Feng Te is famous for publishing his first psychology textbook Principles of Physical Psychology and establishing the first experimental psychology laboratory in Leipzig. But few people know that from 1900 to 1920, he wrote 10 books on social psychology, which he called "folk psychology".
In these works, Feng Te discusses the relationship between language and thinking, and the ways in which society and culture shape cognition (information processing) and spiritual life. Feng Te believes that psychology is a supplement to individual and social psychology.
In his view, personal knowledge-that is, physiological and cognitive processes-is important, but it is equally important to understand how social influence and social situation affect and shape human experience. Feng Te thinks it is necessary to study these two fields separately, because he thinks that studying them requires different forms of knowledge and different research methods.
Feng Te's social psychology works are not widely known today, but for people like American philosopher G Meade and Russian psychologist L.
The research work of social researchers like Vygotsky has an extremely important influence.
2. The formation history of social psychology Looking back at the development of western social psychology, it can be roughly divided into several stages:
1, the germination and birth of western social psychology (19 to the beginning of the 20th century).
The specialized research of social psychology began in the second half of the 9th century. 1860, a series of papers on ethnic psychology written by Raqqa Ruth and Heymann Steinthal appeared. Since then, Tarde's Imitation Law, Siegel's Crime Masses and Lebon's Popular Psychology have come out one after another, which laid the foundation for the formation of social psychology.
From 65438 to 0908, American sociologist Ross and British psychologist McDougall William published a monograph called Social Psychology. The west regards this year as the age when social psychology was born. In the 1920s, every social psychologist in Russia and China introduced scientific experimental methods into this discipline, which turned social psychology from describing objects to exploring and revealing laws, and became an independent science. Its founder is recognized as Auguste Comte, a French positivist philosopher. There are three main reasons why social psychology has become a science: 1) began to use experiments; 2) Use quantitative analysis to supplement the qualitative analysis of the phenomenon; 3) From describing phenomena to revealing and utilizing laws.
2. Establishment of scientific system of western social psychology (1920s-40s)
As early as 1898, triplett made an experimental study on social promotion, but for many years, this valuable proposal did not attract widespread attention until after the First World War, when American psychologist allport and German psychologist Maud initiated the direction of experimental social psychology. After them, experimental social psychology began to become the mainstream of social psychology research in the west, especially in the United States.
After the publication of allport's book Social Psychology, social psychology entered a period of rapid development. 1928, thurston put forward the method of attitude measurement, perfected the attitude research started by Thomas and Zenanetsky, and became the research center of social psychology at that time. 1934, Moreno proposed a social measurement method to measure interpersonal attraction and exclusion within a group. 1938, Lei Wen introduced field theory into social psychology, and put forward the concept of personal living space or field, holding that behavior is a function of interaction between personal characteristics and situational factors.
These research methods are embodied in establishing a rigorous scientific system based on mathematical and physical principles for "social psychology", thus establishing its quantitative and accurate research direction.
3. The expansion of the research field of western social psychology.
The main topics of social psychology research are different with the evolution of the times.
From 1940s to 1950s, under the influence of World War II and Lei Wen, social psychology mainly studied group influence and attitude.
In 1950s, Ashe and others studied obedience. Yale School headed by hovland published a series of studies on persuasion. Festinger put forward the theory of cognitive dissonance, which became the research center in 1960s. In 1970s, the attribution theory based on Hyde's Psychology of Interpersonal Relations became a research hotspot. Since 1980s, cognitive social psychology and applied social psychology have been paid more and more attention.
3. History of Social Psychology Social psychology is a branch of psychology that studies the social psychological phenomena of individuals and groups.
Individual social psychological phenomenon refers to the thoughts, emotions and behaviors of individuals restricted by others and groups, such as interpersonal perception, interpersonal attraction, social promotion and social inhibition, obedience, etc. Group social psychological phenomenon refers to the unique psychological characteristics of the group itself, such as group cohesion, social psychological atmosphere and group decision-making.
Social psychology is an interdisciplinary subject between psychology and sociology, which is influenced by the two disciplines. From the beginning, social psychology has two different research directions, namely, social psychology in sociology and social psychology in psychology.
