Ten representative wars from ancient times to the present reveal the inside story of various wars in the world, such as tribal wars, city-state wars, religious wars, national wars, anti-aggression wars, etc., from which we can not only understand the history of the parents of world wars, but also explore the mystery of the application of ancient and modern strategies and tactics from the review of previous wars.
The Battle of MarathonNo. 1 (the first 490 years)
A battle in the Persian War. Persian general Dartis led an army of about10,000,000 and 600 warships across the Aegean Sea, conquered and destroyed the small town of Altria on the west bank of Ubeia Island, and then accepted the suggestion of the former Athenian tyrant hippia and landed in the marathon plain in the northeast of Athens.
On September 12 (or 2 1) in the first 490 years, 10000 Athenian soldiers and 1000 reinforcements from Bula fought fiercely with Persian troops in the marathon. In view of the central breakthrough tactics adopted by Persia, the commander-in-chief of Athens, Mittayed, specially placed the elite soldiers on the two wings, and the weak soldiers in the middle immediately retreated after receiving the enemy, and the two wings outflanked in order to annihilate the enemy and succeed. In this battle, Persia killed more than 6,000 people, while Athens only killed 192 people.
The Battle of MarathonNo. 1 (the first 490 years)
Caption: The Battle of Marathon is a battle between the two sides in the Marathon Plain in the Greek-Persian War. In August 490 BC, King Darius I of Persia made his second expedition to Greece. Veterans Dattis and Attafi Nice led more than 20,000 Persian troops across the Aegean Sea, captured and destroyed the city of Eretria, then headed south and landed in Marathon Plain, 40km northeast of Athens on September 8th. Marathon plain faces water on one side and mountains on three sides, with flat terrain and good grass potential, which is suitable for cavalry fighting and horse and grass supply. Datis tried to lure the Athenian army out of the city to fight here, and used the favorable terrain to wipe it out in one fell swoop.
In this battle, Athens lost 192 people, Persian army lost 6400 people and 7 warships. The Athenian army was overjoyed at its first victory. Miltiades urged Philip Bede to hurry back to Athens to report the good news. Filipi Des ran 42.438+095 kilometers from the battlefield and came to the central square of Athens. Panting, he shouted to the people waiting there, "We … won!" " He fell to the ground and breathed his last breath. In order to commemorate this dedicated Athens journalist, a marathon was set up in the modern Olympic Games, and its length happened to be the whole journey from the marathon battlefield to Athens Square.
The Second Battle of Aktieum (3 1 year ago)
On September 2, 3 1 BC, Octavian and CaesarAugustus fought a decisive battle at sea for the supreme power of the country.
In 42 BC, after the "Second Big Three" wiped out the * * * and factional forces that assassinated Caesar. In 37 BC, Anthony married Cleopatra VII, Queen of Egypt. And publicly claimed to give part of the eastern province of Rome to her and her children. In 36 BC, Octavian deprived Libida of his military power, took a seat in Italy and confronted Anthony in the East. Octavian took the opportunity to encourage the Senate and the Civil Assembly to list Anthony as "the enemy of the motherland" and declare war on the Queen of Egypt. In 3 1 BC, Anthony and the Queen led an army of about 65,438+10,000, and more than 500 warships reportedly reached the west coast of Greece. The navy is anchored in the Bay of Kia in Ambra, and the army is stationed in the south of the Bay. Octavian led 80,000 troops and more than 400 warships across the sea from Italy, occupied the southern islands of Kekila (Corfu Island) and Lefkas, controlled the exit of ambra's Kaia Bay, and sent half of the warships to cut off each other's maritime supply lines. Anthony's supply is difficult, diseases are prevalent in the army, and he is on the run day by day.
The Third Battle of Ross (75 1 year)
Milos' location has not been completely determined, but it should be on the border between Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, near Talaz (formerly known as dzhambul) in Kazakhstan. According to historical records, Gao Xianzhi crossed the Green Ridge (Pamirs) and traveled more than 700 miles. In fact, he has fought in the Arab sphere of influence, and Arabia has an absolute advantage in materials and intelligence.
