Perilla frutescens, also known as Cinnamomum cassia, Perilla frutescens and Perilla frutescens, belongs to the genus Panicum in Labiatae. Originated in China.
[Medicinal value of perilla frutescens]
Perilla frutescens is eaten with tender leaves and is rich in nutrition. Besides vitamins and mineral salts, it also contains organic chemicals, such as perillaldehyde, perillalcohol, menthol, eugenol and stachydrine. According to its unique fragrance, it has bactericidal and antiseptic effects. Roots, stems, leaves, calyx and fruit can all be used as medicine, which has the functions of dispelling cold, regulating qi and detoxifying fish and crabs. Boiling fish and crabs with perilla can increase the flavor and taste. It also has the effects of invigorating stomach, sweating, relieving cough, eliminating phlegm, promoting diuresis, purifying blood, and tranquilizing, and can be used for treating common cold, headache, and chest distress. Perilla juice can be used to dye cakes, plum sauce and other foods, and is a natural pigment raw material. Young leaves can also be eaten raw, fried, boiled in soup and made into sauce, and plants can be pickled for export, which is a promising export vegetable.
[Nutrients of Perilla Leaves]
Perilla frutescens contains more than 22% protein accelerator, 5% fat, 14.4% crude fiber,10.65, 438+0% calcium and 0.27% phosphorus, with complete amino acids, including 8 essential amino acids for adults and 0 essential amino acids for children.
Scientists have conducted in-depth research on nearly 100 chemical components of Perilla frutescens, indicating that-linolenic acid in Perilla frutescens seeds is an essential factor to maintain the function of the brain nervous system, and has the functions of antithrombotic, lowering blood pressure, reducing weight and lipid, preventing cancer and inhibiting tumor metastasis, improving learning and memory, improving visual function, and changing allergic constitution.
[Plant Morphology]
Annual herb, 60-90 cm tall, with white villous upper part. The leaves are opposite, oval or round, 3-9.5 cm long and 2-8 cm wide, the apex is tapering or the tail is pointed, the base is nearly round, the edge is coarsely serrated, and both sides are purple-red, with glands. Cymes 2-flowered, forming a false raceme leaning to one side; Bracts ovate, apex acute or caudate; Calyx bell-shaped, pilose and glandular outside; Corolla purplish red or reddish, with ring hairs in the corolla tube, 2-lipped, slightly concave upper lip and 3-cleft lower lip; Stamens 4. Nutlets are subglobose, yellowish brown and reticulate. The flowering period is from July to August, and the fruiting period is 9-1o.
Perilla frutescens is the dry aerial part of Perilla frutescens in Labiatae. Also known as Hongsu, Hongsu and Xiangsu. The whole grass is called the whole Soviet Union, which has the functions of dispelling cold, relieving exterior syndrome, regulating qi and broadening chest. The dried fruits, leaves and stems of Perilla frutescens are called Perilla frutescens, Perilla frutescens leaves and Perilla frutescens stems, all of which are used as medicine. Perilla frutescens has the functions of moistening lung, lowering qi and resolving phlegm. The efficacy of perilla leaf and perilla stem is the same as that of the whole Soviet Union, but perilla stem also has the function of protecting fetus. Perilla frutescens can be used as medicine, eaten raw and accompanied with meals.
From late March to early April, seeds are mixed with fine sand, evenly scattered in holes, covered with thin soil and slightly pressed, and seedlings can emerge 5-7 days after sowing.
Irrigation and drainage: seedlings and flowering need more water, so water them in time when drought occurs. Pay attention to drainage in rainy season.
Eliminate pests and diseases
Leaf blight: It started in June and damaged leaves. Prevention and treatment: Spraying 70% zineb colloidal suspension dry powder at the initial stage of onset; Or spray with 1: 1: 200 times bordeaux mixture.
Harvesting and processing
The harvest time varies according to different uses. When panicle 1.5-3 cm, the plant contains the most volatile oil. Therefore, the whole grass is harvested from August to September when the inflorescence appears for the first time in the whole Soviet Union. When the leaves are luxuriant, the leaves are collected and dried in the shade to obtain perilla leaves. When the fruit is ripe, the whole plant is cut dry and the fruit is perilla; In the lower part of the stem, except for the lateral branches, it is the Su stem.
Seed conservation technology
Sowing plants should be planted thinly, with spacing of 50 cm× 80 cm. Seed plants should be robust, with high yield and purple leaves on both sides. When the seeds are completely mature and grayish brown, they should be harvested, threshed, dried in the sun, removed from impurities and stored in a cool place.
