Disintegration of well site system. The land changed from state-owned to private.
According to the first document, what are the characteristics of agricultural management in China during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period? 1. The use of iron and Niu Geng provided conditions for intensive cultivation, and the output per unit area of grain was greatly improved.
2. Water conservancy development. The improvement of labor tools has promoted the development of water conservancy irrigation, such as the construction of "Shaobei" and the excavation of Han ditch, which has promoted the development of agricultural production.
3. Disintegration of well site system. Land changed from state-owned to private.
Changes of agricultural development in China from Shang Dynasty to Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period? Shang and Zhou dynasties were the era of slash and burn, and the level of productivity was low.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, agricultural production in China made great progress, which was due to the innovation of iron farm tools and Niu Geng technology. Productivity has been greatly improved, a large number of private fields have appeared, and the feudal system has collapsed.
What are the characteristics of eloquence art in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period? The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were a period of great exchange and collision between culture and art, which achieved unprecedented prosperity and development. Thank you.
What was the reform and development of agricultural development in China during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period? Niu Geng
At first, a pedal cultivator called "Lei Lei" was used in the Central Plains. The helmsman holds Lei Lei's handle with his hand, puts his foot on the blade, pierces the blade into the soil and stirs it outward, thus digging out a piece of soil. Cultivated land is to dig up the soil piece by piece, and the cultivator needs to dig a piece and take a step back. This intermittent method of returning farmland to farmland requires a lot of force and the effect is not good. Legend has it that cattle were used to drive cars as early as Shang Dynasty. Some people think that Niu Geng existed in Shang Dynasty according to the hieroglyphics of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's "Plow", but this statement is not sufficient. In the Spring and Autumn Period, there is no doubt that Niu Geng has used it. In this way, the cultivated land will continue to advance, get twice the result with half the effort, and the effect is good, which is an important reform of farming technology. Niu Geng began in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in the East. After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin came from behind and was widely used. At that time, horses were also used to cultivate land. In order to attach importance to agriculture, Shang Yang stipulated: "Those who steal horses die, and those who steal cattle add." It is said in Salt and Iron Theory that "the ancients" used horse-drawn carts when walking and "stopped farming". The "ancients" mentioned by the Han people refer to the Warring States and the Qin Dynasty. The combination of animal power and iron provides conditions for intensive cultivation.
Progress of agricultural technology and the rise of agricultural science
Agricultural technology made remarkable progress in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In the words at that time, this farming technique was called "deep ploughing and easy ploughing", which required deep ploughing and quick hoeing. Irrigation methods, the Central Plains has generally used oranges for irrigation, rather than the original method of holding bottles for irrigation. During the Warring States Period, farmers knew about fertilization, and the word "fertile field" in Xunzi Guo Fu Chapter showed that farmers knew the importance of fertilization at that time. You not only know how to use animal manure, but also know how to use plant ash and green manure to cut weeds, burn them into ashes or irrigate them to rot, and use them as fertilizers to improve the soil. Paying attention to fertilizer accumulation is an important factor to improve agricultural output. Fertilization in Europe didn't start until 10 century and10 century, which was later than in China 1300 ~ 1400 years. During the Warring States period, attention was paid to the selection of fine varieties, that is to say, to increase grain output, it is necessary to choose fine varieties. People have begun to study soil, and advocate distinguishing soil properties first and choosing crops suitable for a certain soil to sow. The remarkable progress in agriculture during the Warring States Period initiated the fine tradition of intensive cultivation in China. At that time, people already knew to use manpower to change the status quo of soil. That is, cultivated land should be divided according to the hardness of the land. Hard land must be cultivated first, and soft land can be cultivated later. Pay attention to moisture conservation in high dry fields; Pay attention to the drainage of low humidity fields. In order to create excellent conditions for the growth of crops, ridges should be wide and flat, and ditches should be small and deep; Seedlings must be arranged vertically and horizontally to facilitate ventilation; In fertile land, seedlings should be kept dense, while in barren land, seedlings should be kept thin. If the seedlings on fertile land are sparse, the number of ineffective tillers will increase, and the seedlings on barren land will die because of insufficient water and fertilizer supply. These practices are in line with the principles of agricultural science. People at that time also understood the importance of farming time. Texaco wheat has good growth and development, strong plants, large ears, dark color, heavy seeds, less pests, high flour yield, delicious taste and good hunger tolerance. The "first time" wheat seedlings are born too early and are vulnerable to pests and diseases; "Late" wheat seedlings are fragile, with sparse ears and bad color. Therefore, it is emphasized that farming must be timely.
