Problem description:

Introduce the origin, development and future of glasses in detail! ! !

Analysis:

Development history and application of glass

The Origin and Development of Glass

China's glasses have a long history. Both Chinese and foreign history books record that glasses originated in China, which is the inheritance of our ancient culture, medical care and skills. Its development and changes have experienced thousands of years of history.

We said that glasses were imported from China, which is well documented, and it was at the end of 13. In western countries, glasses first appeared at the end of 13. At that time, there was an Italian named Kyle Bohr 6, who lived in a small country for seventeen years, worked for the court of the Yuan Dynasty and traveled all over China. At that time, he was very interested when he saw someone wearing glasses in the court of the Yuan Dynasty. After he returned to China, he spread his glasses to the west, so the earliest place to make glasses in the west was Venice, Kelpolo's hometown. In addition, Kyle Poirot's travels also record that old people wear glasses to read novels and small print.

The most primitive glasses originated from lenses (magnifying glasses), and its manufacture and application are closely related to the appearance of optical lenses. It is said that the principle of optical refraction that glasses can enlarge the image of an object was first discovered by accident in daily life. At that time, a mosquito was seen trapped by a drop of rosin resin crystal. Through this rosin crystal ball, they saw that mosquitoes were very big, which inspired people's understanding of optical refraction, and then polished them into convex lenses with crystals to enlarge tiny objects in order to solve people's visual difficulties. This is the era of glasses in China.

According to The Best in the World, "Emperor China observed the stars through a lens meter in 2283 BC. Glasses were introduced into foreign countries from China. According to Confucius (55 BC1? 79) said: At that time, some people in China wore glasses made of crystals and other transparent minerals to treat their eyes or block the sun.

Through preliminary research, as far as the history of lenses and glasses is concerned, as early as the Warring States period (2300 years ago), Mozi's l 5 volume already contained many discussions on light and mirror, convex mirror and concave mirror. In the 3rd century BC, the ancient Chinese made a fire through a lens. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng discovered that the initial reasons for the moon's profit and loss and the eclipse were also with the help of lenses.

The oldest glasses in China are circular monocles (now magnifying glasses) made of aquatic products or transparent minerals. It is said that Zhu Zhishan, a college student, once used this kind of glasses. In the Song Dynasty, some people used crystal mirrors to keep out the sunlight to improve their eyesight.

It has been called "glasses" since the Ming Dynasty.

/kloc-In the Yuan Dynasty in the 0/3rd century, China was able to use the refractive index of crystal to make glasses to help solve the problem of poor eyesight, but not many people wore glasses at that time. Xuande Period of Ming Dynasty [A.D. 14! 6- 1435), a "single lens" mirror (similar to the current magnifying glass) began to appear. In view of the processing technology at that time, only reading glasses were circulated in the palace. The emperor often gave them to old ministers as royal gifts to correct presbyopia. Since then, glasses have entered human life. In the future, for the convenience of use, some lenses will be sewn on the hat, and some will be installed in the iron ring.

It was not until the16th century that a pair of glasses appeared on the bridge of the nose. Both ends of the glasses frame were tied with iron wires and hung on the ears. Since then, the production of spectacle frames has been continuously improved, gradually from complex to simple, from rough to exquisite. There are paper rings, patent leather, horns, tortoise shells, copper rings and so on.

These different frames extended to the late Qing Dynasty and began to be replaced by temples, which were both beautiful and convenient, and even appeared the trend of wearing glasses (flat mirrors). During the Qianlong period, there was a sentence in Zhong Zhangci by Li, which said, "Teenagers don't always have romantic feelings, and Li Cong prefers red makeup", meaning that Jiangnan people regard wearing glasses as a fashion, and some people wear colored glasses above the bride to hide their shame when they get married.

