Text/Yu Xuezhong (Gaizhou, Liaoning)

Proverbs are the most popular proverbs in ancient China, and they are the crystallization of the wisdom of ancient labor and life. A short sentence contains all kinds of philosophies in life, but it is simple and easy to remember. Proverbs are widely spread in folk spoken language, reflecting profound truth with simple and popular words, expressing people's rich social life experience and shining people's wisdom.

Gaizhou ancient city, a thousand-year history of civilization. "Tang Xiuta, Ming Xiuquan, a good temple built in the Qing Dynasty. First there was the temple of God, and then there was Gaizhou City. The three mountains are not obvious, the five bridges are not obvious, the two wells are one step, and the moat surrounds Gaizhou. " Because Gaizhou is a thousand-year-old city, many ancient stories are left with ancient buildings. Some of these stories are about Gaizhou locals, some are about the origin of Gaizhou place names, some are myths about ancient buildings in Gaizhou, and some are folk proverbs about local customs. The folk proverbs of the ancient city of Gaizhou write the kindness, simplicity and justice of the people of Gaizhou, express the expectations of their ancestors, and are priceless spiritual wealth.

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Language is the carrier of culture, a mirror of the real world, the crystallization of a nation's experience, truth and wisdom, and reflects people's specific social culture, life customs and ways of thinking in a specific period. It has the characteristics of colloquial style, popular expression, knowledgeable content and philosophical understanding, which adds a landscape and charm to the profound and colorful traditional culture. Traces can be found in ancient books: "Tang Xiuta, Ming Xiuquan, a good temple built in the Qing Dynasty. First there was the temple of God, and then there was Gaizhou City. The three mountains are not obvious, the five bridges are not obvious, the two wells are one step, and the moat surrounds Gaizhou. " The ancient city of Gaizhou has a history of nearly 2400 years, and the Acropolis has a history of 640 years. There are countless proverbs circulating in the world today. It is a kind of crystallization in the historical and cultural process, which is dazzling.

Gaizhou became an important town in Liaodong as early as the Western Han Dynasty. The original intention of a city is a city within a city, and the city is earlier than the city. The "city" of Gaizhou ancient city obviously inherited the development of the last generation. In the Han Dynasty, it was no longer allowed to investigate whether Pingguo City had a city or how to do business. From the descriptions of Xi Du Fu written by Ban Gu and Xijing Fu written by Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the city should be a place with doors and walls, a flag pavilion and several passages, and the alleys are "shopkeepers" and "squatters". Buildings with long corridors are called shops, and shops selling things are called shops. It shows that the market in Han dynasty was traded in the market stipulated by the government. After all, in addition to agricultural taxes, markets and businessmen are new sources of income for the government. Then, in the era of regime change and war and turmoil, what the city can leave us is the vicissitudes of architecture and the richness of business culture.

Liao and Jin Dynasties became a place where merchants gathered. Liao, Jin and Yuan rulers need to satisfy pleasure and expand wealth. Even if the handicraft industry develops unevenly, it will produce abnormal prosperity. The government-run handicraft industry is the main position to meet the production of materials needed for war. In the 28th year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1368), Wu Bei Temple in Liaoyang set up a Bow Bureau and a Armor Bureau in Gaizhou, which was responsible for manufacturing bows and arrows and armor for the army. The manufacture of iron weapons and the sewing of harness were essential at that time, which brought about the development of related handicrafts, such as wood, weaving, shipbuilding and construction. Around the development of handicraft industry, the market is an indispensable carrier. Production tools and daily necessities can be bought. Rice and flour, firewood, clothes and paper are all professionally managed, and the division of labor between industries is gradually clear, which also promotes the professional division of labor between industries.