Planting, Provenance Supply and Export of Perilla frutescens
Perillae is also known as red perilla, red perilla, black perilla, red perilla and wrinkled perilla.
It is a leafy branch of perilla frutescens. var。 Aguta Benser. Hands. -Maz. It belongs to Perilla of Labiatae. Use stems, leaves and seeds as medicine. Perilla frutescens is a comprehensive cross-commodity that can be used as medicine. It is commonly used in clinic and can also be eaten. The drug form is called purple stem in the stem, and perilla leaf in the leaf, Jiebiao, Perilla frutescens, Perilla frutescens and Perilla frutescens are important components of Perilla Jiang Qi Decoction. Dispelling cold and relieving exterior syndrome, regulating qi and relieving middle energizer. Indications: common cold, fever, aversion to cold, anhidrosis, chest tightness, cough, abdominal pain, diarrhea and vomiting caused by crab poisoning. It is cultivated all over the country, wild in all provinces south of the Yangtze River, and on the edge of villages or roadside.
(2) Plant characteristics
Perilla frutescens is 60 ~ 180 cm high and has a special flavor. Stems are quadrangular, purple, green-purple or green, villous, with dense nodes. Single leaf opposite; Leaf blade is broadly ovoid or ovoid, 7 ~ 2 1 cm long and 4.5 ~ 16 cm wide, with rounded or broadly wedge-shaped base, tapering or caudate tip at the top, rough serrated edge, purple on both sides, or green on both sides, pilose on the upper side and pilose on the lower vein; The leaf car is 2.5 ~ 12 cm long and densely villous. Rotated cymes 2-flowered, forming neck and axillary pseudoracemes; Each flower has 1 bract, the bract is oval and the apex is acuminate; Calyx bell-shaped, 2-lipped, 5-lobed, villous in the lower part, swollen and elongated in fruit, and rare in the inner throat; Corolla purple to pink to white, 2-lipped, upper lip slightly concave, lower lip 3-lobed; Stamens 4, 2 strong; Ovary 4-lobed, stigma 2-lobed. Nutlets are subglobose, brown or grayish white.
(3) Growth characteristics
Perilla frutescens has strong adaptability, lax requirements on soil and good drainage, and grows well in sandy soil, loam, clay loam, in front of houses, behind ditches and fertile soil. Vegetables were the best crops of the previous season. Fruit trees can be planted under young forests.
(4) Cultivation techniques
1. Land selection and preparation
Perilla frutescens has strong adaptability to climate and soil. It is best to choose loose and fertile sandy loam and loam with sufficient sunshine and good drainage, while heavy clay grows poorly. Soil preparation, turning to the depth of 15cm, and harrowing. Fine, make a frame, the width of the frame and the groove is 200 cm, and the depth of the groove is 15 ~ 20 cm.
2. Breeding method
Perilla frutescens is divided into direct seeding and seedling transplanting through seed propagation.
(1) live broadcast
Spring sowing, the sowing time difference between the north and the south is one month, the south is March, and the north is in the middle and late April. The direct seeding is to drill in the border, with a row spacing of 60 cm and a ditch depth of 2 ~ 3 cm. The seeds are evenly spread into the ditch, and then covered with thin rice. Hole sowing: row spacing is 45 cm, plant spacing is 25 ~ 30 cm, and the soil cover is shallow. Water immediately after sowing, keep it moist, and the sowing amount is per hectare 15- 18.75 kg, which is labor-saving, fast growing, early harvest and high yield.
(2) Seedling raising and transplanting
This method is used in arid areas with insufficient seeds and poor water conservancy conditions. The seedbed should be in a sunny and warm place, with farmyard manure and appropriate amount of calcium superphosphate or plant ash. In the first ten days of April, irrigate the border, sow after water infiltration, cover it with shallow soil for 2 ~ 3 cm, keep the bed surface moist, and emerge in about one week. Seedlings that are too dense after being planted together often need watering and weeding. The height of the seedlings is 3 ~ 4 cm. When four pairs of leaves grow, they are planted in wheat fields on cloudy days or in the evening after wheat harvest. On the first day of planting, the nursery was watered and watered. When transplanting, the roots are completely easy to survive and are planted by pulling. The plant spacing is 30cm, and the ditching depth is 15cm. Arrange the seedlings, cover the soil, water or dilute the human and animal feces, and loosen the soil to preserve moisture after 1 ~ 2 days. Planting about 6.5438+0.5 million seedlings per hectare, watering every 2-3 days in dry weather, then reducing watering and squatting seedlings to make the roots grow.
