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There are two opinions about where Wu Cheng, Ceng Zi's hometown, is, today's Pingyi and today's Jiaxiang (Pingyi used to belong to Feixian County, citing Wu Cheng in Feixian County to refer to today's Pingyi-editor). In these two theories, the reason of "Pingyi Theory" is more sufficient, and the analysis is as follows:

(1) There is only one martial city in Lu.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, the military cities of Lu appeared many times in pre-Qin documents such as The Analects of Confucius, Chunqiu Jing, Zuo Zhuan and Mencius. In the 19th year of "Spring and Autumn Annals" (554 BC), it was the first time that Du pre-noted "Nancheng County of Mount Tai" in Jin Dynasty. In the 23rd year of Zuo Zhuan (5 19 BC), the people of Yue built Yicheng, and when they returned, they passed through Wucheng, where they were defeated and captured the generals of Yue, Xu, Mao Di. "Zuo Zhuan" mourned the public for eight years (487 BC): "In March, Wu attacked me, and I missed the rate, so I took the risk of martial arts. At the beginning, people in Wucheng may have been arrested by Wu Yan and said,' Why do you make me rich?' And Wu's arrest led him to attack Wu Cheng and overcome it. The king made a taste of killing him. A father named Yu is good and the people are afraid. Wu Shike is ahead in the East, so he is second only to the company. Second, all kinds of comments are generally considered to be the Wucheng of Feixian County, the hometown of a surname Yu. "The Analects of Confucius Yongye" contains: "Ziyou is the slaughter of Wucheng. Confucius said:' Why do you say it? He said:' if you have a platform to kill yourself, you can't go anywhere, it's not official business, and you can't be locked in a room.' "Yang Huo" and "Children's Martial Arts City, Hear the voice of string songs". Yang Huo, quoted from The Analects of Confucius in Volume 16 of Magnolia Taiping and Yizhou, decided that "Wucheng is in Feixian County today." Mencius Li Lou recorded that "Ceng Zi lived in a martial city and once crossed the border", and Ceng Zi and his disciples left. Wucheng, where Ceng Zi lives, is also considered as the Wucheng of Feixian by academic circles.

