(Tang Ying)

How did sign language for deaf people come into being? Some people say that sign language has existed in ancient times and is not exclusive to deaf people. In ancient times, all human beings were in a simple oral stage, and they often made various gestures with their hands to express their meaning. The ancients were mainly hunting and farming, and there were few rules to follow in society, so the deaf could better adapt to life. However, after the development of culture, society progressed and many abstract symbols appeared. In order to adapt to social life, they have to express their feelings in sign language. In any case, in order to communicate with people simply, the deaf try to express their emotions properly with the most vivid gestures (including the coordination of other parts of the body and facial expressions, of course), or engage in other ideological exchange activities, which is the reason and process of the emergence of natural sign language. Natural sign language is produced and used regardless of national boundaries, nationalities and regions, and its daily language is similar.

However, with the expansion of communication, especially the establishment of deaf-mute schools, natural sign language in various places has gradually been standardized. Influenced by local language, culture, customs and living environment, the differences between derived sign language vocabulary and new sign language vocabulary are constantly expanding, and finally sign languages and dialects of various countries are formed.

Slave owners in those days deliberately put slaves from different language backgrounds together to prevent slaves from ganging up. In order to communicate, these people have to invent a temporary pronoun. This language was often used in early colonies. This language is called "Pidgin", which is naturally simple, rough and broken. A researcher pointed out that the only way to make Pidgin a complex and complete language is to introduce children who have just started learning their mother tongue into this context. Children will turn Pidgin into a brand-new language with rich expressions and inherent rules. Nicaragua had its first school for the deaf when Sandino came to power in 1979, and the lip reading promoted by the school was very poor. When children play games and take the school bus, they add gestures to communicate at home and invent their own sign language system. This is how the popular sign language in Nicaragua was formed.

The establishment of schools for the deaf has played such a role. Sign languages of all countries and dialects of all parts of the country were finally formed in local schools for the deaf. The transmission of sign language from generation to generation is often achieved through schools for the deaf. Therefore, schools for the deaf play a central role in the emergence and development of sign language. However, when schools for the deaf are restricted by external administrative pressure, this core role is transferred to local deaf communities, such as deaf teahouses and deaf clubs. This often happens in history. For example, both Europe and America once advocated oral teaching and prohibited deaf schools from using sign language. China also advocates oral English teaching, but it does not really prohibit deaf schools from using sign language. Instead, it promotes Chinese sign language in schools for the deaf. But so far, it is mainly unilaterally promoted from top to bottom, and a good bottom-up feedback modification system has not been established in time. Unfortunately, most of the optimization and improvement measures produced by deaf teachers and students have been dissipated and wasted. If deaf schools hire more deaf teachers, if teachers and students in deaf schools have more right to speak, and if a national sign language research and development institution is established, Chinese sign language is expected to accelerate towards maturity and popularization.

Looking back, we can see the relationship between deaf-mute schools and sign language. Formal education for the deaf developed more than 400 years ago, and the first deaf educator that can be visited at present is French priest draper. He invented sign language for his own needs to facilitate management and training. 1760, his shelter was changed into a national school for the deaf, and he served as the first principal. The United States established a shelter in 18 17 to accommodate the deaf and began to use sign language, which originated in France. Japan is very imitative. 1880, the first school for the deaf was established in Tokyo, followed by schools for the deaf in Osaka and Kyoto. From 65438 to 0895, Taiwan Province Province was occupied by the Japanese for 50 years. During this period, the Japanese set up schools for the deaf in Tainan and Taibei, Taiwan Province Province, and most of the sign languages used were Tokyo and Osaka.

The history of Chinese sign language work is only 100 years. 1887 (Guangxu in Qing dynasty 13), American missionary Merris founded a school for the deaf in Dengzhou (now Penglai), Shandong province, collected the gestures of the deaf in China, and introduced the finger letters into China. This is the beginning of Chinese sign language application and deaf education. In the mid-1950s after liberation, the China Welfare Association for the Deaf organized and sorted out the local gestures of the deaf in China, and selected Beijing, Shenyang, Harbin, Qingdao, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Lanzhou, Chengdu, Kunming and other cities 1 1 as bases, and made a comprehensive screening on the basis of local gestures, and compiled * * 4 sets of universal gestures for the deaf. This is the official start of Chinese sign language work. At the end of 1985, China Association for the Blind and Deaf entrusted Shanghai Association for the Blind and Deaf to comprehensively revise four sets of general sign language maps for the deaf, and put forward revision opinions, which were discussed and passed at the third national sign language work conference. Renamed as Chinese sign language, * * is divided into 15, with 3330 characters. At the end of 1992, the China Deaf Association set up a working group on Chinese sign language neologisms, asking all parts of the country to collect new words and gestures that were not included in Chinese sign language but were urgently needed. 1In August, 1993, a meeting was held in Harbin to examine and approve Chinese sign language neologisms and new gestures, and 2,266 neologisms and new gestures were published as a sequel to Chinese sign language. Two episodes of Chinese sign language earned more than 5600 words of gestures.