The increase of agricultural output during the Warring States period
Due to the extensive use of iron farm tools, the development of irrigation and the progress of agricultural technology, especially the improvement of farmers' enthusiasm for production, the output per unit area has increased. According to the estimation of agricultural output of Wei in the early years of Warring States, one acre of land can produce one stone and a half millet in general, which is equivalent to nine buckets per acre. According to Records of Historical Records Biography of Rivers and Channels, the land irrigated by water in Zheng Guoqu can get one clock per mu. A clock is six stones and four buckets, which is equivalent to three stones, eight buckets and four liters per mu. Under the production conditions in the late Warring States period more than 2000 years ago, the output was really high.
Dujiangyan irrigation system
From about 256 BC to 25 BC1year, Li Bing was appointed as the shoulder of Shu County by Zhao Haoqi, the king of Qin. The upper reaches of Minjiang River are high in mountains and deep in valleys, and the current is swift. When we reached Chengdu Plain, the speed of water suddenly slowed down, and the sediment and stones carried with it were deposited and silted. Every year, the water potential soars in summer and autumn, and the areas below guanxian (now Sichuan) are often flooded. After the rainy season, there will be drought again. In order to irrigate farmland and turn water disasters into water conservancy, Li Bing summed up the previous water conservancy experience, guided by the situation and relied on the local people to build Dujiangyan water conservancy project in Dujiangyan City, where the Minjiang River flows into the plain.
Dujiangyan water conservancy project consists of two parts: canal head and canal system. The headwork includes three main parts: Du Jiang Yuzui, Sha Fei Weir and Baokou. Du Jiang Yuzui is a water diversion project built in the middle reaches of Minjiang River. It divides the Minjiang River into two parts, the east is called Neijiang, which is used for irrigation canal water, and the west is called Waijiang, which is the main stream of the Minjiang River. On the south bank of Minjiang River near Dujiangyan City, the foot of Lei Yu Mountain was cut to form separate stone piles, that is, detached piles, and a narrow water inlet, that is, bottle mouth. The inland river flows into the cobweb-dense river system through the bottle mouth. There are "Doumen" at the big and small entrances. When water is needed, the bucket door can be opened, and when there is too much water, the bucket door can be closed. "Drought will make water seep, and rain will block the water gate" (Huayang National Records and Records). When the Minjiang River rose in summer, Dujiang River's fish mouth was flooded, leaving piles as the second water diversion site. In order to regulate the water quantity in Neijiang, a flying sand weir was built between Jingang levee and Lidui in Neijiang. When the flood surges, the water in Neijiang can overflow the flying sand weir and flow into the outer river to ensure the safety of the irrigation system in Neijiang. Dujiangyan water conservancy project is a comprehensive water conservancy project with irrigation as the main function and both flood control and traffic functions. It not only eased the flood disaster in Minjiang River, but also facilitated shipping, irrigated more than 3 million mu of farmland, and made Chengdu Plain a "land of abundance" (Huayang National Records). Dujiangyan has the advantages of proper site selection, reasonable project layout, strict and complete supporting facilities, local building materials and self-flow irrigation throughout the system, which has benefited the people for more than 2,200 years. Dujiangyan has more than 520 branch canals with a total length of about 1 100 km. Before liberation, the project was in disrepair, and the irrigation area was reduced to more than 2 million mu. After liberation, it was vigorously rectified and expanded, and now the irrigation area has expanded to more than 8 million mu. It is not only a pearl in the history of water conservancy in China, but also occupies an important position in the history of water conservancy in the world.