Different theoretical viewpoints to explain social psychological phenomena do not hinder the basic characteristics that social psychology should have as an independent discipline.
4. The development of social psychology There are many classifications of psychology, and different classification forms reflect different research focuses.
Social psychology is not a psychological study represented by society, or the research object is not society, but the reaction of individual social attribute representation. Social psychology studies the manifestations of social psychological phenomena of individuals or certain groups.
The mode of psychological influence is reverse, which is the external influence of social environment on people, and then forms comprehensive psychological quality. Psychosocial psychology was once considered as a research tendency of social psychology, but now it exists as a branch of psychology.
At present, psychologists say that social psychology usually refers to psychological-social psychology, and sociologists say that social psychology usually refers to social-social psychology. But on a few occasions, the term social psychology is understood as the sum of psychological-social psychology and social-social psychology research results.
The theoretical value of social psychology lies in improving people's ability to know themselves and improving people's quality of life. Since its birth, social psychology has inherited two basic research directions from its two parent bodies-psychology and sociology, forming the so-called "social psychology of psychology" and "social psychology of sociology".
Scholars of these two research orientations have different views on the question of "what is social psychology". American psychologist F.H. allport pointed out in his book Social Psychology (1924) that social psychology is "a subject that studies individual social behavior and social consciousness."
From the beginning, social psychology has two different research directions, namely, social psychology in sociology and social psychology in psychology. Different theoretical viewpoints to explain social psychological phenomena do not hinder the basic characteristics that social psychology should have as an independent discipline.
Generally speaking, general psychology studies the general relationship between subject and object, including natural object and social object. Generally speaking, personality psychology is to study the law of the formation and development of personality traits.
From 65438 to 0908, British psychologist McDougall William and American sociologist Ross published monographs on social psychology respectively. This indicates that social psychology has become an independent discipline.
American social psychologist G.W. allport (G.W. allport, 1954) believes that social psychology tries to understand and explain how individual thoughts, emotions and behaviors are influenced by the real, imaginary and implied existence of others. He advocates that social psychology mainly adopts experimental research methods to reveal the dependent conditions of individual social behavior and analyze the changing process of individual psychology.
Among the definitions focusing on sociology, C.A. Ellwood (1925) is the representative one, who points out that "social psychology is a science about social interaction, based on group life psychology. Starting from the explanation of the group shaping types of people's reaction, communication and instinctive habitual behavior, "studying the psychology of individual social behavior is conducive to understanding the historical and social environment in which individuals live." "
Looking back on the development of western social psychology, it can be roughly divided into several stages: 1, the germination and birth of western social psychology (19 to the early 20th century) 1908, the introduction of social psychology by American sociologist Ross and British psychologist McDougall William. The west regards this year as the age when social psychology was born.
In the 1920s, social psychologists in the United States and the Soviet Union introduced scientific experimental methods into this discipline, which turned social psychology from describing objects to exploring and revealing laws, and social psychology became an independent science. Its founder is generally considered to be F. allport.
1924, American psychologist allport published the book Social Psychology Based on Experiments, which declared the official start of social psychology as a science. There are three main reasons why social psychology has become a science: 1) began to use experiments; 2) Use quantitative analysis to supplement the qualitative analysis of the phenomenon; 3) From describing phenomena to revealing and utilizing laws.
2. The establishment of the scientific system of western social psychology (from the 1920s to the 1940s) As early as 1898, triplett conducted an experimental study on social promotion, but this valuable proposal did not attract widespread attention for many years, until after the First World War, American psychologist allport and German psychologist Maud initiated the direction of experimental social psychology. After them, experimental social psychology began to become the mainstream of social psychology research in the west, especially in the United States.
1928, thurston put forward the method of attitude measurement, perfected the attitude research started by Thomas and Zenanetsky, and became the research center of social psychology at that time. 1934, Moreno proposed a social measurement method to measure interpersonal attraction and exclusion within a group.
