position, Zi Chu has passed away. After being widowed for a long time, she and Lv Buwei came together again. At this point, Qin Shihuang has grown up, and Lv Buwei is also afraid that his affair with the Queen Mother will be discovered, which will lead to fatal disaster. So he found a body double for Empress Zhao, that is, Laoyi, and asked him to pretend to be a eunuch. When he was clean, Empress Dowager Zhao bribed the executioner and let false eunuch in for Empress Dowager Zhao's pleasure.
In this way, beside Qin Shihuang, there are two people who pose a threat to his regime, one is Lv Buwei and the other is Ai. In the eighth year of King Qin, that is, in 239 BC, Qin Shihuang was twenty-one years old. According to the old system of Qin, the coronation ceremony was held in the second year, and then he could lead the government. At this time, however, He Ai demonstrated to him: Lv Buwei publicly concocted The Spring and Autumn Annals of Lu, while Lao Ai relied on his influence to divide the land and seal the marquis. Qin Shihuang remained silent in the face of provocation, but he still held the coronation ceremony as planned, but Lao Ai couldn't wait. He wanted to take the opportunity to rebel and kill Qin Shihuang. As a result, Qin Shihuang, who had long been on guard, calmed him down, caught himself, and finally tortured him and killed the three families. His accomplices killed more than 20 people, involving as many as 4000 people. Two illegitimate children of Empress Zhao and Lao Ai were also killed, while Empress Zhao was placed under house arrest. After being persuaded by ministers, Qin Shihuang personally returned to Xianyang with his mother.
In the second year of getting rid of Lao Ai, Qin Shihuang got rid of Lv Buwei's prime minister, drove him out of Xianyang and returned to his fief Luoyang. Two years later, in order to avoid collusion between Lv Buwei and other countries, Qin Shihuang sent someone to send Lv Buwei a suicide note. In his letter, he rebuked Lv Buwei: "What contribution have you made to the State of Qin, but you can seize Luoyang and eat 100,000 yuan? What is your relationship with Qin, but you got the title of Guanzhong? Go to Xishu for me! " Lv Buwei knew that he would die in the end, so he simply took poison and committed suicide.
When the threat to his own regime was eliminated, Qin Shihuang began to take military action against the six eastern countries. He inherited the heritage of his ancestors and carried it forward. During the reign of Qin Shihuang, there were a number of talented civil servants and military commanders, such as Reese and Liao Wei, who were good at espionage, and Yao Jia and Dunwei. Military commanders include Meng Tian, Wu Meng, Wang Jian and Wang Ben. Qin Shihuang continued to use the strategic policy of "making friends far away and attacking near", and spent ten years before and after destroying the six countries and unifying China.
Korea was the first to be wiped out. In the 14th year of the Qin Dynasty, that is, in 233 BC, South Korea ceded territory to become a vassal, which failed to save the fate of extinction. Three years later, Qin captured the king of South Korea and destroyed South Korea.
Then Qin attacked Zhao and captured Zhao Wang. Gong Zijia fled to Dai Jun (now Yuxian County, Hebei Province) and was called Dai Wang. In the twenty-fifth year of the King of Qin, Dai Wang was also captured, and Zhao finally perished.
In the twentieth year of the King of Qin, Wang Jianling led the troops to attack Yan. To the west of Yishui, Qin defeated Yan and Dai. Capture Ji Cheng (now Beijing), the capital of Yan State. The prince fled to Liaodong. Later, the prince had to kill Taizi Dan, who sent Jing Ke to assassinate the king of Qin, and dedicated his head to Qin Jun for peace. By the twenty-fifth year of the King of Qin, the last king of the State of Yan, Xi, was captured and the State of Yan perished. At the same time, Wei was destroyed by Qin Jun.
In the twenty-third year of the King of Qin, Qin Jun attacked the State of Chu, but was defeated by the Chu army because of too few troops. The King of Qin sent veteran Wang Jian to war, followed his advice and gave 600,000 troops. As a result, it took Wang Jian three years to finally win the state of Chu.