According to the "Gaiping County Records", "Chibenming County, Gai Acropolis. In the fourth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (AD 137 1), Gaizhou was changed to Gaizhou Wei. In the fifth year of Hongwu (AD 1372), he ordered Wu to build an old earthen city. In the ninth year (A.D. 1376), the south side was laid out, and masonry was used. It is five miles and eighty-eight paces in circumference, three feet and five feet high, one foot and five feet deep and one foot and eight feet wide. Gate 3: Shunqing in the east, Guangen in the south and Ninghai in the west. The bell and drum tower is in the center of the city. Today, according to seven miles and three steps around the city, the city is still blocked; Administrative areas are East Street, South Street, Dongguan and Xiguan. The name of the East Gate of Gaizhou City in Qing Dynasty was different from that in Ming Dynasty, which called it Ziming. Obviously, the Qing government was disgusted with the change of the word "Zi" to "Shunqing" and simply changed it to "Shunqing". Because Gaizhou City has no north gate, the west gate is closed due to seawater intrusion, and only two streets leading to Dongguan and Nanguan are bustling borders.

According to "Gaizhou Rebuilds the East and West Buildings", the ancient city Gaizhou "kept a low profile, was not strong, controlled the Qing Dynasty, covered the whole Liao Dynasty, and attacked the enemy on three sides". It can be seen that the ancient city belongs to a military fortress militarily and is called "Gaizhou Collection". Gaizhou is also a traffic artery in southern Liaoning, which is convenient to become a town with prosperous business. A new relationship between city and business is bound to be established and developed here and become a prosperous town.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the handicraft industry and commerce in Gaizhou began to take shape. Convenient transportation provides objective conditions for business development. The people of the ancient city gradually broke through the traditional ideas of "If you want to be rich, men should work hard to farm and women should weave" and "It is better to turn over the land if you want to buy or sell", and began to "seek wealth in the city" and pay attention to seeking wealth through commercial operation. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the market of Gaizhou ancient city was mature. New towns first appeared in places where handicrafts were concentrated, or political centers, traffic arteries, traffic throats, ferry towns and military sites.

According to historical records, in the third year of Kangxi (A.D. 1664), the Qing government changed Gaizhou to Gaiping County, which belonged to Fengtianfu and divided the flag and the people. County governance includes the boundaries of Gaizhou, Fuzhou and Jinzhou in Ming Dynasty. There are 0/2 clubs in Xiong Yue, Anping, Fuxing, Zaicheng, Ji Fang, Liren, Yongning, leye county, Anju, Xinmin, Yuanlai and Xiuyan in the county, and each club has ten clubs. With the development of society and economic prosperity, the number of small and medium-sized landlords, businessmen and handicraft workshop owners is also increasing. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the ancient city of Gaizhou has been playing the role of a northeast port. People in the ancient city have formed a sense of doing business, such as "it's better to have fertile land at home than to have no income every day", "it's better to have a building on the street than a hundred acres of land", "it's better for a son to sit in a salt shop than to be a magistrate" and "to make a fortune and open a shop for a long time". The East Street of Gaizhou Ancient City has always been a bustling commercial place in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are many shops and merchants in the city, and they set up stalls and are very lively. Before the formation of Yingkou Port, ships from the south went up the Daqing River from the west estuary and docked at the ship dock outside the south gate of Gaizhou, which contributed to the economic prosperity of Gaizhou City.

In the middle of Qing Dynasty, Gaizhou ancient city became the "thoroughfare of wealth and goods" in Northeast China, and it was "famous in eight provinces and three rivers". According to historical records, after the Qing government opened the sea ban in the 23rd year of Emperor Kangxi (A.D. 1684), a large number of businessmen from all over the Yangtze River, South China and North China poured in, which greatly promoted the rapid economic growth of Gaizhou ancient city and promoted the large-scale rise of urbanization. Gaizhou Fujian Guild Hall, Sanjiang Guild Hall, Shanxi Guild Hall and Shandong Guild Hall are developing at the right time. A popular saying in the ancient city of Gaizhou is summarized as "a gentleman loves money and takes it properly." This "Tao" is the law of business operation and capital operation, and "the trip to the avenue is beneficial in it" has a very rich connotation in the minds of businessmen all over the country.