The evolution of materials and forms of China limited mirrors is changing with the progress of the times and the development of industry and handicraft industry. Judging from the evolution of glasses form and frames (frames), the oldest glasses in China have only one lens, which is held by hand, and there is no frame. Later, in order to facilitate hand holding, the lens was made of wood (later made of metal) and fixed on a single-handle frame, which is still operated by hand (such as today's single-handle magnifying glass). In the Ming Dynasty, the lenses made of crystal in the mountainous area of the small country Gusu (now Suzhou) were mounted on a single-handle copper frame and called monocular glasses. Suzhou is a prosperous place of crystal glass production in China. Crystal glass has been spread from ancient times to modern times, sold all over the country and spread overseas.

With the progress and development of the times, because single-handle glasses are inconvenient to use, at first, two single-handle glasses are connected by pins or riveting, as shown in figure 1, and the rotating shaft can be separated and combined up and down, wrapped around the head or hat with a rope, or clamped on the bridge of the nose with pressure. The oldest picture frame (picture frame) is made of wood, paper, animal keratin, leather, tortoise shell and other materials, and later developed to use gold bending materials, such as; Copper, iron, gold, silver and modern alloys, gold plating, gold plating, K gold, stainless steel and plastic materials. Early glasses were round or oval, and some only had legless clothes with frames; Some have legs, unlike the style of modern glasses.

For example, the tripod is folded: the legs with tripod are also folded: the mirror boxes are all made of paper and painted. Can be hung on the belt as decoration, and the styles are round and oval. (as shown in Figure 1 Jujube 2) In addition, there are lens covers and lens bags for glasses, which mainly protect the glasses and are convenient to carry.

The formation and development of China glasses industry can be roughly divided into three historical development stages.

The formation of commercial gangs in Ming and Qing Dynasties

In the history of our country (about1417th century), with the development of individual handicraft industry, the use scope of glasses began to spread and expand to the people, and the manufacturing technology also made new progress.

China Gusu (Suzhou) is the birthplace of China glasses. Suzhou's glasses production not only has a long history, but also plays a great role in promoting the development of China's glasses industry. In the early Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1628), an outstanding technical handsome man appeared in the history of Suzhou glasses. His name is Sun, his name is Sun, and his name is Spencer. He was originally from Wujiang. He has been studious since he was a child. At that time, it was painful for him to see people with poor eyesight, but it was inconvenient to use a "single lens" mirror or the like. So he painstakingly developed a kind of lens that can be worn on eyes often. After repeated experiments, he invented and created a lens grinder-tractor by using mechanical principle. This tractor, the so-called water orange processed by the classical method, uses the pedal to rotate, and uses mineral sand, white mud and brick ash as abrasives or polishing materials to grind the lenses into convex and concave lenses to meet the needs of eye refraction. Finally, it mastered the "grinding" technology. Grinding lenses with natural crystal stone. At the same time, he mastered the "aiming light"

Now called optometry), according to people's age and vision, we have developed lenses with various luminosity such as presbyopia, myopia and hyperopia, and compiled a set of original "mirror-eye matching" optometry methods to check the environment. In this way, the glasses can fit the eyes, the effect is not bad at all, and it is more convenient and comfortable to wear on the face to meet everyone's vision needs. This is the beginning of China's subjective optometry.

Later, Sun invented and developed optical lenses with different uses, such as Baihua mirror, Yuan Yang Jing, magnifying glass, polygon mirror and magic mirror. Since then, the glasses made by Sun Qiu Yun have become world-famous. Unfortunately, such an accomplished technician died at the age of 33. However, he left a scientific and technological work named n4 History of Mirrors, which played an immeasurable role in promoting the glasses manufacturing technology in later generations.

After Sun, during the Qianlong and Jiaqing years of the Qing Dynasty, there was another person who made glasses in Suzhou, named Chu Sanshan. He further developed the technology of making glasses, which was quite influential.

Suzhou produced two outstanding technical talents who made glasses, Sun and Chu Sanshan, which promoted the formation and development of Suzhou glasses industry at that time. 1735, Suzhou has a manual workshop specializing in the production of glasses.

By the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, the production and sales of glasses had flourished in Beijing, Shanghai, Suzhou, Tianjin, Guangzhou and other places. Glasses have become a special commodity.