How did sign language for deaf people come into being? Some people say that sign language has existed in ancient times and is not exclusive to deaf people. In ancient times, all human beings were in a simple oral stage, and they often made various gestures with their hands to express their meaning. The ancients were mainly hunting and farming, and there were few rules to follow in society, so the deaf could better adapt to life. However, after the development of culture, society progressed and many abstract symbols appeared. In order to adapt to social life, they have to express their feelings in sign language. In any case, in order to communicate with people simply, the deaf try to express their emotions properly with the most vivid gestures (including the coordination of other parts of the body and facial expressions, of course), or engage in other ideological exchange activities, which is the reason and process of the emergence of natural sign language. Natural sign language is produced and used regardless of national boundaries, nationalities and regions, and its daily language is similar.

However, with the expansion of communication, especially the establishment of deaf-mute schools, natural sign language in various places has gradually been standardized. Influenced by local language, culture, customs and living environment, the differences between derived sign language vocabulary and new sign language vocabulary are constantly expanding, and finally sign languages and dialects of various countries are formed.

Slave owners in those days deliberately put slaves from different language backgrounds together to prevent slaves from ganging up. In order to communicate, these people have to invent a temporary pronoun. This language was often used in early colonies. This language is called "Pidgin", which is naturally simple, rough and broken. A researcher pointed out that the only way to make Pidgin a complex and complete language is to introduce children who have just started learning their mother tongue into this context. Children will turn Pidgin into a brand-new language with rich expressions and inherent rules. Nicaragua had its first school for the deaf when Sandino came to power in 1979, and the lip reading promoted by the school was very poor. When children play games and take the school bus, they add gestures to communicate at home and invent their own sign language system. This is how the popular sign language in Nicaragua was formed.

The establishment of schools for the deaf has played such a role. Sign languages of all countries and dialects of all parts of the country were finally formed in local schools for the deaf. The transmission of sign language from generation to generation is often achieved through schools for the deaf. Therefore, schools for the deaf play a central role in the emergence and development of sign language. However, when schools for the deaf are restricted by external administrative pressure, this core role is transferred to local deaf communities, such as deaf teahouses and deaf clubs. This often happens in history. For example, both Europe and America once advocated oral teaching and prohibited deaf schools from using sign language. China also advocates oral English teaching, but it does not really prohibit deaf schools from using sign language. Instead, it promotes Chinese sign language in schools for the deaf. But so far, it is mainly unilaterally promoted from top to bottom, and a good bottom-up feedback modification system has not been established in time. Unfortunately, most of the optimization and improvement measures produced by deaf teachers and students have been dissipated and wasted. If deaf schools hire more deaf teachers, if teachers and students in deaf schools have more right to speak, and if a national sign language research and development institution is established, Chinese sign language is expected to accelerate towards maturity and popularization.

Looking back, we can see the relationship between deaf-mute schools and sign language. Formal education for the deaf developed more than 400 years ago, and the first deaf educator that can be visited at present is French priest draper. He invented sign language for his own needs to facilitate management and training. 1760, his shelter was changed into a national school for the deaf, and he served as the first principal. The United States established a shelter in 18 17 to accommodate the deaf and began to use sign language, which originated in France. Japan is very imitative. 1880, the first school for the deaf was established in Tokyo, followed by schools for the deaf in Osaka and Kyoto. From 65438 to 0895, Taiwan Province Province was occupied by the Japanese for 50 years. During this period, the Japanese set up schools for the deaf in Tainan and Taibei, Taiwan Province Province, and most of the sign languages used were Tokyo and Osaka.

The history of Chinese sign language work is only 100 years. 1887 (Guangxu in Qing dynasty 13), American missionary Merris founded a school for the deaf in Dengzhou (now Penglai), Shandong province, collected the gestures of the deaf in China, and introduced the finger letters into China. This is the beginning of Chinese sign language application and deaf education. In the mid-1950s after liberation, the China Welfare Association for the Deaf organized and sorted out the local gestures of the deaf in China, and selected Beijing, Shenyang, Harbin, Qingdao, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Lanzhou, Chengdu, Kunming and other cities 1 1 as bases, and made a comprehensive screening on the basis of local gestures, and compiled * * 4 sets of universal gestures for the deaf. This is the official start of Chinese sign language work. At the end of 1985, China Association for the Blind and Deaf entrusted Shanghai Association for the Blind and Deaf to comprehensively revise four sets of general sign language maps for the deaf, and put forward revision opinions, which were discussed and passed at the third national sign language work conference. Renamed as Chinese sign language, * * is divided into 15, with 3330 characters. At the end of 1992, the China Deaf Association set up a working group on Chinese sign language neologisms, asking all parts of the country to collect new words and gestures that were not included in Chinese sign language but were urgently needed. 1In August, 1993, a meeting was held in Harbin to examine and approve Chinese sign language neologisms and new gestures, and 2,266 neologisms and new gestures were published as a sequel to Chinese sign language. Two episodes of Chinese sign language earned more than 5600 words of gestures.