1938, Lei Wen introduced field theory into social psychology. These research methods are embodied in constructing a rigorous scientific system based on mathematical and physical principles for "social psychology", thus laying its quantitative and accurate research direction. 3. With the expansion of the research field of western social psychology, the main topics of social psychology research are different with the evolution of the times.
When Social Psychology 1928 came out, thurston put forward the method of attitude measurement, which perfected the attitude research started by Thomas and Zenanetsky and became the research center of social psychology at that time. 1934, Moreno proposed a social measurement method to measure interpersonal attraction and exclusion within a group; 1938, Lei Wen introduced field theory into social psychology, and put forward the concept of personal living space or field, holding that behavior is a function of interaction between personal characteristics and situational factors. The special study of historical social psychology began in the second half of the 9th century.
1860, a series of papers on ethnic psychology written by Raqqa Ruth and Heymann Steinthal appeared. Since then, Freud's Imitation Law, Siegel's Crime Mass and Lebon's Popular Psychology have come out one after another, which laid the foundation for the formation of social psychology. From 65438 to 0908, McDougall William, a British psychologist, and Ross, an American sociologist, published monographs on social psychology respectively, which marked that social psychology became an independent discipline.
5. The theoretical development history of personality and social psychology is a special study of personality and social psychology, which began in the second half of the 9th century.
1860, a series of papers on ethnic psychology written by Raqqa Ruth and Heymann Steinthal appeared. Since then, Tarde's Imitation Law, Siegel's Crime Mass and Lebon's Popular Psychology have been published one after another, which laid the foundation for the formation of personality and social psychology. From 65438 to 0908, McDougall William, a British psychologist, and Ross, an American sociologist, published the monograph Personality and Social Psychology respectively, which indicated that personality and social psychology had become an independent discipline. After World War I, American psychologist allport and German psychologist Maud initiated the direction of experimental personality and social psychology.
Although the experimental study of personality and social psychology can be traced back to the experimental study of social promotion in 1898, it is allport and Maud who really started and popularized this direction. After them, experimental personality and social psychology began to become the mainstream of personality and social psychology research in the west, especially in the United States.
After the publication of allport's book Personality and Social Psychology, personality and social psychology entered a period of rapid development. 1928, thurston put forward the method of attitude measurement, which perfected the attitude research initiated by Thomas and Zenanetsky and became the research center of personality and social psychology at that time. 1934, Moreno proposed a social measurement method to measure interpersonal attraction and exclusion within a group; 1938, Lei Wen introduced the field theory into personality and social psychology, and put forward the concept of personal living space or field, holding that behavior is a function of interaction between personal characteristics and situational factors.
From 1940s to 1950s, under the influence of World War II and Lei Wen, personality and social psychology mainly studied group influence and attitude. In 1950s, Ashe and others studied obedience.
Yale School headed by hovland published a series of studies on persuasion. Festinger put forward the theory of cognitive dissonance, which became the research center in 1960s.
In 1970s, the attribution theory based on Hyde's Psychology of Interpersonal Relations became a research hotspot. Since 1980s, cognitive personality and social psychology and applied personality and social psychology have been paid more and more attention.
The main topics of personality and social psychology research are different with the evolution of the times. Early personality and social psychology focused on the psychological phenomena of large groups and the masses, such as Lacha Ruth, Heymann Steinthal and Feng Te's research on ethnic psychology. Tarde, Siegel and Lebon's Research on Popular Psychology.
Some viewpoints put forward by these researchers are still influential today, such as Tade's imitation law, Lebon's group extremism, and the disappearance of personality. At the beginning of the 20th century, attitude research became the center.
After the emergence of experimental personality and social psychology, the research on social promotion has become the center. Later, group process, persuasion, obedience, cognitive dissonance and attribution became the research center of a certain period.
The United States is the most influential country in the study of personality and social psychology, and its research topics are representative and often affect other countries. With the development of personality and social psychology, research topics are increasingly enriched and expanded.
From early social promotion research to social loafing research; From the study of obedience to the study of anti-obedience and independence; From aggressive research to altruistic research; From the study of attraction to the study of love; From the study of interpersonal perception to the study of attribution and so on. It shows that the research field of personality and social psychology is expanding and deepening day by day.