A street in Nanguan in Ming and Qing Dynasties was the main traffic artery and commercial street that entered Gaizhou ancient city in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Streets crisscross, shops are numerous, museums gather, commerce and trade are developed, and Haihe port and port exchanges are frequent. Doing business should have a strong desire to get rich and profit motive. Businessmen from all over the world never hide that the purpose of their business is to make profits. "The world is bustling, all for profit; All the noise in the world is for profit. No matter who is not profitable, who wants to get up early? No matter who is sitting in Jiahang, it is for the benefit, for wandering around the rivers and lakes, and for seeking meager profits. Therefore, to be a businessman, you must be good at calculation, "human feelings are like horses, and business is divided into cents", "five birds and six swallows, two baht are known" and "wine has no true gentleman, but money has a true gentleman". Although these maxims are full of haggle over every ounce of business flavor, it is commendable that Chinese businessmen always insist on paying equal attention to righteousness and profit in their business motives, demanding that this "profit" must be justified, the means must be reasonable, conform to the norms of "righteousness" and make a fortune by proper means. " It is a true gentleman to take advantage of benevolence, and it is a gentleman to seek money with righteousness. ""Money comes from the Tao, and benefits come from righteousness. " So we must talk about "sincerity" and "faith".

A street in Ming and Qing dynasties is the most powerful witness. There are shops and streets in the ancient city of Gaizhou, and it has also developed. With the development of business, the scope and volume of buildings are gradually expanding, and the functions are changing from single to multiple. Played the functions of front store and back store, store downstairs and home upstairs. "Profit comes from sincerity, reputation comes from faith", "Equality makes people change customers, and faith is fair". Doing so is to take the right path, that is, to be an honest person and achieve the business effect of "helping others up and helping others down". Otherwise, it is despised by sincere businessmen to gain profits by cheating, being short of a catty, pretending well and dominating the market, although they can gain short-term benefits.

Today, the commercial street preserved in Nanguan Street, the ancient city of Gaizhou is still intact. The building of this street is from the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China. After several renovations, it can still show a strong commercial atmosphere and social and economic development. There are more than 30 old buildings, including businesses, grain farms, saltworks, teahouses, cloth and satin farms, fur shops, pharmacies, tobacco shops, butcher shops, grocery stores, fruit shops, wood shops, mat shops, pen and paper shops, gun shops, restaurants, hotels, flower shops, hotels and so on. Most of them are buildings in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, and there are few buildings left in the Ming Dynasty. East 17 building, west 14 building, 6 of which are two-story attics. Most of the buildings are small wooden structures, and blue bricks are built on granite steps. Some buildings also have the style of Jiangnan architecture, and several foreign gable buildings are also full of them, which are scattered and arranged in rows, showing the prosperity of the past. "Cover could open three doors, south straight, Dongyue Ming see, Xiyue Ninghai, que north gate. In the forty-third year of Qing Qianlong (A.D. 1778), the west gate approached the coast, and the traffic was inconvenient. Nanguan and Dongguan became the only way to enter and leave the city. Thus, for commodity circulation, commodity trading is the material carrier, and interpersonal accommodation is its essence. Therefore, businessmen in the ancient city of Gaizhou have always paid attention to interpersonal relationships and advocated that they must understand researchers when doing business. " Selling thunder and lightning is not as harmonious as heaven and earth, and create a good market atmosphere for yourself in harmonious interpersonal relationships.

In gaizhou city, there are still hutong names with traces of "city and business" such as Cocoon Hutong, Fish Hutong and Silver Hutong. Nanguan and Dongguan are ancient commercial streets; There are rows of shops, colorful shops, and bustling people crowded the whole street. The ancient city actually opened two doors, and merchants' transactions, shops and markets were concentrated in this area. When agricultural and sideline products enter the city, they become distribution centers and places for material exchange. Most of the southern ships coming from the Daqing River are unloaded at Nanguan, while the products from the eastern mountainous areas are transported outside the city, and more goods come in and out of Dongguan. It is true that through these interpersonal public relations activities, Gaizhou people have established a good business image, such as "there are human feelings everywhere, and it is easy to borrow umbrellas when it rains", "Good stores don't change customers for three years, and hospitality doesn't change stores for three years", "Laugh often, and business often comes", forming a benign marketing situation of "business is booming all over the world, and financial resources are flourishing up to three rivers".