2. The smooth development of the optical industry in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.

From the Opium War of 1840, western optician technology was introduced to China, which opened up a new road for the stubborn optician industry. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, first of all, an Englishman, J. HnGoddard, opened the "Gaode Foreign Firm" in Shanghai, specializing in machine grinding optical glasses. Then other foreigners came. For example, Tobin started "Mingjing Foreign Firm" and "Remote Foreign Firm" run by British Jew Ram Tann.

Since then, in 19, Zhongmin raised funds to establish China Jingyi Glasses Company. Due to the opening of Le 'an Glasses Company, China's glasses industry has made new progress, especially in optometry.

① Began to abolish the long-term use of "Love winning numbers" optometry glasses in old stores and adopt the optometry technology combining subject and object.

Pet-name ruby eliminated the method of making lenses by pure manual operation, set up mechanical grinding equipment and developed grinding technology. At this time, we can not only grind out lenses with different specifications, but also start to supervise various frames (frames) ourselves.

(3) In terms of inspection, grinding, cutting, assembly, straightening and manufacturing, we have adopted some new technologies and equipment from abroad, trained a generation of professionals who make glasses, and laid a solid foundation for the rapid formation of a new technical team in China's glasses industry.

Because the glasses produced by Le 'an Glasses Company meet the needs of Chinese people, and the price is lower than that of foreign goods, it quickly occupied the Chinese market and opened branches in various places. By World War I, Lean Glasses had set up 18 branches in Beijing, Hong Kong, Tianjin, Jinan, Shenyang, Dalian, Harbin, Nanjing, Wuxi, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Yangzhou, Hankou, Changsha, Nanchang, Kaifeng, Guangzhou and Chongqing.

Before the Anti-Japanese War, the products of Le 'an Eye Basket Company won an award at Panama World Expo. 19 19, Dr. Sun Yat-sen went to the branch of Guangzhou Lean Company for optometry and glasses, and wrote the inscription "Keep improving".

Around 1935, in addition to Le 'an Glasses Company, several large professional glasses companies such as Maochang Glasses Company and Wu Glasses Company were opened. These professional glasses are equipped with advanced optometry equipment and special machines for lens processing, polishing and trimming.

At the same time, the glasses industry in Beijing has also made great progress. Shenchang Watch and Glasses Store and Daming Eyepiece Company (founded in 1937) have been established in Beijing successively, and there are ophthalmoscopes and lens processing workshops in the front store and the back factory respectively. At the same time, the original old-fashioned production mode-cottage industry workshop has also been developed and increased, and its production skills have been constantly innovated, and some imported materials have been adopted to update old-fashioned glasses in form. Since then, the glasses industry in Beijing has flourished, and then the glasses trade union was established to coordinate the problems of the whole industry. This is the general formation process of the old China Beijing glasses industry.

3. Changes and leaps in the optical industry after the founding of New China.

In old China, although the development of the glasses industry has begun to take shape, and there are trade organizations such as trade gangs or trade associations, its production and distribution are private shops and family workshops, and the products are mostly decorations of the ruling class, with low output and high price, so the development is slow. Especially in the production industry. Until the eve of liberation, there were only a few manufacturers of glasses in China, all of which were one household, with more than a dozen JL workers and at least one or two people. Moreover, the production technology is very backward, the product quality is inferior, the variety is monotonous, and the system has been the same for decades.

After the founding of New China, under the guidance of the Party's correct line, glasses production started from small family workshops and developed into small enterprises organized for cooperative production. Before Beijing cooperation and public-private partnership, there were only a few optical industries and businesses.

There are nearly 100 small workshops in the industry with more than 270 employees; Commercial * * * has 39 full-time and part-time shops with less than 300 employees, of which only 10 (namely Lean, Daming, Dongfang, Smart, Changming, Siming, Baolong, Liu Mingzhai and Sun Changji).

There is a production workshop in front of the store, followed by a factory and a glasses processing workshop attached to the Department of Ophthalmology of Tongren Hospital, with 46 production workers.