In the 19th year of Xianggong, Wucheng was now Nanwucheng in Pingyi County (Nancheng County was ruled in Jin Dynasty). The quilt swam and slaughtered, and Ceng Zi and Tantai Miming's hometown were the same place. There are no other martial arts cities. Gu, Dai, and Cheng Qisheng's Textual Research Table on Geographical Names of Countries in the Spring and Autumn Period; In the nineteenth year of the book Jing, Wucheng was located in Jiaxiang County, Jining Prefecture. In the twenty-third year of "Zhao Chuan", "the wing of the attached city, but away from the aunt, the people of Wucheng are in front of it. In the eighth year of the Biography of Mourning for the Public, Yunwucheng was the Wucheng of Feixian County. Feixian County is the boundary between Lu and Wu, and it is not a prepared place. " Textual research: In the 19th year of Xianggong, Zuo Zhuan said: "Mu Shu returned, saying:' Qi has not yet arrived, so don't be afraid. "Is the city Wu Cheng. Looking up Chunqiu Jing and Zuo Zhuan, we can see that during the fifteen to twenty years since Xianggong, the following major events happened between Qi, Lu and Zhu: for fifteen years, Xianggong said, "Qi Hou cut me in the north and surrounded me in China." "I was attacked by others." In the sixteenth year of Xianggong, Jing: "Qi Hou attacked me in the north." "In autumn, Qi Hou went north to attack me and surrounded me." Zuo Zhuan: "(Jin) acceded to the throne, taking me as the reason, holding a raft to publicize the public, and standing a plow to compare with the public, saying,' Tong Qi is the ambassador of Chu. In the seventeenth year of Xianggong, Jing said, "Autumn, the Duke of Qi attacked me and surrounded me with peaches. Gao Hou led his division to attack us from the north and surround us. In winter, Zhu people cut me down. Du Note: Qi did not succeed in Lu, so he helped him. Zuo Zhuan: "In winter, I was attacked for the same reason. "In the eighteenth year of" xianggong ",the scripture said:" Autumn, Qi Shi attacked me in the north. "Zuo Zhuan" describes in detail the process of Lu's great defeat of Qi Division with the help of Jin. In the nineteenth year of Xianggong, Jing said, "In the first month of the Spring King, the ministers formed an alliance. Jin people hold scorpions. " "Take the field and leave the water." "ChengWuCheng. "Jing" Xiang Gong for 20 years: introducing a division to cut down. Biography said: "Twenty years in the spring, and Ju Ping. In summer, the league is in the garden, and the same is true. Zhu people suddenly arrived and were able to repay the princes. In autumn, Meng Zhuangzi cut it back. "As can be seen from the above incidents, Chivalu is all about' cutting us to the north'. If Lu has two martial arts cities, then the direct defense of Qi's martial arts cities should be in the northern border of Lu; In the Tang Dynasty, Sima Zhen wrote an index for Historical Records, saying that "Wucheng belongs to Lu". At that time, Lu had more northern Wu Cheng, so it was said that the south was also ",which may be based on this inference. However, because it does not point to the ground and has not been mentioned by future generations, it is difficult to make a basis. However, at that time, Guo made an alliance with Jin and Lu, and participated in the war of cutting Qi in 18. He was forced by Jin, but he made good friends with Qi. His private contacts with Qi indicate that Qi is actually on Qi's side. From 15 to 17 years of "xianggong", Zhu attacked Lu twice. In 17 years, "Zhu attacked me, and the south despised me", and it was said that "the same is true." Fei's military city is in the south of Shandong, adjacent to the northern border of Zhai. There is no contradiction between "city military city" and "anti-qi". Moreover, Xiang 19' s "City of Martial Arts" and 20-year's felling can also be regarded as an action after strengthening fortifications. Check the route taken by Chivalu recorded in Zuo Zhuan, not near Jiaxiang today; Therefore, it is difficult for Jiaxiang's theory of another martial city to be established today. During the Spring and Autumn Period, there was only one military city in Lu. The reasons for the theory of "two martial arts cities" are more complicated, which will be discussed in detail below.

(2) Cheng Nan is from Wucheng.

Cheng Nan's name was first seen in Historical Records in the Last Years of Tian Benjia. Qi Weiwang said, "If I have sandalwood and keep it, Chu will not dare to take it as Koudong, and all the twelve princes will come to the court." The annotation to Miyake in Historical Records did not explain Cheng Nan's position, but Looking at the Twelve Princes and Suoyin said: "The ratio of Zhu, Ju, Song and Lu." Gu believes that this "Nancheng" is a military city. Geography in Hanshu records that there is "Nancheng County" in Donghai County, and "Nancheng County" in Taishan County in Hanshu records that it belongs to the East China Sea and has Dongyang City. It can be proved that the "Nancheng" in the Western Han Dynasty is the "Nancheng" in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Dongyang City, Li Xian, Zhang Huai, King of the Tang Dynasty, with notes: Zuo Zhuan, Eight Years of Mourning, Ke Dongyang. In the 19th year of "Chengwucheng", Du Yu was in Nancheng County. "The ancient city of Dongyang, Gu Zuyu, Dynasty, thought it was Guanyang Town of Feixian County (now four kilometers east of Nanwucheng in Pingyi County), but modern Yang Bojun thought it was suspicious in the Spring and Autumn Zuo Zhuan, and put forward that" Dongyang Town is in the south of Pingyi County, northwest of Feixian County, and I don't know if this is the case. "Either way, Dongyang City is in Pingyi County today. In this county, the old edition of Geography of the Book of Jin was designated as "Nanwucheng County", which was wrong. Look up Biography of yang hu, Biography of Empress Jingxian and Biography of Empress Huiyang in the Book of Jin, and they are all called "Cheng Nanren" when introducing their native place. In addition, "Biography of yang hu" said: "The five counties of Wuyang, Mou, Yi and Pingyang, south of Mount Tai, were later designated as Nancheng County and sealed." Qian Daxin, a historian in the Qing Dynasty, pointed out that the reason for the mistake was that "it was because of Nanwuyang that the word Wu was derived", which is credible. The proofreading by Zhonghua Book Company has been corrected. Similarly, Du Yu's Zuo Zhuan was named "Nanwucheng County of Taishan Mountain" in the 19th year of Xianggong, because the word "Wu" was mistakenly added in the circulation of his book. Therefore, Li Xian's annotation to Du Yu in Tang Dynasty was "Nancheng County" rather than "Nanwucheng County".