Coincidentally, in the early years, there was also a jingle circulating in the Northeast: "Liao Jing, Haiguai and Gaixian are the worst!" . "Liao Jing Hai Guai" means that Liaoyang people are smart and smart, while Haicheng people are eccentric. When it comes to the evaluation of our Gaixian people, we have removed more modifiers and bluntly said: "Gaixian people are the most pregnant!" Even a child can hear clearly. These are naturally the comments of outsiders. Now, we Gaizhou people will not feel resentment, let alone bitterness, but will be complacent. This is of course related to the enthusiasm, hospitality and tolerance of Gaizhou people, but in detail, this sentence also reflects some personality characteristics of Gaizhou people. Throughout history, Gaizhou was once the land of Kanto, an important land and water terminal and a prosperous material distribution center. At the most glorious time, the sky was high and the clouds were light, merchants gathered, and literati, agriculture, industry and commerce gathered here, as if it were a center of culture and trade.

"There will always be disadvantages in talking from the other side, and there will always be no deception in singing the price on the spot." "Buying and selling can't be right, leaving a good impression can turn back." In this regard, Gaizhou ancient city has a lot of experience. The colorful geographical and humanistic environment has brought up the heroic and heroic sons and daughters of Gaizhou, who have a tough personality like a mountain, a broad mind like the American ocean in the past, and are inclusive. It can be said that the simple, simple and kind Gaizhou people boast that they have experienced the prosperous times. Exactly: "You help me, I help you, you don't help me, I help you." I helped you, you ruined me, then I'll get even with you. "This is a cultural heritage formed since ancient times, and there is no need to make a fuss.

"There are hundreds of rivers, near and far!" Anyone who has been to a foreign land in Gaizhou will be deeply touched: Gaizhou has mountains and waters, culture and martial arts, flavor and color, history and stories, and most importantly, people who are famous for their hospitality. Now in the eyes of outsiders, Gaizhou people will feel generous, warm and polite. Hospitality covers the state, deep memories, things there, people there and feelings there.

Proverbs, as a special language form, are deeply branded with traditional culture, become a mirror reflecting the real society, truly reflect the relationship between man and nature and between man and society in ancient society, and are valuable intangible cultural heritage. "Without spring breeze, there will be no autumn rain", "Without thunder, there will be no rain", "Sanqiu is too busy with one wheat, and three wheat is not as long as one autumn", "Smile, ten years old; Worry about one thing, grow old ","Jiaozi quits the stove noodles from winter to morning and eats cold noodles at noon ","One bucket is poor, two buckets are rich, and three buckets are four buckets to open a pawnshop; Five fights and six streets, seven fights and eight officials, and nine fights and ten immortals. " As a regional folk language art form, the two-part allegorical saying in Gaizhou folk dialect inevitably contains a large number of Gaizhou folk culture, which marks the daily social activities of ordinary people in Gaizhou area. Gaizhou proverbs are simple and stereotyped artistic sentences created by folk collectives and passed down from mouth to mouth. It is divided into weather and meteorology, solar terms and farming season, health and fitness, customs and culture, nursery rhymes and proverbs, etc. They are periodic summaries of people's rich wisdom and universal experience. Gaizhou is an ancient cultural city with rich oral heritage. The folk proverbs handed down from generation to generation in Gaizhou retain the essence of Gaizhou dialect. Many folk proverbs have been gradually forgotten, and traditional proverbs have gradually withdrawn from modern people's lives. In addition, it also reflects the cultural changes of the times to varying degrees.

The culture of the ancient city of Gaizhou is not innate, but the result of hard work and positive progress of generations of Gaizhou people. The spirit of "Happy Mountain and Happy Water, Kindness and Openness, Innovation and Entrepreneurship" has been deeply integrated into this city.

Language is the carrier of culture. There can be no culture, and there can be no society. Any language is a portrayal of social culture. Proverbs, as a tool of intangible culture and information exchange, have lasted for thousands of years, just like ancient ballads. Proverbs, whether preserved in ancient books or circulated among the people, have been deeply branded with the traditional culture of Gaizhou ancient city after thousands of years of elutriation and evolution.