With the rapid development of China's economic construction, the glasses industry has also developed vigorously. In terms of industry, Beijing, Shanghai, Suzhou and other major producing areas have a certain scale of glasses production bases. For example, Shanghai No.1 Glasses Factory, Shanghai No.2 Glasses Factory, Beijing Glasses Factory, Beijing 608 Factory, Beijing 603 Factory and Suzhou Glasses Factory. , has become a large-scale backbone enterprise in China optical industry, with a scale of nearly 1,000 national medium-sized enterprises. The number, quality and supporting capacity of its production personnel rank first in China. Some products are municipal or national quality products, and some brand-name products have been exported for many years, enjoying a good reputation at home and abroad.

In addition, some enterprises in the national defense industry and some enterprises in the instrument industry have turned to the production and processing of glasses industry, and the commercial service departments have also continuously expanded or increased their sales outlets, adding L optometry equipment and instruments. Some cities also attach great importance to theoretical education, such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Tianjin and Chongqing. Short-term training courses on glasses technology and professional technical schools for employees have also been set up, which have trained a large number of professional and technical talents for the glasses industry.

1985 In April, the inaugural meeting of "China Glasses Association" initiated and led by the Ministry of Light Industry was held in Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province. In-laws of collective member enterprises 140 people, including 85 large-scale backbone enterprises, were transferred to the Ministry of Light Industry, the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Machinery Industry, the Ministry of Weapons Industry, the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, the Ministry of Health and the State Science and Technology Commission. In 14 provinces, municipalities, autonomous regions and other 3 1 cities; * * * There are 27,237 employees. Among them, there are 393 technicians: more than 500 employees 15, 29 employees/200-500 employees, and 4 employees1o employees/200 employees. According to the economic nature, there are 65,438+05 national enterprises, 49 collective enterprises, 10 township enterprises and several Sino-foreign joint ventures. The net fixed assets of these 85 * * * sets145.22 million yuan, 1984 production capacity: 20180,000 sub-frames, including 5.9 million metal frames. Lenses16.09 million pairs, blanks16.94 million pairs; The total output value is 65.438+0.4 billion yuan, the total sales amount is 290 million yuan, the total profit is 34.49 million yuan, and the annual export of spectacle frames and lenses is 65.438+0.5 million, earning 750,000 US dollars. Nearly 100 factories and businesses have applied to join the glasses association since it was established more than a year ago. By the end of 1986, it had grown to 240 collective member enterprises with more than 30,000 employees.

The development of China glasses industry has experienced thousands of years of development and changes. Up to now, it has formed a large industry with a certain scale and supporting production capacity, which has become an indispensable part of the whole national economy and made due contributions to the country and the people.

The nature and function of glasses

1. What are glasses?

The so-called glasses are a tool worn on people's heads, foreheads and eyes to beautify their faces, correct their eyesight and protect their eyes. Glasses are composed of lenses and frames (i.e. frames and temples) (if you touch glasses, you will go out). Nothing is called a frame, and nothing is called a frame. Its shape, frame, legs and legs all change with the changes of the times and the invention and discovery of new materials and technologies, and it has the symbol of works of art of the times.

2. The nature and function of glasses

Glasses are not only a necessity to protect and control eyes, but also a beauty ornament. From the function of the lens, it has the functions of regulating the amount of light entering the eye, increasing vision, protecting eye safety and treating eye diseases clinically. Can be used for treating strabismus of children caused by ametropia and headache of ametropia patients after wearing glasses. The function of spectacle frame is not only to form spectacles for people to wear on their eyes as a support, but also to be cosmetic and decorative. Modern pop people emphasize that glasses should be coordinated with people's facial makeup and clothing, which embodies the symbol of superb social class, elegant knowledge and fashion. Therefore, the historical position and function of glasses are summarized as: "At present, glasses protect the spiritual window and correct vision is beneficial to the people." The properties and functions of glasses are basically summarized.

The so-called "window of the soul" is put forward according to the evaluation of the position and function of the eyes in various organs of the human body by foreign experts and scholars in glasses and ophthalmology. Therefore, glasses are also a tool to protect the window of the soul.

With the rapid development of social technology, the continuous improvement of people's culture and living standards, and the development of vision care's work, glasses will play an important role in people's lives.