From the Three Emperors and Five Emperors to the present, China has experienced numerous ups and downs, among which the nearly 300-year history of the Qing Dynasty is an unforgettable historical stage. By studying the history of Manchu in the past six months and referring to some articles and books, I found that people have negative views on the centuries of Manchu rule. The role and influence of Qing Dynasty on China had both advantages and disadvantages. Here I want to talk about my views on this period of China history.
First of all, we can't deny that it played a certain role in the development of China in the Qing Dynasty.
First, stand tall in the east of the world. In the first year of Shunzhi, 1644, the Qing army entered Shanhaiguan with its capital in Beijing, and then the Central Plains was unified. At the same time, there was no bourgeois revolution in Britain, no great revolution in France, no reunification in Germany, no establishment in the United States of America, no serfdom reform in Russia and no Meiji Restoration in Japan. The Qing Dynasty was the most powerful country in the world at this time. At this time, the Eight Banners Army of the Qing Dynasty was the largest and most powerful cavalry in the world at that time, and the Qing Empire in the early Qing Dynasty stood in the east of the world.
Second, lay the Chinese territory. In the prosperous time of Kanggan, the territory of China started from the Zengmu shoal in the south, and even the Nansha Islands are still further south. North across Xing 'an Mountains, now Siberia, Russia; It starts from the sea in the east, reaches Qingji in the west, reaches Sakhalin Island in the northeast, and reaches Balkhash Lake in the northwest. At this time, the territory of Qing Dynasty reached13 million square kilometers, which laid the foundation for today's China at the time of "Kanggan Prosperity".
Third, unify multi-ethnic. From northeast, north, northwest, southwest to southeast, multi-ethnic unity has been achieved.
Fourth, create Manchu. Before the Qing Dynasty, Manchu-Tungusic people in Northeast Asia had no written language. It was not until Qing Taizu created Manchu that the history, language, religion and nationality of Manchu-Tungusic nationalities in Northeast Asia were recorded, which is a great contribution of cultural anthropology.
Fifth, contribute outstanding talents. Cao Xueqin, Nalan Rong Ruo and many other famous politicians, strategists and poets all appeared in this period.
Sixth, develop the three northern regions. "Three North" means northeast, north and northwest. The northeast is north of Shanhaiguan and reaches the lower reaches of Heilongjiang. This period, especially the Heilongjiang River Basin, was still in a relatively primitive state before or before the Ming Dynasty. Before the Qing dynasty entered the customs, its influence had reached the Heilongjiang river basin, and many primitive people joined the Eight Banners, which completely changed their economic situation and social status.
Seventh, protect cultural heritage. The Qing government did a good job in protecting historical relics. Left us with many cultural treasures. For the Qing Dynasty with a history of 300 years, it really played an important role in the development of China. The above is only a small part of her contribution. You will find the value of her existence if you explore deeply. But we also have to say that the Qing Dynasty was decadent, autocratic and closed to the outside world.
First, the imperial examination system in Qing Dynasty had a great resistance to the development of talents. "Eight-part essay" has great resistance to the Qing literati. "Eight-part essay" hindered the thoughts of scholars in Ming and Qing Dynasties. It's like a cage, which keeps the literati's thoughts in a range, binds the students who were originally ambitious and could become Jackie Chan, and allows their literary talents to be brought into play. Secondly, the "literary inquisition" also caused an indelible loss to China, which made many intellectuals afraid to ask about politics, thus imprisoned their thoughts and seriously hindered the development and progress of China society.
Second, the Qing government's closed-door policy, although it played a certain role in self-defense at first. However, at that time, the rapid development of western countries gradually surpassed that of China, and the Qing government closed its doors to the outside world, failing to see the changes in the world situation and learning advanced scientific knowledge from the west in time, which led to China's backwardness.
Third, the cruelty of Manchu literary inquisition, the ferocity of killing people, and the depth and breadth of harm are unprecedented! In order to maintain its harsh national oppression and colonial rule, the Manchu emperor not only killed people on a large scale, but also "killed their hearts", killing everyone who had a little spark of thought, a little independent personality and a little integrity! The grandparents and grandchildren of Michelle Ye, Yin Zhen and Li Hong are more and more crazy than the other, and Li Hong is even more cruel to the extent of abnormal condition: he criticizes deeply, "The breeze can't read, how can it turn over books?" "whether a person's heart is turbid or clear" has become evidence of involvement in murder. Every time, you are willing to "stand up", "stand up", "abandon the market", "land and money", "open the coffin" and "exterminate the nation", and do whatever it takes!
Fourth, Manchu nobles in the late Qing Dynasty all appeared as colonists, and they treated China people as slaves in their bones! On the one hand, fully draw lessons from, utilize, expand and stabilize its ruling foundation; On the one hand, they are deliberately prevented and suppressed, and they are confined to the scope of "domestic slaves" to prevent them from "committing crimes and insurrection". Finally, Rana's family even revealed that "it is better to be friends than to be slaves".
Fifth, the Qing Dynasty was a regime established by Manchu, while China was a country dominated by Han nationality. The Han regime in the Central Plains has always regarded ethnic minorities as "barbarians", and the entry of the Qing Dynasty into the Central Plains is equivalent to "national subjugation" in the eyes of some Han literati. At the beginning of the Qing army's entry into the customs, it implemented the policy of killing the city and encircling the land, and oppressed and discriminated against the Han people for a long time, which undoubtedly left a deep imprint on the hearts of the Han people. However, in history, both the Han regime and the minority regime waged unjust wars against each other, which brought profound disasters to the people on both sides.
Sixth, the 1840 Opium War and the imperialist invasion since then made the Qing court conclude a series of unequal treaties with the invaders, ceded land compensation, opened trading ports, and gradually reduced China to a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society. China's sovereignty was seriously damaged, and the Manchu lost its early enterprising spirit, political corruption, rigid thinking, cowardice and inferiority, and stumbled into a period of decline. The burden on the people is heavier, and they are in dire straits.
The Qing Dynasty was the last traditional dynasty in the history of China. If we put all the ethnic groups that make up the Chinese nation on an equal footing, instead of looking at the history of China from the viewpoint of Han selfish departmentalism, then the Qing Dynasty is undoubtedly a great dynasty in the history of China. The Qing government was an unpopular government. As a dynasty, it can't cope with internal and external troubles after the middle period. For the vast majority of Han people, they are foreign rulers. In ancient China, culture was the standard, and there were few differences between races. King Wen is a foreigner in the West and Shun is a foreigner in the East, so they can all be good kings of China. Before the Song Dynasty, there was no racial discrimination in accepting barbarians to absorb China culture and then moving to China, or moving to China to absorb China culture. The Yuan Dynasty did not wait for the peace of the Han people, but it was Zhu Yuanzhang's national life. The situation in the Qing Dynasty was similar to that in the Yuan Dynasty. From the beginning, there were conflicts caused by racial views, and the import of western national independence, civil rights revolution and other ideological trends strengthened the anti-Manchu sentiment.
His unfortunate experience in modern history mainly comes from two aspects: first, China's traditional concept of "foreign summer" has always made it inevitable that he will be discriminated against in his racial position; First, the great changes in the world after the industrial revolution made it assume an invaded position in the national position. The former, with the progress of the times, has lost its concept and has long been eliminated; The latter, however, has become increasingly fierce with the evolution of the times. Looking back, I am still indignant.
Generally speaking, the Qing Dynasty was a dynasty whose contribution was accompanied by common historical problems. We should objectively understand the value of her existence and what she has done.