Jin Dynasty: During this period, the most primitive celadon has been fired, that is, porcelain painted with celadon. At that time, it was mainly snow in the south and ice and jade in the north. Represented by the original celadon collected by Henan Museum and National Museum.
Sui and Tang dynasties:
Porcelain developed into the Sui Dynasty and entered a stage of prosperity and growth. Tang has already started to have three colors of Tang.
This kind of low-temperature glazed porcelain was produced. Named after the frequent use of yellow, green and brown, it is generally used as a funerary object.
It is divided into vessels, figures and animals, and it is a masterpiece of China ancient pottery craft.
Song and Yuan Dynasties
The Song Dynasty is an extremely glorious historical period of China porcelain industry, and new kilns are constantly emerging everywhere.
There are many famous porcelain kilns at home and abroad. The so-called five famous kilns-Ding Kiln, Ru Kiln, Guan Kiln, Ge Kiln and Jun Kiln are typical representatives. Link: The firing technology of Ru kiln for firing royal celadon reached the acme in the history of China ceramics, and it has the reputation of "the first porcelain in the world and the first in Ru Ci". You can see how precious it is. Ru Ci is made of fine kaolin, and the pearl agate is ground and used on the surface of porcelain, so it has an unusually smooth surface. Glaze is divided into sky blue, pink cyan and sky blue. There is an old saying: "sky blue is precious, pink is precious, sky blue is precious." The glazed bone of official kiln porcelain is hard and thin, and the glazed surface is beautiful, fresh and moist, like fat lines, elegant and smooth.
Ge kiln is also called Zhang kiln. Porcelain is dignified and simple in shape, moist in body and thick in glaze, which is precious to you.
Ding kiln, also called Ding powder, is famous for burning white porcelain. Bowl and dish products are covered with color, and the edge of the mouth is not glazed, commonly known as "mangkou". Jun Kiln is famous for its magical "kilning", mainly firing opalescent glazed porcelain, black porcelain and white porcelain with black flowers. Song porcelain has made great achievements in technology, with rich varieties, simple and beautiful shapes and diverse decoration methods. Guan si Yao Ming Ming Ming porcelain capital
Different styles, some handsome, some vigorous, some elegant, some gorgeous, some simple, some folk colors, a hundred flowers bloom. Because of the war in Yuan Dynasty, the porcelain industry was hit, but there were still new innovations in the porcelain industry, and blue-and-white porcelain and underglaze red techniques appeared.
Ming and Qing Dynasties: Ceramic culture in Ming and Qing Dynasties Before Ming Dynasty, the color of ceramic glaze was mainly blue, while white porcelain was the bulk in Ming Dynasty, which created material conditions for the decoration of porcelain. In the early Qing Dynasty, porcelain-making technology reached a historical peak. In the first and middle period of Qing Dynasty, the social economy of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong entered a prosperous period, and the porcelain-making technology in China reached a historical peak and made great progress. Most of the existing crafts and varieties in the Ming Dynasty were improved or innovated. Enamel wares from West Asia in Qing Dynasty were introduced to China, which made the porcelain in Qing Dynasty more unpredictable and exquisite.
Glaze color development:
Glaze is a color.
red
：
There are Red Sacrifice, Cowpea Red, Ruby Red, Lang Yaohong, Blush, Shanshan Red, Carmine Red, Pink and Begonia.
Red, Liang Hong, Yan Hong, Rou Hong, scarlet, vermilion, scarlet, persimmon red, baby face, etc.
green
：
There are sky blue, pink, bean green, winter cyan, emerald green, gray green, shrimp green, shadow green and egg green.
green
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There are malachite green, Ying Ge green, gem green and melon skin green.
Yellow: there are egg yolk, tender yellow, chicken oil yellow, ginger juice yellow, goose yellow, roe yellow, honey yellow and so on.