Since the mid-1960s, the views of personality and social psychologists have changed. It is mainly manifested in: recognizing the limitations of experimental methods, attaching importance to field research, attaching importance to applied research, attaching importance to testing the theory obtained by laboratory research with field applied research, and revising, supplementing and developing it.
Personality and social psychologists in the new century emphasize that from field research to laboratory research, or from laboratory research to field research, they will go back and forth and demonstrate each other. At the same time, the extensive use of computers also facilitates the processing of a large number of materials obtained from the scene, and promotes the progress of personality and social psychology.
6. Briefly describe the development history of psychology (1000 words or more). As a science, psychology has only a short history, but it has a long past. Psychology can be traced back to ancient philosophical thoughts. Philosophy and religion have long discussed the relationship between body and mind and how people's knowledge came into being. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle, ancient China thinkers such as Xunzi and Wang Chong. They all talked about the mind. In the west, from the Renaissance to the middle of19th century, the psychological characteristics of human beings have always been the object of study by philosophers, and psychology is a part of philosophy. During this period, Bacon, Hobbes, Locke and other encyclopedic thinkers in Britain and France tried to correct the psychological thought distorted by theology in the Middle Ages at the end of 18. And give a scientific explanation. Bacon's inductive scientific methodology has played a great role in the development of modern natural science. Hobbes put forward that human knowledge comes from the outside world, and Locke first put forward the concept of association, which promoted the development of psychology. Lamater of the French Encyclopedia School simply described man as a machine in his book Man is a Machine, although these inevitably have the viewpoint of mechanical materialism. But they are all progressive. /kloc-In the mid-9th century, due to the further development of productive forces, natural science has made great progress, and the prestige of science has gradually taken root in people's hearts. At this time, physiology, as a twin science of psychology, is also close to maturity. Psychology began to get rid of the general discussion of philosophy and turned to the study of specific problems. This background laid the foundation for psychology to become an independent science. Modern psychology was founded in 1879. This year, German psychologist Feng Te established the world's first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, and psychology was declared out of philosophy and became an independent science. Feng Te is a philosopher and physiologist. His psychology laboratory mainly studies the psychological process of feeling and perception, mainly using physiological experimental techniques, so he calls his research "physiological psychology" or "experimental psychology". Up to now, modern psychology has experienced a history of 100 years. During this period, the discussion about the research object of psychology has been repeated several times. At first, Feng Te thought that psychology was the science of studying people's direct experience or consciousness. Complex psychological activities are composed of simple units, and the task of psychology is to decompose psychological activities into some psychological elements. For example, the perception of a book is composed of sensory elements such as rectangle, certain size and green cover. This view was undoubtedly influenced by the development of chemistry at that time. Analytical methods are used in chemistry, and chemical elements are constantly being discovered. Because of this, later generations called Feng Te's psychological system elemental psychology or structural psychology. Feng Te, a pioneer of modern social psychology, also studied national psychology in his later years. Feng Te enrolled a large number of senior students from Europe and the United States in Leipzig. After returning to China, they set up a psychology department and a psychology laboratory respectively. This emerging science has been rapidly popularized. The psychology founded by Feng Te only flourished for thirty or forty years, but it met with difficulties. The problem lies in the definition of "psychology is the science of studying consciousness". Because to recognize this definition, we need to recognize the existence of consciousness first. However, not all psychologists can agree with this. 19 13 years, American psychologist Watson challenged Feng Te's psychology for the first time. Watson pointed out that if psychology is to become a science and be on an equal footing with other disciplines of natural science, it is necessary to have a thorough revolution and give up consciousness as the research object of psychology. Watson said that consciousness is subjective and no one can see or touch it. You can't test it in a test tube, so something so vague can never be the object of scientific research. He believes that scientific psychology should be based on things that can be observed objectively. The behavior of human and animals can be observed objectively, so behavior is the object of psychological research. Psychology is a science that studies behavior. It wants