Later, some of these free cities were able to get rid of the jurisdiction of bishops completely, while others lost their free status. These free cities participated in the imperial parliament together with the original imperial cities. At that time, it was collectively referred to as the Free City and the Imperial City, and later it was simplified as the Free City of the Imperial City. The era of 1254 to 1273 ended, and the imperial capital won the seats and voting rights in the imperial parliament. Starting from 1489, they jointly formed the Imperial Capital Group, from which representatives were elected to attend the Imperial Parliament. In order to borrow money, the emperor at that time sometimes mortgaged his imperial city to the nobles near the city. Because the emperor at that time could hardly afford enough money to redeem these cities, these cities were in danger of losing their free status. Other richer cities, such as Dortmund, Frankfurt and Nuremberg, took the opportunity to borrow money from the emperor to expand their territory. Especially the cities in southwest Germany expand the most, because there is no big noble nearby to resist. The biggest site is Bern.

Charles V's management reform led to the introduction of the so-called Lufthansa Parliament in many cities, which was composed of urban aristocrats and big businessmen, and they gradually crowded out the past citizens' meetings. The Treaty of Westphalia of 1648 stipulated that the management of Alsace was handed over to France, and France completely incorporated Alsace into its territory in 168 1 year. The freedom for imperial cities to merge into France is getting smaller and smaller, and they completely lost their privileges in the French Revolution in 1789.

Of the 5 1 imperial free cities in the holy Roman Empire, 45 were annexed by the nearby lords in the final resolution of the imperial parliament in 1803. By the end of the Holy Roman Empire, there were six imperial free cities: augsburg, Nuremberg, Frankfurt, Bremen, Hamburg and Lubeck.

After the demise of the Holy Roman Empire

After 18 15, there are only four free cities in the German Federation: Hamburg, Bremen, Lubeck and Frankfurt. Frankfurt was annexed by Prussia in 1866, and Lubeck was also incorporated into Prussia in 1937. Bremen and Hamburg retained their free status as federal states after the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany. Berlin's status as a federal state comes from its special historical process of being occupied by allied forces after World War II.

Gdansk was also called the free city when it was under the jurisdiction of the League of Nations from 1920 to 1939.

65438+Imperial Freedom City in the Early 9th Century

After the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire, the number of imperial free cities increased. 152 1 year, the imperial parliament of Vorms listed 85 "free and imperial cities", which is probably the largest. By 1800, the Holy Roman Empire will have the following 5 1 imperial free cities:

Aachen

Arlen

Augsburg

Biberah-sur-Reese

Bopfingen

Bremen

Buha (now Batbuha)

Bookhorn (now Frederick Hafen)

Dinkelsbier

Dortmund

esslingen am neckar

Frankfurt

Friedberg

Gengenbao

Kisen

goslar

hamburg

Helibruner

Ihini

Kauffbolen

Kempten

Konstanz (to 1548)

eau de cologne

Leuther Keesh

Lindao

Lubeck

mei minggen

Mirgozen

Nas lingen

Nordhausen

Nuremberg

Offenburg

Pev Lehndorff

Les Ravensburg, Landacre

regensburg

Reutlingen

Rothenburg

Parking?

Schwabish Jermond

Schwebishar

Schweinfurt

Speyer

Yu Boelingen

Ulm

Wang en

Verderstadt

Fort Bern Wei Sen Berg

wetzlar

Wimpfen (now Bud Wimpfen)

Vintsgeim

Vorms

Harm sipanze

In addition, there is a small town that is not an imperial free city in name, but actually has the privileges of an imperial free city.

In addition, before the French Revolution, there were 1 1 cities in Alsace, France, which were called imperial free cities. Except for Strasbourg, other cities 10 started to form the Ten Cities Alliance from 1354:

kerma

Haggner

Kayesberg

Dao Lang

Munster

Obenai

Rawson

Sai Rostad te

Tukehan

Weisenburg