After the battle,
Gao Xianzhi set out from Anxi in April of Tianbao 10 (AD 75 1 year) and prepared to strike first. After a three-month trek across the Pamirs (Green Ridge) and the desert, Gao Xianzhi arrived in Rollo controlled by Arabs in July and began to besiege the city of Rollo. As the Arabs have been preparing for the attack on the four towns of Anxi, they immediately organized more than 100,000 troops to go to Luoluo after receiving the news of Gao Xianzhi's attack. The two sides fought a decisive battle on both sides of the Roro River and near today's Ollie-Atta (now Ollie-Atta of Chambul).
The Third Battle of Ross (75 1 year)
End of movement
Awed by Tang Jun's amazing fighting capacity in the Battle of Millrose, the Abbasid dynasty also gave up the plan to expand its territory eastward, but only acquiesced in Gollum's expansion near the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers. They stood up on their own feet and stayed there until the end of the ninth century, when they were wiped out by the invaders who later established the Karakhanate. In addition, the main commander of the Arab army, abu muslim, was killed because of his work in Gaozhen, and his general, Zeyad Ibn Sari, was also executed. The rest of the army rebelled, Khorasan fell into chaos, and the Arabs were too busy to pacify the chaos to do anything about distant China.
In China, in November of the 14th year of Tianbao (755), An Lushan rose up against john young, and the world was in chaos. The glory of the Tang dynasty in the western regions also disappeared with the wind with the fall of the prosperous Tang dynasty, leaving only those immortal poems that are still sung by future generations …
The Fourth Battle of Constantinople (1453)
At the beginning of 1453, Ottoman Turkish Sultan Muhammad Ⅱ led170,000 cavalry and 320 warships to surround Constantinople by land and sea in an attempt to completely destroy the Byzantine Empire. The soldiers and civilians in Constantinople also put all their eggs in one basket and vowed to survive for the ancient city. They did everything possible to reinforce the fortifications. In addition to building two indestructible walls in the west, they also built a fortress every 100 meters on the wall and dug deep trenches outside the wall.
At the entrance of Jinjiaowan in the north of the city, they locked the water with thick chains, making it impossible for any ship to enter. They also built strong walls in the east and south of the city facing the enemy in the Gulf.
The Fourth Battle of Constantinople (1453)
1453 At dawn on May 29th, Muhammad Ⅱ launched an all-out attack again. He even sent his elite guard to fight.
The garrison troops, led by commander Eustacia, made a desperate resistance, which brought the situation to a deadlock. Unfortunately, Eustacia was killed by an arrow, which made the defenders panic and unwilling to stick to it, greatly reducing their resistance. The Turkish army finally broke into the other side's position.
Constantine Xi, the last emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, saw that the tide had gone, made a dash for the door in disguise and was killed by the Turks in the melee. That night, the Turks occupied Constantinople. Turkish troops burned and looted in the city, art treasures of past dynasties were looted, and gorgeous buildings were set on fire.
The fall of Constantinople marked the end of the Eastern Roman Empire, which lasted more than 65,438+0,000 years. Subsequently, Turkey renamed Constantinople Istanbul.
The fifth British-Spanish naval battle (1588)
1588 (Ming Dynasty in China), the English Channel was covered with dark clouds and the wind and rain were urgent. The huge Spanish "Armada" flooded into the Strait, threatening to keep pace with the land and destroy Britain. Ordinary people have never seen such a powerful enemy and are afraid. On this day, the reconnaissance officer of the British navy looked at the mighty battle of the Spanish fleet and was very flustered. He hurried to the headquarters to report.
After this war, the Armada is no longer "invincible" but "powerless". The Spaniard decided to run away. However, there has been a strong southerly wind blowing in the Strait, and British ships have intercepted it, so it is impossible to escape back. The remaining Spanish fleet sailed north with the wind, ready to bypass the island of Great Britain and sail back to Spain along the west coast of Ireland. This journey is not only long, but also attacked by huge waves in the North Sea. This caused the Spanish fleet to suffer more serious losses. It is said that only on the northern coast of Ireland, 8,000 Spanish officers and men were buried at the bottom of the sea. When the "Armada" sailed back to Spain from Ireland, the number of ships was less than one third. Spain lost more than 100 warships and 14000 officers and men, and its dream of conquering Britain was dashed.