Blue: fog blue, sprinkle blue, sky blue, emerald blue, sapphire blue, wipe blue and so on.
white
：
There are tooth white, moonlight white, sweet white, blue white, fish-belly white and so on.
Black: there are black, ink, bird gold and so on. Purple: eggplant skin purple, pig liver purple, rose purple and so on. Furnace hook glaze: composed of sorghum red and emerald green. Kiln red glaze consists of red and blue colors. Tea foam glaze: like brown. Colored Porcelain The decorative techniques of ancient porcelain in China are very rich. Generally speaking, before the Song Dynasty, methods such as carving, marking and printing were used, that is, before the green tire was dry, tools were used to carve or carve patterns on the tire, and then the patterns were carved out of the mold, then glazed and fired in the kiln. The decorative methods of Jingdezhen porcelain in the Yuan Dynasty, besides retaining some practices in the Song Dynasty, also raised a large number of methods of using strokes, called painted porcelain. Colored porcelain can be divided into underglaze color and underglaze color. After drawing the pattern on the blank, glaze the blank. Kiln firing is called underglaze color. Glaze the blank and then paint it on the porcelain that has been fired in the kiln. The color baked by fire is called glaze. China's famous blue and white porcelain is an underglaze color. Doucai, Multicolor, Facai and Pastel are all underglaze colors. China is extremely rich in porcelain paintings, with more than 200 varieties. The following are introduced respectively: Tang Sancai Tang Sancai is the general name of lead glazed pottery in Tang Dynasty. Lead glazed pottery appeared in Han Dynasty and was popular in Tang Dynasty. It is to use yellow, green, white or yellow, green, blue, brown and other basic glaze colors on the same object alternately at the same time, and the low-temperature glazed pottery with yellow, green and white as the main color is called "Tang Sancai". Blue-and-white blue-and-white porcelain, which appeared in the Yuan Dynasty, was widely used in the Ming Dynasty and developed significantly in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty. Blue and white is the underglaze color of porcelain. Blue-and-white and purple are painted on the tire with green materials and copper oxide, and then glazed and burned once, showing two colors, one is blue-and-white and the other is purple, so please add purple to the blue-and-white. The red in the glaze is painted on the tire with copper oxide, and then glazed in the kiln, showing red. The underglaze tricolor The underglaze tricolor is composed of three underglaze colors: blue and white, underglaze red and bean green. The three colors on the glaze are the colors on the glaze of porcelain, which are composed of three colors: yellow, green and purple. There are many kinds of tricolor porcelain in Kangxi period, including yellow tricolor, cyan tricolor, purple tricolor, white tricolor and garland tricolor. Su Sancai was founded in Zhengde period of Ming Dynasty and developed greatly during Jiajing and Wanli years. Generally composed of yellow, green, purple, white, blue and other colors. As long as there is no bright red, it can be called plain tricolor. There are two ways to make plain tricolor in Ming dynasty: one is to glaze directly on the blank and fire it at one time; The other is to glaze the glazed plain porcelain and fire it for the second time. Ink and wash tricolor painting was created in the middle of Kangxi, but it was not burned in the later period, and the number of finished products was very small. Ink tricolor is first engraved on the green tire, then dyed with blue-white, black-red and bean green, and then glazed and fired. China pottery kiln appraisers all recognized that "multi-color paint is the most important, and tri-color ink texture is the most important". It's extremely rare now. Watercolor Watercolor is a porcelain color that appeared in the late Guangxu period. This color contains no powder and has the characteristics of thin color material and beautiful color.