Qi was finally wiped out. When Qin fought against the other five countries in succession, Qi not only stood by and made an alliance with Qin, but didn't realize that his future was the same as that of the other five countries. Therefore, Qi did not make any preparations for war. When the Five Kingdoms were destroyed in the twenty-sixth year of the King of Qin, Qi sent troops to prepare for resisting Qin and broke off diplomatic relations with Qin, but it was too late. After Wang Ben, the general of the State of Qin, finally destroyed the State of Yan, he led a large-scale army south and captured the King of Qi alive in World War I ... At this point, the State of Qin destroyed six countries in ten years and unified China.
Political reform established daqin empire.
After Qin Shihuang pacified the world by force, he carried out a series of reform measures, which played a great role in the unification and development of China's politics, economy and culture.
First of all, Qin Shihuang changed the traditional title of emperor. He asked ministers to discuss his title. Some advocate "emperor" and some advocate "emperor", mainly from the ancient legends of Huang Sanhe and Five Emperors. Therefore, Qin Shihuang thought that his contribution was higher than that of Huang Sanhe and Wudi, and finally called the emperor and the emperor "emperors". The emperor controlled the state power of the whole country, instead of enfeoffing governors and managing various places like the Western Zhou Dynasty, which led to the independence of governors and the uncontrollable central government, leading to chaos in the world.
In order to maintain the dignity of the emperor, the name was also stipulated: the emperor claimed to use "I", the emperor's life was called "system" and the order was called "imperial decree". The emperor's seal is made of jade, called the jade seal. Only the emperor's seal can be called a seal. At the same time, the emperor's wife is called "the queen", his father is called "the emperor's father" and his mother is called "the empress dowager".
In order to combine all the powers, Qin Shihuang was busy every day, hearing cases during the day and reviewing official documents at night, and set himself a workload: he had to approve one stone of official documents every day before he could have a rest. One stone was 120 Jin, which is equivalent to 60 Jin now.
Qin Shihuang reformed the central political system. There are three officials and nine ministers under the emperor: the three officials are the prime minister, Qiu and the imperial adviser. The prime minister is the chief executive, who assists the emperor in handling government affairs and is also responsible for managing civil and military officials. Qiu is the highest military and political chief in charge of military affairs, but he has no military power at ordinary times and has to obey the emperor's orders in wartime. Moreover, he needed the emperor's Jeff to mobilize the army, and the military power was actually in the hands of the emperor. The inspector is responsible for supervising officials and is also the deputy prime minister. Imperial edicts are generally handed over to the prime minister for execution by the imperial censor.
Under the three fairs is Jiuqing: Feng Chang, who is in charge of ancestral temple etiquette; Langzhongling, responsible for conveying the emperor's orders and the emperor's guards; Wei Yan, the chief bodyguard of the imperial court, is responsible for the daily guards of the emperor's residence; Servants, whose main job is to serve the emperor and take charge of his chariots and horses; Ting Wei, in charge of national judicial affairs, is responsible for hearing major cases; Temple branch, responsible for the country's external affairs and internal minority affairs; Living in Zheng Zheng is an official who specializes in royal affairs; Manage the internal history of Xiaomi, manage the central finance, and be responsible for the national tax work; Shaofu was the emperor's private financial official, who managed all the Yamazawa Lake and palace handicrafts of the emperor.
At the local level, an important measure to strengthen the centralization of monarchy is to implement the county system. This is a historic change in the local political system, replacing the original enfeoffment system. In the discussion, Reese opposed the enfeoffment system. Because of the enfeoffment system in the Zhou Dynasty, children were made kings everywhere. After several generations, the relationship was alienated and could not be United as before, which led to the disintegration of the Zhou Dynasty. The son of heaven can't control it Just a name. Counties should be set up, and officials should be appointed by the emperor himself to govern, and the power of recall should also be manipulated by the emperor. This will make the world stable for a long time, and the political power will always be in the hands of the central emperor. Qin Shihuang adopted Lisi's suggestion and set up 36 counties all over the country. The county magistrate is the county magistrate. The chief executive of a county has two names, one is the county magistrate (above 10,000 households) and the other is the county magistrate (below 10,000 households). Below the county level are Xiang, Ting, Li, Shi and Wu, which is a paramilitary management system. Five grassroots people are a unit, and the corporal is responsible. What is made up of ten, and who is in charge.