The Geography of Sui Shu records Feixian County and Xi County in Langye County. "Zhuan Xi County Records" explained: "The old name was Nanwuyang, and it was renamed in the eighteenth year of Ming Emperor. There are also Nancheng County and Mingkai Mountain that were later abolished. " Reporter: Mingkai Mountain, also known as Shimen Mountain, is on the west side of Chengnan Mountain and Wucheng is on the east side. This mountain is from south to north, and the stone ridge is interrupted like a portal. As the sun sets, the valley is already dark, and only a ray of sunshine still exists in the stone gate, which is called "light leakage" by the locals. In Qing Dynasty, Yan Ruoqu's "Four Books Explaining the Land" said that "Wucheng is at the foot of Shimen Mountain, eighty miles southwest of (Fei) County", that is. It can be seen that it was a military center of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period.

(3) Both Ceng Zi and Tan Tai were from Wucheng.

Wang Fu Biography in the Later Han Dynasty quotes Wang Fu's "A Thousand Blames on Luxury", which includes the words "This case is the tomb of Bi, the tomb of Cheng Nan, and the Duke of Zhou is not unfaithful or unfilial". Li Xian, an official in the Tang Dynasty, pointed out: "Cheng Nanshan, Ceng Zi's father was buried in the southwest of Feixian County, Yizhou." Nancheng County in the later Han Dynasty was abandoned in the Northern Qi Dynasty, and its land entered Nanwuyang County; In the eighteenth year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty, it was renamed Zhuan Xu County; In the first year of Tang Zhenguan, Zhuan Xu County entered Feixian County. Ceng Zi's father's burial place is his hometown, Wucheng in the Spring and Autumn Period. As for the place where Ceng Zi buried his father, even if Nanwucheng was a big place in Jiaxiang County in the Ming Dynasty, in his book Yanzhou Prefecture (the first year edition of Wanli period in the Ming Dynasty), Volume 5, A Test of Shide Ceng Zi's Parents, it is also said that Ceng Zi buried his father in a mountain in the southwest of Feixian County, which is based on Li Xianzhi's notes. Only Sun Zengyu, a descendant of Zeng who moved from Yongfeng, Jiangxi Province, to the ancestral tomb of Zengzi Temple in Jiaxiang, Shandong Province in the Ming Dynasty, denied in Jiacheng, Wucheng: "As the old saying goes, the father was buried in Feixian County, and the sage was determined to be filial. How could he have the heart to send a pioneer to a distant place?" Yu's comment that "his writing can be described as silly" is very appropriate.

According to Zuo Zhuan and other books, Tan Taiming (Yu Zi) was from Wucheng. Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics quoted Jing Xiang as saying, "There is a tomb of Prince Feather in Nanwucheng County of Taishan Mountain, and the county people are also there." This statement is relatively clear. (Case: "Nanwucheng County" in this statement is also regarded as "Nancheng County". )

(D) The origin and evolution of the "Twin Cities Theory"