The Sixth Shooting in Lexington (1775)
1775 In April, Gage, the governor of Massachusetts and commander-in-chief of the garrison, got a message that there was a secret munitions warehouse of the Communications Commission in Concord, not far from Boston. Gage immediately ordered Major Smith to lead 800 British troops in the search. The troops set out overnight, and in the early morning of April, 19, they came to Lexington, a small village six miles from Concord.
The fighting continued until dusk, and finally reinforcements from Boston rescued Smith and others. In this battle, the British army killed 247 people, the militia sacrificed dozens of people, and the rest of the British army ran out of ammunition. In retrospect, it is also a lingering fear. They tasted the iron fist of the colonial people for the first time. A soldier said, "I haven't eaten for 48 hours. My hat was knocked off three times and two bullets penetrated my coat. My bayonet was also knocked out. "
The seventh Battle of Waterloo (18 15)
1815 June18, the French army with Napoléon Bonaparte as commander in chief and the European allied forces with the Duke of Wellington as commander in chief launched a soul-stirring Armageddon here. The two sides invested more than 6,543,800 troops. After repeated fighting, the fighting was fierce and the fields were red. The decisive battle lasted about 12 hours. The next morning, a royal homing pigeon flew into Buckingham Palace in London with good news. At this moment, European monarchs finally breathed a sigh of relief. They finally learned that their army had defeated the arrogant French emperor Napoléon Bonaparte.
This war not only completely ended Napoléon Bonaparte's military career and political life, but also changed the historical process of Europe. It has also made this vast land filled with the bones of more than 60,000 soldiers go down in history forever and become an ancient battlefield for generations to mourn, and the word "Waterloo" has since become synonymous with "failure", which has been widely used all over the world.
The Eighth Battle of Sedang (1870)
The Battle of Sedan was an important battle in the French-Prussian War.
Prussia became stronger and stronger after the Puo War, but four small countries near the south of France were still not unified by Bismarck, who was determined to unify all German countries except Austria.
187165438+1October 28th, Franco-Prussian signed the Paris Armistice Agreement, announcing France's surrender. 10 In May, the two sides signed the Frankfurt Peace Treaty in Frankfurt. France ceded Alsace and Lorraine to Germany and paid 5 billion francs to declare the end of the war.
The battle of Sedan was called "Sedan fiasco" in history and eventually unified Germany.
The ninth battle in Malaysia (1905)
Tougou Heihachirou, commander of the Japanese Joint Fleet, concluded that the Russian fleet would go to Vladivostok directly through Ma Haixia, and ordered the whole fleet to enter the battle position on May 20th 1905, waiting for the arrival of the Russian fleet. On May 25th, the Russian fleet set out from near Taiwan Province Province, arrived near Shanghai on 26th, entered Ma Haixia in the early morning of 27th, and entered the encirclement of the Japanese fleet.
After 5: 00 am on the 28th, the remaining Russian fleet slowly sailed towards Vladivostok, but at 9: 00 am, it was once again surrounded by the Japanese fleet and was heavily shelled by Japanese ships. As the commander of the Russian fleet, Major General Nie Bao Jia Tofu decided to surrender. 10: 53, four battleships, Nikolai I, Admiral Aprasin, Admiral Shiqinya Vin and Eagle surrendered, and the Japanese fleet, after seeing the Russian surrender signal, continued inhumane shelling until the Russian warships hung the Japanese flag. The commander of the fleet aboard the Reckless, Roger Stevenson, also surrendered to the Japanese side.
Battle of Stalingrad 10 (1942-1943)
The victory of the Soviet Union in the Battle of Stalingrad is of great political and military significance. This victory made a decisive contribution to winning the Soviet Patriotic War and even the fundamental turning point of World War II. As a result of the Battle of Stalingrad, the Soviets seized the strategic initiative from the Germans and kept it until the end of the war. At the same time, it inspired people all over the world to oppose fascist occupiers more resolutely.