The management of officials in the Qin Dynasty was very strict, and many laws were enacted to punish officials. Officials who break the law don't enjoy the privilege like the Western Zhou Dynasty, that is, "they can't be punished as doctors", but they increase the punishment. This made the bureaucracy of the Qin Dynasty very clear and the efficiency of the government extremely high. It is very strict for officials to be familiar with the law, but it also gives them a high status, not only political status, but also legal study, that is, "taking officials as teachers."
In addition to the political system reform, Qin Shihuang also took a series of measures to consolidate centralized rule.
First, build the Great Wall. Qin Shihuang ordered the demolition of the original capitals of the six countries and the Great Wall they built, and then built the Great Wall to resist the Xiongnu in the north. Qin Changcheng starts from Lintao (now Min County, Gansu Province) in the west, east to Liaodong (now Datong River area), and east to Wan Li. Second, confiscate all the weapons in the world, and then melt them into twelve huge bronze men, each with 240 thousand Jin, to prevent trouble in the world. Third, build official roads, that is, relax roads. Take Xianyang as the center, and build three roads, among which journey to the south leads to Inner Mongolia, which is called the straight road. One leads to Hebei and Shandong in the east, until the sea. One goes south, connecting the two lakes and Jiangsu. The equator is fifty paces wide, and a pine tree is planted every three feet on both sides. The establishment of the equator has greatly shortened the time of information dissemination, which is conducive to the strengthening of centralization and the timely transmission of government decrees. Fourth, in order to eradicate the rebellion of the descendants of the six countries, Qin Shihuang moved the descendants and the rich to Xianyang, which was convenient for monitoring and prospered the capital economy.
At the same time, Qin Shihuang also reformed and unified the original chaotic weights and measures and currency, and unified Chinese characters, which promoted cultural exchanges in various places.
The territory of the Qin Dynasty is extremely vast, from the Great Wall and Yinshan Mountain in the north to Vietnam in the south, which is now the Lingnan area. Qin also set up Nanhai, Guilin and other places for management. The western boundary of the territory is Longxi and the eastern boundary extends to Liaodong.
Burning books and burying Confucianism, tyranny is fiercer than tigers.
Qin Shihuang's harsh laws aroused the dissatisfaction of scholars and accused them one after another. Reese, who has been promoted to prime minister, advocates severely suppressing these audacious scholars. He wrote a letter to Qin Shihuang, demanding that the book be burned. That is, all the history books except Ji Qin have been burned, and the classics collected by the people and scholars all over the country and the classics of a hundred schools of thought have also been burned by the government. Anyone who dares to disobey orders and discuss affairs will be put to death. If the official deliberately conceals it, he will be punished by the bookkeeper. Except for a few history books, only books about agriculture, divination and medicine were left.
Qin Shihuang agreed with Lisi and ordered the whole country to burn books, which was a purge of China culture and a concentrated expression of the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty, just like the law.
Burning books just can't stop scholars' mouths, but it arouses greater resistance. People and scholars are extremely disgusted with Qin Shihuang's tyranny, and the remarks against him are all over the world. This made Qin Shihuang fly into a rage and sent the empire to trace it all over the country, and finally arrested more than 460 people. Qin Shihuang ordered a piece to be taken to Lishan Valley and buried alive. Because most of these people are Confucian scholars, they are called "pit Confucianism" by later generations.
Burning books and burying Confucianism is a big stain that Qin Shihuang can't erase, which greatly offsets his historical achievements in unifying the country.
Not only is it burning books to bury Confucianism, but Qin Shihuang's tyranny is also reflected in the construction of Epang Palace, which leads to boiling public grievances.