What are the characteristics of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period? To put it simply: the war continued, the thoughts were actively divided, slavery collapsed, the small-scale peasant economy began to develop, and the landlord class entered the historical stage!
What are the artistic characteristics of costumes in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period? The costume pattern in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period evolved from the decorative pattern tradition in the slave society of Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The decorative patterns in Shang and Zhou Dynasties emphasized exaggeration and deformation, and the structure was based on the geometric framework, with the central axis as symmetry. The patterns were closely attached within the geometric framework, especially exaggerating the head, horn, eyes, nose, mouth and claws of animals. The outline lines, which are dominated by straight lines and supplemented by circular arcs, present a unified and severe aesthetics. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with the disintegration of slavery and the active social thoughts, the style of decorative arts also changed from traditional closed to open, from deformation to realism, from linear theme to free curve theme, from static dignified to lively. However, in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, rectangular and triangular geometric bones and symmetry techniques were still used in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, but they were not limited by geometric bones and were often regarded as the basis of unified layout, rather than "functional bones". In other words, patterns can transcend the boundaries of geometric framework according to the creative intention and be handled flexibly. Taking the embroidery patterns unearthed from Chu Tomb of Mashan Brick Factory in Jiangling, Hubei Province and Martyrs Park in Changsha during the Warring States Period as examples, besides traditional themes such as dragons and phoenixes, animals and geometric patterns, realistic and deformed Hua Teng are all new themes with the characteristics of the times. Hua Teng interweaves vivid and romantic bird and beast patterns, and Hua Teng spreads and grows along the patterned bones, rectangular bones, rhombic bones and diagonal bones, playing the role of "non-functional bones" (that is, geometric bones that are not stiff and exposed). They are freely interspersed, some are repeated and continuous along the bone line, some are divided into patterns, some are symmetrical and continuous, some are symmetrical and continuous up and down, and some are shifted and symmetrical and continuous according to the staggered 1/2 position. Flowers and vines play a decorative role, as well as bones. In the space where branches and vines crisscross, birds and animals are decorated. Animal patterns are usually realistic in the head, but simplified in the body. Some of them are directly integrated with vines, some are intertwined, some are realistically deformed, some are integrated with several animals, and some are symbiotic with plants. They combine animal and plant variants with geometric bones in a rich, beautiful and diverse way, which reflects the high activity and maturity of clothing pattern design ideas in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Due to the flexible application of the alignment layout of geometric skeleton, the combination of juxtaposition symmetry and displacement symmetry, and the breaking of the boundary of geometric skeleton frame, the pattern not only has strict numerical order, but also has ingenious interspersed changes. Although the structure is very complex, with overlapping layers, it is still complex and not chaotic. In addition, geometric patterns are also very popular.
The theme of costume patterns in the Warring States period has certain symbolic significance. The most popular dragon and phoenix at that time not only symbolized the prosperity of the court, but also symbolized a happy marriage. Both cranes and deer symbolize longevity. The bird is a symbol of the queen's status, and the owl symbolizes the god of victory. The above themes are mostly used for embroidery. Due to the limitation of jacquard technology, silk weaving patterns in the Warring States period were mostly limited to diamond patterns, checkered patterns, complex diamond patterns and variant patterns filled with figures, chariots, horses and animals. Limited by space, this book can't cover all these exquisite patterns.
Outstanding performance of agricultural science and technology development in China during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period 1. The widespread use of iron farm tools. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with the maturity of pig iron and iron and steel smelting technology, iron farm tools were widely used.
2. Technology popularization in Niu Geng.
3. The tradition of intensive cultivation began to take shape. Many agricultural technologies are close to modern times.
4. Dujiangyan, Zheng Guoqu and other large-scale water conservancy projects have started one after another, and the irrigation level of farmland water conservancy has been greatly improved.
5. The emergence of plant ecology and taxonomy of animals and plants.
What were the major changes in agriculture in China during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period? The emergence of iron plough agricultural production mode in Niu Geng