The theory of two martial arts cities originated from Historical Records. His Biography of Zhong Ni Disciples said that Zeng Shen was from Nanwucheng, while Tantai Miming was from Wucheng. It is for this reason that Sima Zhen's index in the biography of Zeng Shen said that there were two military cities in Lu, north and south. Zhang Shoujie's Justice has another explanation: "The book in brackets says that Nanwucheng is in Yanzhou and Ziyou is a butcher." Geography says that there is a military city in Dingxiang and a military city in Qinghe, so there is also a military city in Yunnan. ""Is to deny that there are two martial arts cities in Lu. In the biography of Tantai's extinction of the Ming Dynasty, Yi quoted the cloud of Kuanzhi: "It is also in Yanzhou." "Biography of Yan Yan": "Ziyou has been collected and slaughtered for Wucheng." The annotation to "Wu Cheng" in Justice is that "the theory of broad ambition" lies in Yanzhou, that is, Cheng Nan. "."Geography said, "Nanwucheng County, Luwucheng, Ziyou are also butchers, in Taishan County. "Expanding the annals was compiled by Wang Wei and Wang Wei in the early Tang Dynasty, and it was written in the sixteenth year of Zhenguan. According to the Records of Geography of Old Tang Dynasty, Yanzhou is the governor's office, which was established in the 14th year of Zhenguan, and governs Yanzhou, Thailand and Yi. Shi Fei County belongs to Yizhou. Therefore, the words "Nanwucheng is in Yanzhou" and "in Yanzhou, that is, Cheng Nan" in "Geographical Expansion" refer to the Governor's Office of Yanzhou. Scholars have had various discussions about why Sima Qian called Tan Tai a "Nanwucheng man" and Tan Tai a "Wucheng man". Yao Tinghuai first put forward the view that "adding' South' and not adding' South' was a cover-up" (see Yanzhou Prefecture Records in the First Year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, Volume 8, Textual Research on Nanwucheng), which was the starting point for Wang He in the Ming Dynasty and Gu in the Qing Dynasty. After researching the word "Wu" in Geographical Records of the Book of Jin in Qing Dynasty, Hu thought: "Being in the same city, there was no Nanwucheng before Sui Dynasty, so the Nanzi in Historical Records and the Nanzi and Dongzi in the notes are not its own people. Later generations added historical records according to misinformation, but it was not completed, so it will remain a military city in the future. Later, according to the wrong edition of Historical Records, it was suspected that there were two martial arts cities in Lu, so the East word was added in the Ming Dynasty. " (The Collection of Binuma, Volume III, quoted from the Collection of Collected Works and Geographical Records of Qing Dynasty edited by Tan Qixiang) can also be prepared. In the process of spreading and copying ancient books, there are many mistakes such as wrong addition, wrong deletion, wrong correction and missing correction. That is to say, the word "Nan" in "Historical Records" may be due to the fact that the Wucheng of Lu became the "Nancheng County" of the Western Han Dynasty during the Spring and Autumn Period, and it is not impossible to increase the number of mistakes. As an academic problem, it still needs to be studied in the future.

No matter whether historical records call it "Nanwucheng" or Tantai destroyed it as "Wucheng", various annotations before the Song Dynasty clearly affirmed that Wucheng, Zeng Shen's hometown, was Nancheng County from Han Dynasty to Northern Wei Dynasty, that is, Nanwucheng, Weizhuang Township, Pingyi County today. However, in the early years of Chenghua in Ming Dynasty, the hanging coffin of Zeng Shen's tomb was found in Nanwushan, Jiaxiang County. Since then, there has been a Jiaxiang theory in the hometown. Whether the hometown of Lu is Feixian or Jiaxiang "two martial arts cities" or "one martial arts city" revolves around whether the hometown is Feixian or Jiaxiang. The Records of Jiaxiang County compiled in the Ming and Qing Dynasties also holds that there was only one Wucheng in the State of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period, and there was no Wucheng in Feixian County, which is located in Wushan, south of Jiaxiang: "Feixian County was a private town to help the world in the Spring and Autumn Period, and it was unheard of as a Wucheng." In the book "After the Ride of Wucheng Family", I said: "There are several stones standing at the east gate of Jiaxiang City today, which indicate the cloud" Ancient Town of Wucheng "and the cloud" Zi is Zaizhen Town ",also called" Hometown of Ceng Zi ","Hometown of Dan Tai "and" Hometown of Qian Lou ". For this phenomenon, it is said that "ghosts and gods know, only sages are evil." Scholars who hold the theory of "two armies and cities" all affirm that "Ming is two places" except that the word "south" was added to the biography of Zeng Shen and the word "south" was not included in the biography of Historical Records. Another main argument is that "Ceng Zi lived in the military city and Ceng Zi led his disciples away" in Mencius, which is unreasonable: "Yun is a teacher and also a teacher within the party, so-called Mr. Xiang; Once Kou's difficulties came and he died. He moved out of his hometown and cared for and supported each other. However, he denied that Wucheng in Feixian County was the hometown of Ceng Zi, and instead said to Jiaxiang: "Jiaxiang is in the southwest of Qufu today, as ancient as Juye County, and has the tomb of Zengzi Temple." (Zhao You's Four Books Review is quoted from An's Zong Shengzhi) But this statement is only an inference, so Zhao You had to assume: "There are two martial arts cities in Lu. Wucheng is dangerous and eventful, so I read the classics repeatedly. No, I haven't seen the classics of Nanwucheng. Ceng Zi is from Nanwucheng, not Wucheng. " (The source is the same as above) Wang Zhichang's "Wu Cheng Kao" admits: "It is no different to say that Lu Wucheng is in Feixian County, and that he is in Jiaxiang, and he cannot point it out exactly." ("Xue Qin Zhai Ji", Volume 9) It can be assumed that if there was no "Ceng Zi Hanging Coffin" in the early years of Chenghua, Ceng Zi's hometown was in Jiaxiang, except Jiaxiang County Annals or Juye County Annals, which would not attract the attention of scholars.