Qin Shihuang liked the magnificent palaces of the six countries very much, so whenever a country was destroyed, he took down the pictures of the palaces and copied them in Xianyang. When the whole country was unified, he once wanted to build the largest garden, starting from Yong and Chencang (now Fengxiang and Baoji in Shaanxi) in the west and reaching Hanguguan (now Lingbao in Henan) in the east, which was thousands of miles long. Finally, he was dissuaded by Yu You (Yin Zhan), an attendant of Qin Shihuang and a dwarf. You said to Qin Shihuang, "This is great. With such a big royal garden, we can raise more wild animals. Whoever dares to attack from the east from the descendants of the six countries will drive these wild animals out and scare them away. " Qin Shihuang couldn't help laughing, so he gave up the plan to build this huge garden.
The largest garden was not built, but Qin Shihuang built many other palaces. There are more than 270 palaces around Xianyang alone, more than 400 outside the customs, and more than 300 inside the customs. Among these palaces, Epang Palace is the largest and most famous. Because it was burned by Xiang Yu at the end of Qin Dynasty, it is impossible to estimate its scale now, but according to historical records, the things in the front hall of Epang Palace alone are 500 steps wide, about 700 meters. There are 50 feet in the north and 50 feet in the south, which is equivalent to 1 15 meters. The doors of the temple are made of magnets, which are mainly used to prevent people from carrying weapons to assassinate. There are twelve bronze men in front of the temple, that is, twelve bronze men cast with confiscated folk weapons.
Qin Shihuang died on a tour before Epang Palace was built. This huge project needs 700 thousand migrant workers every year. Another grand project is to build Qin Shihuang's own Lishan Mausoleum, which also employs more than 700,000 people every year. Coupled with other employment, such as building the Great Wall, building roads, and doing military service all the year round, the number of people serving in Qin reaches as many as 30 thousand every year, and men are not recruited enough, and sometimes women are recruited. Because the Qin Dynasty ruled by law and opposed Confucianism, it did not restrict women from engaging in public activities as it did later. Confucianism advocates living with elders for filial piety, while Qin hopes that married men will be separated from their parents, so that the state can collect more taxes according to the number of households.
Excessive taxes and harsh laws make people's lives miserable. Because of the original reform of Qin, it was called "the country of tigers and wolves" by other eastern countries. Now, after reunification, tyranny has really made the Qin Dynasty a "country of tigers and wolves". It is easy for people to break the law and the punishment is quite severe, especially the cruel corporal punishment system at that time, which often cut off the prisoners' feet and caused a lot of disabilities. It turns out that the people long for reunification and end the endless war in order to live a peaceful life from now on. Now they are extremely disappointed by the tyranny of Qin, and the loss of the people's heart of Qin is the main reason for its rapid demise.
Fu Su, the eldest son of Qin Shihuang, once advised Qin Shihuang: "Now the world has just been settled, and the people in the distance have not been completely settled. Now the literati are advocating Confucianism. The father rules the world with harsh laws, and the son is worried that it will make the world unstable. I hope that my father can seriously consider, change his policy, and calm people's hearts. " Qin Shihuang did not listen to Fu Su, but rebuked Fu Su for meddling. Finally, Qin Shihuang sent Fu Su to the army on the northern border to be a supervisor, and together with General Meng Tian, he resisted the Huns.
Qin Shihuang didn't listen to advice and still went his own way. Under the curse of everyone, Qin was dying. There is a saying in the folk songs of Chu's hometown that "although Chu has three households, Qin will die". In 22 1 year BC, that is, in the thirty-sixth year of Qin Shihuang, a meteorite fell in the eastern county of Qin (now Puyang, Henan), so someone took the opportunity to carve a curse on Qin: "The first emperor died and divided." When Qin Shihuang got the news, he flew into a rage and sent an imperial censor to severely track down the sculptor, but he didn't find out at last. It is suggested that all the residents nearby be put to death and all the meteorites engraved with words be destroyed. But this can not save the fate of the demise of the Qin Dynasty.
Seek immortality in the east and death in the west.