3. Tian Tuan management
(1) Loosening soil and removing seedlings
Weeding should be done frequently before closing the ridge for plant growth, and attention should be paid to weeding between seedlings in direct seeding area. When the seedling height of the drill field is 15cm, it should be fixed at 30cm, and the surplus seedlings should be used for transplanting. The plants in the direct seeding area grow fast and the density is high, so the plants grow in vain, and few plants are branched or not. Although it can reach the height of the plant, there are fewer leaves under the plant, poor illumination and air falling off, which affects the yield of leaves and perilla oil. At the same time, the stems with many leaves and few leaves also affect the specifications of the whole grass, so it is not too early to sow seedlings. From field planting to ridge sealing, loosen the soil and weed twice.
(2) Topdressing
The growth time of perilla frutescens is relatively short, and the whole grass can be harvested two and a half months after planting, and the whole grass is used as medicine, so nitrogen fertilizer is mainly used. Concentrate fertilization before ridge closure.
In the direct seeding area, topdressing should be applied when the height of seedlings is 30cm. After furrowing between rows, human manure 15000 ~ 22500kg or ammonium sulfate 1 12.5kg and calcium superphosphate 150kg should be applied per hectare, and the fertilizer should be buried with loose soil. The second time, apply fertilizer again before harvesting the ridge, and the method is the same as above. But be careful not to touch the leaves this time.
(3) Irrigation and drainage
After sowing or transplanting, if it doesn't rain for several days, water it in time. Pay attention to drainage in rainy season, dredge the operation channel, and prevent stagnant water from littering.
4. Pest control
(1) leaf blight
It occurs between June and harvest, and it harms the leaves. Brown or dark brown spots with different sizes and shapes appeared on the leaves at the early stage of the disease, and then developed into nearly round or polygonal spots with a diameter of 0.2 ~ 2.5 cm. The lesion on purple leaves is not obvious, but the lesion on green leaves is more obvious. When the lesions dry up, they usually form holes. In severe cases, the lesions converge and the leaves fall off. Under the conditions of high temperature and humidity, insufficient sunshine, too dense planting and poor ventilation and light transmission, it is easy to get sick.
Control methods: ① Collect the seeds of disease-free plants. (2) Pay attention to the site drainage and clear the ditch in time. ③ Avoid planting too closely. ④ Chemical control: spray with 80% wettable zineb 80O times solution or 1: 1: 200 bordeaux solution at the initial stage of onset. 1 Once every 7 days, spray continuously for 2 ~ 3 times. However, spraying should be stopped half a month before harvesting to ensure that the medicinal materials are pesticide-free.
(2) Starscream
Harm perilla leaves. It is most abundant in June-August when the weather is dry, high temperature and low humidity. Starscream adults are small, usually orange and sometimes yellow. Starscream gathered on the back of leaves to suck juice, and small yellow and white spots began to appear. Later, a large area of yellow-brown scorched spots can be seen on the leaves. After unfolding, the whole leaves turn yellow and lose green, and common leaves fall off.
Prevention and control methods: ① collect fallen leaves in the field during harvesting and burn them centrally; Weeds on ridges, ditches and roadsides should be removed in early spring. ② Spraying 40% dimethoate emulsion 2000 times as early as possible during the occurrence period. However, it is required to stop spraying half a month before harvesting to ensure that there is no residual poison on the medicinal materials.
(3) Spodoptera argentea
From July to September, the larvae harmed Perilla frutescens, the leaves were bitten into holes or nicks, and the mature larvae formed thin cocoons and pupated on the plants.
Control method: spray 90% crystal trichlorfon 1000 times solution.
(5) harvesting and processing
Perillae should be harvested in sunny days, with rich fragrance and easy to dry. Perilla leaves should be harvested from late July to early August, when the leaves have not yet blossomed.
Perilla peduncle: before flowering in early September, the inflorescence is harvested when it just grows, cut off from the root with a sickle, and the plant is hung upside down in a ventilated and cool place to dry. After drying, it is paved with leaves for medicine.
Perilla frutescens: 65438 seeds and fruits are harvested at maturity from late September to mid-June. Cut the ear or the whole plant, tie it into sticks, dry it in the sun for a few days, then remove the seeds and dry it in the sun. The yield per hectare is 1 125- 1500 kg.
Pay attention to the selection and retention of improved varieties while collecting seeds. Select plants with strong growth and high yield, and then harvest, dry and thresh them after the seeds are completely mature, and use them as seeds.