(5) Several noteworthy historical materials.

It is pointed out in "After a Family Ride in Bookstore City": "There is only one article that can fully prove that Wucheng is Jiaxiang:" Jiaxiang Zhiyi Wen "has a cloud written by Professor Zhao Sizu of Jining Road, and the temple is five miles south of Jiaxiang County." (For details, please refer to Appendix II "Textual Research on Ceng Zi's Hometown" in this local chronicle. After textual research, Yu said: "The forger thought that it was entrusted to the Yuan Dynasty and Jiaxiang was a lie of the descendants of Nanwucheng." Similar materials can also be seen from the book "Shang Yan of Shandong Chenshou" in the early years of Chenghua: it is indeed an anecdote that fishermen can know tadpoles; Except this fisherman, it seems that no one knows what kind of "hanging coffin" and tomb mound it is, because it is famous for its packet, that is, the History of Ming Dynasty, and no other historical materials have recorded it. "Yanzhou Zhi" was compiled by Bao Da during the Wanli period, and it is recorded in "Tang Qin" that it was founded by Su Sizhong on the first day of the first month of the seventh year of Jin Taihe. The title is "Rebuilding the Qin Pavilion". "According to legend, the villagers thought that Ceng Zi tasted string songs here that year, and later generations knew it because of its teaching, or it was also the place where Ziyou played string songs." The time is early, the words are vague, and it is difficult to determine whether it is true or false.

During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the rest of the ministers were Dong 'a people. During his stay at home, he revised Yanzhou Fu Zhi compiled by Bao Da in the first year of Wanli and published it in the 24th year of Wanli. Volume 7 "Ceng Zi" Four-in-One Family, not only introduces the life and gifts of past dynasties, but also quotes "Fei County Military City Examination" to prove that he is a Feixian native. Volume 23 Mausoleum records that Yu Jiaxiang's Zongsheng Mausoleum said: "There is a shrine in front of the mausoleum, 40 miles south of the county seat and south of Wushan. For details, please refer to the temple, which is controversial. " "Debate" refers to "textual research on Fei County's governance of Wu Cheng". "The Tomb of Luqiu Lake" reads: "At the foot of Pingshan Mountain, 55 miles south of the county seat. Residents with Xiao said that Hu Qiu's wife Xiao was the tallest cloud in the temple. There is also a tomb in Feixian County, which is very close to Li. " In Feixian County, under the "Zeng Tomb", it was written: "It is 80 miles southwest of the county seat and becomes a mountain in the south." Wang Fu Lun said that "the tomb of Cheng Nan, Ceng Zi must be unfilial", and so did the historical records "the people of Nanwucheng, Ceng Zi, and Cheng Nan, Hantaishan County, that is, the cost today." "County Records" records that Zeng's tomb is in the old county and city of Moshan, which is close to Li. It is a mistake to worship Yu Jiaxiang today. The article "Ziyou Temple" in Feixian County, Volume 24, Records of Ancestral Temples, said: "Eight miles southwest of Feixian County, east of Wucheng County, Guanyangchuan." Dan Tai Temple: "Seventy miles southwest of the county." Rereading the preface of Yanzhou Prefecture Map Textual Research, we can see that Jiaxiang County has a tomb, Zeng Temple governs the south in South Wu Shan, and Feixian County has a map of the southern and northern Wucheng. What is more worthy of attention is the "On" written at the end of the twenty-fourth volume of "Harem Record": "Rank preparation. In the meantime, we should know that there are serious ceremonies and distorted information, and there are relics that can be relied on but not mentioned. Fu Yao was buried in Gulin, Chengyang, Yin Ji, now in Cao Zhou, but in Dongping; Ceng Zi lives in Wucheng, and now he is in Feixian. He worships Yu Jiaxiang. This is the right person. Lishan farmed, Leize fished and made pottery by the river, both in summer and in the county, but worshipped in Pingyang; The northern Shang Dynasty and its neighboring countries were in Mengcheng and Cao, and if there was evidence, they were worshipped in Yanshi. This is the verifier. The country worships the former king, worships * * * and thinks clearly, but doesn't love Gui Bi's offering silks; I wish Chen Shixin Hu a good speech when I go to the shrine to enjoy it and lose its original work. Remember this in order to tell you the correct ceremony. "