After Qin Shihuang became emperor, although he hoped that the throne would be passed down from generation to generation, he still wanted to live forever, so he tried his best to seek the elixir of life. Therefore, after Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, he often went out to patrol to show off his literary talent and martial arts to the whole world. Unexpectedly, his life was ruined on the road of seeking the elixir of life.
In the second year of reunification, Qin Shihuang once toured the north, mainly to resist the Huns and boost morale. He made four national tours, the first time in the third year after the reunification of the country, and the fourth time when Qin Shihuang died on his way back from the tour.
At present, many places still have stone carvings left by Qin Shihuang during his visit, such as the famous Taishan stone carvings. These stone carvings are mainly to praise Qin Shihuang and publicize his historical achievements in unifying the country and carrying out various reforms.
In order to find immortals and get fairy medicine, Qin Shihuang always went to the seaside to patrol, because he heard that immortals always appeared at the seaside. I have been to Jieshi (now Changli, Hebei Province) once, Chengshan (now Chengshanjiao, Shandong Province) twice, and wolves and evil spirits have been in harmony three times, because these places are legendary places where immortals often land. Qin Shihuang sent many alchemists everywhere to seek immortality and medicine. The famous Xu Fudong's holiday to Japan was sent by Qin Shihuang. Now some Japanese scholars even think that Xu Fu is the emperor of Japan.
In 120 BC, that is, in the thirty-first year of Qin Shihuang, Qin Shihuang began his journey of death. He led a large group of people from Xianyang, the capital, to Yunmeng in the south (now Honghu Lake and Dongting Lake Area) and to Jiuyi Mountain to worship their ancestors. Then, I sailed eastward, landed in Danyang (now Dangtu, Anhui Province), arrived in Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province), crossed the river and climbed Huiji Mountain, where I sacrificed Dayu to control water and carved stones. After going down the mountain, he went north from Wuzhong (now Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province) to continue his journey of seeking immortality. In order to visit the immortals, Qin Shihuang always went north along the seaside, but he never got anything. Finally, the disappointed Qin Shihuang had to go back. Unexpectedly, he died in Pingyuan Tianjin (now Pingyuan County, Shandong Province).
Zhao Gao, Reese and Hu Hai all knew that Qin Shihuang was running out of time, but because Qin Shihuang dared not say the word "death", no one dared to ask him how to arrange the state affairs behind him. As his illness became more and more serious, Qin Shihuang also realized that his life had reached its limit, so he left a will and asked his eldest son Fu Su to go to Xianyang to preside over the funeral and inherit the throne. Letters to Zhao Gao in charge of CRRC. Before the imperial edict was issued, Qin Shihuang died in Dunshatai (now Guangzong, Hebei Province) in the hot summer of July 2 10 BC.
Qin Shihuang died at the age of fifty. He reigned in the state of Qin for twenty-five years and was called the emperor for twelve years, a total of thirty-seven years.
In order to prevent Qin Shihuang's sons from competing for the throne and causing chaos in the world, Reese blocked the news, loaded Qin Shihuang's body in the car and continued to Xianyang. However, in hot weather, the body began to rot and stink. In order to cover it up, Reese asked each car to pack a stone abalone, and used the fishy smell to cover up the rancidity of the body.
Zhao Gao is more treacherous than Reese. For his own autocracy, he used the fact that Fu Su didn't like Reese to induce Reese to tamper with the imperial edict with him and let Hu Hai inherit the throne. At the same time, Fu Su committed suicide. Hu Hai acceded to the throne is Qin Ershi.
In September of the same year, Qin Shihuang was buried in Lishan Tomb. The tomb is fifty feet high, like a hill. Originally, the emperors' tombs were all built on mountains, so they were called mausoleums. Later, the emperor's tombs were not all built by mountains, but as high as hills. So "Mausoleum" refers to the tombs of emperors except hills. According to the regulations, the emperor's tomb can be built nine feet high, but the tomb of the supreme emperor always exceeds this height. As for the graves of the people, they should not only be called "graves", but also be limited to three feet, otherwise they will violate the law and be punished. Other ministers' graves also have specifications that cannot be easily exceeded.
