After the victory of the Italian campaign, Napoleon gained more and more prestige and became a new hero of the French and China people. His rise made the governor feel threatened, so he was appointed as the commander of Arab Egypt and the national army and sent to the east to curb the expansion of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in the region. In Napoleon's expedition, in addition to 2000 cannons, he also brought 175 scholars from various industries, as well as hundreds of boxes of books and research equipment. During the expedition, Napoleon once issued a famous instruction: "Let donkeys and scholars walk in the middle of the team." Napoleon himself was proficient in mathematics and loved literature and religion very much, which was greatly influenced by the Enlightenment. However, 1798' s expedition to Egypt itself was a great failure. Napoleon's fleet was completely destroyed by British Admiral Nelson, and his troops were trapped in Egypt, where Napoleon broke the nose of the Sphinx. 1799 When returning to China, only two of the 400 warships were left, and the original plan to invade India was blocked, resulting in heavy losses. Faced with such a situation, the God of Wealth turned his head to Napoleon. He learned about the tense situation and severe external pressure in France from an overdue newspaper in France, and felt that Napoleon, whose time was ripe, left his army and returned to China secretly. As a military commander, this is hard to understand. At this time, the European anti-French alliance was gradually formed, and the royalist forces in France and China were also gradually rising. 1799 In August, Napoleon rushed back to Paris. 1799 In June, Napoleon, who returned to France, was welcomed like a hero. 1October 9 165438+ Napoleon staged a coup in the foggy month and succeeded, becoming the first ruler of the French Republic, actually a dictator. Faced with the tense domestic situation and severe external pressure, Napoleon carried out many major reforms, involving politics, education, justice, administration, legislation and economy. Among them, the most famous Code of Napoleon still has an important influence, which was discussed and finally formulated by Napoleon himself. The code basically adopts the more rational principles put forward by France and the early stage of the national revolution. The code was formally implemented in 1804, and the achievements of the French Revolution were legally stabilized. Even after more than a century, it is still the current law in France. When Napoleon wrote his memoirs, he said, "My greatness lies not in my previous victories, but in my code, which will always protect the French people's freedom." Code plays an important role in the legislation of Germany, Spain, Switzerland and other countries. In an announcement to the people three weeks after the coup, Napoleon proudly declared: "Citizens, the Great Revolution has returned to the principles from which it originated. The Great Revolution is over. " On the thrones of Napoleon 1802, emperor of France and China, in August, the * * * and the eight-year constitution were revised and changed to life-long governance. 1804165438+10.6, the constitutions of * * * and 12 were adopted by referendum, and France * * * was changed to the French Empire. Napoléon Bonaparte, the French emperor, called Napoleon I 65438+February 2. Instead of being crowned by Pope pope pius vii, he put a crown on his head and crowned his wife Joséphin Beauharnais. A year later, he was crowned king of Italy by the Pope in August 1805. Austria, Britain and Russia formed the third anti-French alliance, so Napoleon left Paris on September 24 and went eastward in person. By June 10, the French army had occupied Munich. 10 10/7 After fierce fighting between France and Austria in Ulm, the anti-French alliance surrendered. After that, France won the battle of Austerlitz, and the anti-French alliance collapsed again, forcing the Austrian Empire to cancel the title of Holy Roman Empire. Napoleon then joined the German vassal states to form the "Rhine Federation" and put it under his own protection. The following autumn, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Russia and Prussia formed the fourth anti-French alliance, but in June 65438 +65438 10+April, the French army defeated the enemy in Jena and Olstadt at the same time, and the Prussian army was almost wiped out, so Napoleon gained most of Germany. 1in June, 807, the French army defeated the Russian army again in Poland. Napoleon met with Russian czar Alexander I and the two sides signed a peace treaty. The year before, Napoleon issued an Amnesty in Berlin, announcing the mainland blockade policy and prohibiting any trade between the European continent and Britain. Since then, the hegemony of France and the United States in the European continent has been established. Napoleon I was also the king of Italy, the protector of the Rhine Federation and the arbiter of the Swiss Federation, and named his brothers Joseph, Louis and Jerome the kings of Naples, Holland and Westphalia respectively. Turning point: the invasion of Spain, the Austrian Empire, the Republic of China and Russia,1At the end of 807, internal unrest broke out in Spain, and the Spanish king was spurned by the people. Napoleon took the opportunity to invade Spain and made his eldest brother Joseph Bonaparte king of Spain. But this move was opposed by the Spanish, and Napoleon could not quell the local riots at all. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland intervened in the Spanish dispute on 1808. British troops landed in Montego Bay on August 8th and occupied the whole of Portugal on August 30th. Later, with the support of local nationalists, they gradually drove the French out of the Iberian Peninsula. Napoleon was in the quagmire of Spain, and the fifth anti-French alliance was formed at the beginning of 1809. The Austrian Empire attacked French territory in Germany from behind, and Napoleon was forced to withdraw his troops from Spain and lead the army eastward. Although the Austrian Imperial Army gained an advantage at first, Napoleon soon turned defeat into victory, forcing the Austrian Empire to sign the Vienna Peace Treaty again and cede land. The following year, Napoleon married Princess Mary Louisa of the Austrian Empire, and France and Austria formed an alliance. By the end of 18 1 1, the relationship between France and Russia began to deteriorate. Russian czar Alexander I refused to continue to cooperate with France against Britain, and eventually the war broke out. Napoleon led an army of 500,000 people who spoke 12 languages into Russia. Russian troops retreated and did not resist until the French army entered Moscow after the Battle of Borodino on September 18 12 (70,000 French troops were killed and seriously injured). Napoleon thought Alexander I would compromise, but he was greeted by a sea of fire all over Moscow. At this time, another failed coup was planned in China, which forced him to return to France. Only 10000 people finally returned to France. Defeated and exiled, the Hundred Days regime formed the sixth anti-French alliance with Waterloo 18 13, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Russia, Prussia and Austria, and the two sides fought fiercely in Germany many times. Although the French army won many victories, Napoleon was under increasing pressure. Until the battle of Leipzig in 10, the French army was defeated, the vassal state became independent from France, and the allies began to advance to Paris. 1865438+March 3 1, in 2004, Paris was occupied, the allies demanded the unconditional surrender of France, and Napoleon had to abdicate. 181April 13 Napoleon signed the abdication edict at Fontainebleau Palace in Paris, and two days later Napoleon announced his unconditional surrender. Napoleon himself was exiled to the Mediterranean island of Elba after he abdicated. Napoleon retained the title of "Emperor", but his territory was limited to that small island. Napoleon was almost assassinated on his way to the island of Elba and tried to commit suicide. In Paris, Louis Stanislas Xavier returned to France, became the king of France, and the Bourbon Dynasty was restored. Napoleon's wife and son were imprisoned in Austria, China and China, and it was rumored that Napoleon would be exiled to an island in the Atlantic Ocean. All these left Napoleon with no choice. In the end, he escaped from the island on February 26th of 18 15, and led 1000 people back to France on March 6th, 2000. The French * * * and China troops sent to stop him turned to continue to support Napoleon. On March 20th, Napoleon returned to Paris. By this time, his regular army10.4 million people, volunteers 200 thousand people. Louis Stanislas Xavier escaped and the Hundred Days Dynasty began. However, the good times did not last long, and European countries quickly formed the seventh anti-French alliance. 18 15 June18 Napoleon's army was completely annihilated in the Battle of Waterloo, Belgium, and he formally surrendered on July15. The First Empire of France fell, and Louis Stanislas Xavier was restored again. Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena. 1821May 5, Napoleon died on the island. On May 8th, the conqueror was buried beside Tolbert Springs on St Helena and paid tribute to him. Today, there are still different opinions about the cause of Napoleon's death. The autopsy report of a doctor in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland shows that he died of a severe gastric ulcer, but new research suggests that Napoleon died of arsenic poisoning. Historians also found arsenic-containing minerals from the wallpaper loved by nobles in those days, presumably because the environment was humid and arsenic infiltrated into the environment. Nine years after his death, under the pressure of the people, the New Orleans dynasty erected a statue of Napoleon on the pillar of Vendom. 1840, Louis-Philippe of the French July dynasty sent his son to retrieve Napoleon's body. 65438+ February 65438+In May of that year, Napoleon's coffin was transported back to Paris, passed through the Arc de Triomphe, and was buried in the old disabled soldiers' nursing home (Honorary Military Hospital) on the Seine.