Prior to this, in the thirty-first year of Jiajing (1552), Confucius, the 65th generation grandson of Qufu, a county magistrate, compiled Quelizhi, which was first listed as "Feixian Theory" and "Jiaxiang Theory". The difference between the authority and credibility of the materials cited by the two theories is clear at a glance (see Appendix 2 at the end of this record for details), so Ye Guishou of A Qing Dynasty has the reputation of "refuting the detailed archaeological record of Shandong". In the thirty-first year of Jiajing, it was only seventeen years since he moved to Jiaxiang. Confucius was the master of the four schools of Confucius, Yan, Zeng and Meng, and he did not confirm Jiaxiang. In the seventeenth year of Wanli, when he was appointed as the minister of rites, he asked to set aside thirty hectares of land for Zongsheng Sacrificial Field, which was a good respect. He has been a right assistant minister, a left assistant minister and even a history minister in the Ministry of Rites for a long time, so he should be familiar with Ceng Zi's related gifts, courtiers and letters. If the content of "Shandong said the above" in the early years of Chenghua is accurate, it will at least admit the authenticity of "hanging coffin", instead of completely denying "Jiaxiang said" in Yanzhou County Records and pointing out that it is "the right one".

In Yanzhou Annals edited by Ao in Qing Dynasty, a passage was added about the hometown and burial place: "Although the argument about Fei's Wucheng was discussed in detail, Feixian only had a tomb, but there was no tomb. There is Ceng Zi's tomb in Jiaxiang today, and the ancient father and son were buried in different places. Why bother? " "Biography" said, "If something happens, it will not be wasted." Just from it. Wang Dingan praised this language as "the most general theory" in Zong Shengzhi. It is true that if "Ceng Zi's death buried Jiaxiang" is well founded, Zhang's words are very desirable; The problem is, not only is there no conclusive evidence, but the "Jiaxiang Theory" is also based on "the military success lies in Jiaxiang", which means that Ceng Zi's hometown and his tomb are the same place.

Ceng Zi's tomb is in Nanwushan, Jiaxiang. When the seventieth generation Sun Zeng Guofan went to worship his ancestors, he wrote in his diary: "The Holy Tomb has been lost for a long time, and I don't know where it is. At the beginning of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty, Shandong Chen Shou played: A fisherman in Wu Shan, south of Jiaxiang, fell into a cave and got a hanging coffin engraved with the tomb of Zeng Shen. In the eighteenth year of Hongzhi, Jin Hong, the governor of Shandong Province, invited him to build a church and a stone workshop, which is now Yelin. I am surprised that I don't like burying sages because I am stubborn and rough. " Zeng Guofan's "suspicion" is only partial, and we should also pay attention to it; However, Kong, Yu and others, who are closely related to the "hanging coffin" incident and have studied the problem, seem to be more worthy of consideration in order to draw an appropriate conclusion.

Ceng Zi

Pingyi Zengzi Mountain

Pingyi Zengzi Mountain