The color is dim, which is a color used in porcelain after Guangxu and Xuan Tong periods. Soft color The so-called soft color is a kind of color with little powder content and dull color. It is between pastel and watercolor, which can be said to belong to the category of pastel. Tongzhi began to appear in the late period, and it was popular in Guangxu and Xuan Tong. Doucai is to outline the outline of the project with underglaze blue and white, then fill the outline with underglaze red, yellow, green and purple, and fire it in the fire, so that underglaze blue and white and underglaze colors can combine and compete with each other. The so-called colorful, not five colors, but the meaning of many colors. Its painting method is roughly the same as fighting color. It is also made by coating various pigments on burnt porcelain and baking it in the fire. The difference is that the glaze color of Doucai is mostly underglaze blue and white, and then the outline of the pattern is filled with pigment. However, multicolored is not. Although there are underglaze blue-and-white colors, they are not only used to outline, but also mostly painted as complete or partial patterns. Brown black or brown red is often used to replace blue-and-white as line drawing of patterns. In addition, there is a kind of colored porcelain, which does not use blue and white for line drawing, but directly adds color to glazed white porcelain. Multicolor is composed of yellow, red, green, purple, blue and other colors. Multicolor in Ming Dynasty is composed of four kinds of underglaze and underglaze blue and white: red, green, yellow and purple. Kangxi multicolored in Qing Dynasty consists of five kinds of over-glaze colors, and the under-glaze blue-and-white part is replaced by the under-glaze blue-and-white part. Common is composed of five colors: red, yellow, green, blue and black. Some even added gold medals. Multicolor in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty can be generally divided into three categories: one is underglaze blue and white, and the other is underglaze yellow, green and magenta. Although there are only four colors, they are alternately intricate and varied in application; One is to add yellow, green, eggplant purple and rock red to the blue and white, and use dark brown or brown red as the line drawing of the pattern. The other is to paint only on the glaze without adding blue and white. Generally speaking, kangcai is light and mingcai is thick, so kangcai is more gorgeous than mingcai. There are many varieties with rich colors, including: red in glaze, red in blue and white glaze, color in sky blue glaze, color in bean green glaze, color in beige glaze, color in elder glaze, color in yellow glaze, color in black glaze and color in ink and wash. Pastel pastel is a kind of glaze color developed on the basis of multicolor. Because there is lead powder in the pigment, it is called pastel. Pastel can be divided into blue and white pastel, red glaze pastel, azure glaze pastel, bean green glaze pastel, Shanshan glaze pastel, red glaze pastel, green glaze pastel, kiln glaze pastel and so on. Enamel: Enamel is the official name of enamel porcelain. It is a kind of exquisite painted porcelain specially designed for the Qing court, and some products are also used to reward heroes. According to the documents and archives of the Qing Palace Construction Institute, it was a new variety of porcelain created at the instigation of Emperor Kangxi. The enamel craftsmen of the Construction Institute successfully transplanted the technique of painting enamel on copper tires to porcelain tires. Enamel color flourished in Yongzheng and Qianlong years, and it is a craft treasure monopolized by the court. The required white porcelain tires are specially made by Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory. After being transported to Beijing, it was painted and burned in the Qing Palace. The required drawings were drafted by Ruyi Pavilion, the manufacturer, decided by the emperor, and painted on porcelain by court painters. Enamel porcelain was created and fired in the late Kangxi period and prevailed in Yongzheng and Qianlong periods. There was still a small amount of firing in the late Qing Dynasty, but the firing place was no longer in the Qing Palace but moved to Jingdezhen. In the early stage, the unglazed part of the carcass was painted with enamel and then painted with flowers. Flowers without birds is a feature. The enamel porcelain of Kangxi dynasty was painted in blue, yellow, purple, turquoise and other colors, and various flower patterns were painted with various enamel materials, with the same color, painting method and style as the bronze tire painting enamel at that time. Bronze color: bronze blue or green rust spots and gold are added to the brown glaze, and the bronze color and decoration are antique, so it is called bronze color. In addition, there are four colors: gold, red, yellow, red and green.
Porcelain is a unique creation of China people? It represents the long-standing civilization of China with its unique national cultural characteristics. It is the bridge and link between China culture and the development of world culture. From the characteristics and connotation of porcelain? It perfectly reflects the face of China culture. As the internal inheritance and external carrier of traditional culture? Porcelain is worth savoring.