Qin Shihuang's tomb of Mount Li was built luxuriously, because it was deep and there was spring water seeping into it. In order to stop the spring water, it was cast with copper juice. The top of the tomb is inlaid with countless jewels, which makes it look like the sun, moon and stars, and the bottom is made of mercury, which looks like rivers, lakes and oceans. There are also civil and military officials arranged on both sides in the tomb. Everything is the same as when it was alive. In order to prevent theft and destruction, organs are set up everywhere in the tomb. If someone enters, the bow and arrow will shoot automatically.
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is near Xiahe Village, five kilometers east of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province. According to the survey, the tomb is 55.5 meters high and 2 kilometers in circumference.
After Qin Ershi ascended the throne, the cruel rule was not under his father. In just three years, not only Qin Ershi was killed by Zhao Gao, but also the mountains and rivers of Qin fell apart in the wind and rain. Qin Shihuang's dynasty, which will be handed down for thousands of generations, ended only in the second year, which really responded to the phrase "there are repeated times, but there are no repeated times."
The first person called the emperor-Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng.
The emperor was the supreme ruler of the feudal dynasty in China, the leader of the integration of politics and religion, and possessed supreme power. The word "Emperor" means "both a sage and Huang San, serving the five emperors". It was first determined by Ying Zheng, king of Qin, after the unification of the six countries, and was first used by him, that is, the so-called first emperor.
Qin Shihuang was named Ying Zheng. He was the first emperor of China and a legendary and epoch-making figure in the history of China. Such a famous figure, his childhood is very unfortunate. His father is the son of Qin. Although he was born in the royal family, he was sent as a "proton" to the state of Zhao, which was hostile to Qin. Ying Zheng was born in Zhao, where he lived alone for nine years. His childhood had a great influence on his life, and the controversial measures he took after the reunification of the six countries also had a lot to do with his personal experience.
For more than 2,000 years, Qin Shihuang was regarded as a tyrant by most people, and people criticized him for burning books and burying Confucianism, repairing the Great Wall, building palaces extensively and building great buildings. However, some people praised him as "an emperor through the ages" and affirmed his contribution to reunification, unified measurement and the territory of China. So, was Qin Shihuang a tyrant or an emperor? This is actually your evaluation of him. Different angles have different evaluations, so there are two different Qin Shihuang.
In fact, when we evaluate a person, we should affirm that the character of "person" is three-dimensional, that is to say, the character is multifaceted, so we can't draw conclusions unilaterally, and the same is true for evaluating Qin Shihuang. We often say that Emperor Qin built the Great Wall and palaces, wasting people and money. However, in that era of Qin Dynasty, the building technology was not developed. You don't have to use a lot of people's strength, but you should also build a military defense line like the Great Wall, okay? Although it brought pain to the people, it built a solid defense line for the Qin Dynasty to resist the invasion of Xiongnu, and also provided a foundation for future generations. Can't this be called meritorious service?
Qin Shihuang's other actions, such as merging the world, claiming the title of emperor, abolishing feudalism, setting up counties, selling weapons, moving to enrich the people, overcoming difficulties, conquering Baiyue, driving away Huns, dredging ditches, sharing the same track with cars, adopting laws, etc., have great influence on the great unity of the country, the establishment of China's political system, the establishment of China's territory and the inheritance of the Chinese nation. However, Qin Shihuang's autocracy, exorbitant taxes and harsh punishments not only led to the demise of the Qin Dynasty after the reunification of China 15, but also led to the autocratic monarchy of China for more than 2,000 years, which made the people of China live an unbearable inhuman life for a long time. We should not just defend Qin Shihuang, a tyrant.
It can be seen that Qin Shihuang, on the one hand, was the "one emperor through the ages" who created a unified situation, and on the other hand, he was an autocratic tyrant, which just confirmed the fact that human nature was three-dimensional. Therefore, judging a historical figure is not one-sided, and it is necessary to discuss it from multiple angles in order to return the true face of historical figures.