to explore what happened to an organism and what behavior happened under what circumstances. As for the process inside the mind, we can only speculate. I'm not sure, so I don't need to pay attention. Watson set off a far-reaching behaviorism movement in the field of psychology. A new behaviorism appeared around 1940s, which emphasized the study of human and animal behaviors on the basis of experimental operation. Skinner, a neo-behaviorist, made the boldest attempt to transform society by using behaviorist principles. He wrote a novel Walden II. It describes a utopian ideal society in the form of a diary. Skinner called this social design "behavioral engineering" and pinned the realization of such a society on China. In the 1960s, the United States was involved in the Vietnam War, and social crises were everywhere. People began to doubt the American social system and yearn for an ideal society, so this book spread like wildfire. Behaviorism has a great influence in America. From the 1920s to 1950s, behaviorism dominated American psychology. Now it seems that the behaviorism theory is too simplistic and absolute, and we cannot deny the existence of human thinking and consciousness just because the activities of the mind are invisible. Similarly, in physics, atoms, molecules and electrons are invisible to the naked eye. However, instruments or other tools can still be used for research. Psychological activities such as people's thinking can also be studied objectively through technical means. After all, psychology should study the internal process of human psychology. Moreover, people's social activities are extremely complicated, which cannot be explained by simple behavioral engineering. At the same time of the rise of behaviorism, there are two schools of psychology in Europe, one is the Gestalt School. Another school is psychoanalysis. Gestalt psychology was born in Germany, which opposed the foundationalism of Feng Te's structural psychology. Its representatives are wertheimer, Kaufka and Koehler. Gestalt is a transliteration of German Gestalt, which means wholeness and gestalt. This school advocates that psychology studies the internal process of the human brain, and that what people see when observing external things is not completely determined by the outside world. But there is some kind of "field" power in people's minds to organize * * * into some kind of gestalt, which determines what people see from the outside world. At that time, the theory of "field" was popular in physics, while the Gestalt school believed that the human brain was a part of the material world, so the laws of physics could also be applied to the activities of the human brain. Gestalt psychology studies the intelligence of apes. Koehler observed how apes folded several wooden boxes.
7. Psychology History and Introduction to Psychology "Psychology: Psychology and Life" ([America] Richard Grieg/philip zimbardo); Psychology (David Myers), I personally like these two books very much. The theories are easy to understand and there are many examples.
After you have a basic understanding of psychology, you can look at psychology in various fields: Jerry M. Burger, E. Aronson, and developmental psychology (the psychological change of a person from birth to death, David R. Schaefer/Catherine Kipp, which I recommend mainly for children and adolescents). Abnormal psychology (abnormal psychology refers to writing about mental diseases, such as depression, anxiety, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, etc. , by Lauren B. Alloy, John H. Reskind, Margaret J. Manos), followed by Psychological Counseling: The Path of Psychotherapists, the theory and practice of psychological counseling and therapy. Personally, I suggest that you must go to see psychological counseling after you have some basic knowledge. Understand your psychological changes and basic adjustment methods.
8. What is social self? Everyone lives in society and is influenced by it. Therefore, the self is not a simple freewheeling self, but a self branded by society. Emphasize the organic connection between individual and society with social self. The role a person plays in society is popularly a self-study outline of professional social psychology. 1. course overview social psychology studies the occurrence, development and change of social psychology and social behavior of individuals and groups in social communication. It is not only a basic subject with strong theory, but also has developed into a widely used applied science.
Man is an animal of society. He was born in a previously formed society, cared by his family and parents, educated and influenced by the social and cultural environment, learned to communicate with people, and formed self-awareness and human psychology. As he grows older, he participates in more and more social activities, and individuals will consciously play a positive or negative role in others, groups and society through actions. Society determines and influences individuals, and individuals can also actively react to society.
All personal psychological and behavioral problems can find social reasons, and all social problems are also related to people's social psychology and social behavior. Human behavior is complex, but it is not unfathomable.
A person's understanding of society mainly comes from two basic motives: the need to maintain self-esteem; Correctly understand the needs of yourself and society. To understand how we are influenced by the social environment, we must understand our perception and thinking process.
The two main concepts of social psychology are: social influence has a powerful effect on people; In order to understand the power of social environment, we must examine the motives that determine how people interpret social environment. The core of social psychology is social influence, and we are all influenced by others. Social psychology uses scientific methods to study how people's thinking, feeling and behavior are influenced by real or imagined others.
Second, the self-study method carefully reads the textbook and understands the basic theoretical concepts. Social psychology is also an empirical science, whose purpose is to scientifically answer questions about social behavior. Therefore, when we study this course, we should not only understand and master the theory, but also apply the theory to practice and deepen our understanding with real cases.
Besides textbooks, we can also refer to some related books: Social Psychology by Eliot aronson (USA), translated by Hou Yubo. Introduction to Contemporary Social Psychology by China Light Industry Press in August, 2005, by Jason, Social Psychology: Principles and Applications by Beijing Normal University Press in August, 2000, edited by Shen, and Jinan University Press in 2000, 10, 3. Key points to be grasped in each chapter: The first chapter is the introduction, through which we learn and understand the definition, research scope and research methods of social psychology. The definition of social psychology; (emphasize) the research scope of social psychology; The research methods of social psychology include observation, experiment, investigation and literature research.
Prejudice and ethical issues in social psychology research. (Focus) Chapter II History and Theory of Social Psychology Through this chapter, we can learn about the history and development of social psychology.
The formation history of social psychology; Social psychology theory: psychoanalytic theory (emphasis) social learning theory; Social cognitive theory, etc. Chapter III Socialization In the study of this chapter, we have learned the meaning, course, content and influencing factors of socialization.
The definition of socialization; (emphasizing) the process of socialization; Socialized content; (Focus) Socialization factors: genetic factors, social environment factors-social culture, family, school, peer groups, mass media, computer networks. (Emphasis) Socialization theory: psychoanalysis, cognitive development, social learning theory, etc.
Chapter IV Social Roles Through the study of this chapter, we know that social roles are a bridge to communicate and connect individuals with society, understand the functions and functions of social roles, master role-playing skills and methods to solve role conflicts, and also understand the gender role differences. The meaning of social role; Classification of social roles; (emphasis) role theory; Role learning, role playing; Role conflict; (Focus) Gender role differences.
Chapter V Self-consciousness Self-consciousness is a unique form of human advanced psychological activities, which is one of the results of individual socialization and directly affects the individual's adaptation to social life. The definition of self-awareness; The content of self-awareness: physical self, social self and psychological self; True self and ideal self; Total ego and private ego; Real self and possible self.
(emphasizing) the occurrence and development of self-awareness; Self-process, self-evaluation, self-improvement and self-expression. Chapter VI Social Motivation Social motivation is the direct factor that causes and maintains people's social behavior. Therefore, it is very important to understand the relevant knowledge of social motivation for understanding the emergence and change of people's social behavior.
The meaning and characteristics of social motivation; Types of social motivation: achievement motivation, power motivation and affinity motivation; Motivation theory: Freud's theory of sexual instinct; Maslow's motivation theory; (emphasis) system incentive theory. Motivation frustration and behavioral response: the generation of frustration; Reaction and coping after setbacks.
(Focus) Chapter VII Social Cognition Understand the characteristics, scope and influencing factors of social cognition, especially the formation and application of cognitive prejudice and impression. The definition, characteristics and schema of social cognition; The basic scope of social cognition; (Emphasis) Factors affecting social cognition: cognitive factors, object factors and cognitive situational factors.
(emphasize) the law and mode of impression formation; Attribution theory of social cognition. Chapter VIII Social Attitudes The study of social attitudes is an important research field of social psychology. By studying this chapter, we will focus on attitude and its characteristics, the elements of attitude, the relationship between attitude and behavior and prejudice.
The definition and characteristics of attitude, the elements of attitude; (emphasis) the relationship between attitude and values and beliefs; The relationship between attitude and behavior; Prejudice: the cause of prejudice, the result of prejudice, and the method of eliminating prejudice. (Focus) Attitude assessment.
Chapter 9 Attitude formation and attitude change are formed in the process of individual socialization, and change with the change of subjective and objective factors.