It refers to the Eastern Zhou Martyrs Pit in Linzi, Qi Jinggong, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, right?
Why? I copied the following paragraph.
Horse is an important means of transportation and strategic material in ancient times. Because of its characteristics of quickness, agility, walking and strength, it was quickly recognized and loved by people. Archaeological findings prove that a small number of horse bones were found in the Longshan cultural stratum of Chengziya in the late primitive society of 4000-5000 years, and research can prove that this horse bone is a domestic horse; By the end of summer, replacing horses became an important driving tool. "Xiangtu Riding a Horse" in Zuopian of Shiben records that merchants use horses to drive, which proves that merchants have a long history of raising horses. When history entered the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the royal family was defeated, the princes dominated and wars continued, and horses became important strategic materials. According to historical records, horses were used in wars during the Warring States Period, that is, the "Khufu shooting and riding" of Zhao Guo, an official of the Northern Conference. In 307 BC, King Wuling of Zhao reformed the Zhao army, popularized wearing Hu clothes, widely set up pastures to feed horses, and made bows and arrows. Its main content was to change the war of chariots into riding and develop cavalry. Make Zhao's troops strong, occupy Yuzhong in the east (now the Yellow River North Cliff in Erdos, Inner Mongolia), and attack Zhongshan near, and his cavalry gallop across the grassland, sweeping; Zhao's territory expanded rapidly and its military strength became increasingly powerful, making it a heroic journey to compete with one of the seven heroes of the Warring States. According to archaeological findings, two terracotta warriors and horses and four terracotta warriors and horses were unearthed in Dongyueshi M 16. Horses are fighting horses, and figurines are conference semifinals. Mr. Yang Hong pointed out: "The emergence of cavalry as an arms began at the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In ancient history and other books, the earliest example of the formation of cavalry in the Central Plains should be Zhao Haoqi Wuling's Dressing, Riding and Shooting in 307 BC. According to the horse riding and Hu figurines unearthed from Dongyue tomb, it is speculated that cavalry appeared in Qi in the early Warring States period.
It can be seen that since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period at the latest, the State of Qi has also realized the transformation from car warfare to cavalry, and a new arms-cavalry appeared in ancient wars in China.
As a new service, cavalry was an important service in the whole feudal society for more than two thousand years, and horses played an extremely important role in the war. The fierce and flexible performance of the war is incisively and vividly, so cavalry is also called "iron rider", without exception at all times and in all countries. The important role of horses has always been valued and loved by people, especially emperors and princes. In the case of heavy burial in ancient times, horses became one of the important sacrificial objects, so chariots and horses pits and sacrificial pits appeared as places where kings and nobles were buried. Especially in Shanrong and the Qi, Yan and Zhao under its jurisdiction, as well as the Zhou and Qin areas in the northwest which are in contact with Qiang, there are inevitably a lot of martyrdom.
(A) the discovery of national martyrdom in the pre-Qin period.
From Shang and Zhou Dynasties to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were two forms of martyrdom discovered by Qi and other countries: one was martyrdom with the vehicle and the other was martyrdom with a single pit. Burying horses in a single pit is also one of the forms of martyrdom, which began in Shang Dynasty, followed by Zhou Dynasty, and was more common in Eastern Zhou Dynasty, with a large number of horses buried at one time. The former is an auxiliary burial ceremony for the sacrifice of horses and chariots. After the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, it may be related to the emergence of cavalry and the change of abandoning cars and riding horses.
There are also many horse pits found in Shang Dynasty ruins. In addition to being used for sacrifices, some horses were buried with people and killed with slaves. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, three horse pits were found in Chang 'an Changjiapo cemetery and four in Baoji Yuguo cemetery. During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, a horse pit was found in Guo's cemetery. Many horse pits have also been found in the cemetery of Xunxian Xincun.
(2) The sacrifices were made with chariots and horses discovered by the State of Qi.
Qi, located in the east of China, was originally a barbarian land and inherited its customs. From the beginning, there was a burial system of thick burial to kill martyrs, and Qi found it inevitable to sacrifice horses and chariots.
(1)1autumn of 965 and1autumn of 966, Shandong Provincial Museum excavated four merchant tombs and a merchant chariot pit in Subutun, Qingzhou.
(2) The large-scale sacrificial pit of Qi Jinggong Tomb in the ancient city of Linzi Qi.
The tomb is located in the northeast of the ancient city of Qi, and was excavated in 1972. It was later confirmed to be the tomb of Qi Jinggong in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and also the tomb of the King of Qi from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period. At present, 106 horses have been excavated and displayed. The exploration shows that the Liema pit is square, with a length of 70 in the east and 75 in the north, a total length of 2 15 and a width of 5 meters. The East was destroyed earlier. 1964 dug 54 meters north and found 145 martyrdom; At 1972, 83 spirited horses were excavated from the place 30 meters from west to south. According to this arrangement density, all martyrdom horses are around 600. Its quantity and scale are unprecedented. (swatch 4: 2, figure 14). After identification, the martyred horse was an adult horse, which was artificially arranged after being put to death by anesthesia. The horses are divided into two rows, neat and orderly, with their heads facing outwards and lying on their sides, showing a running shape. The first five horses wore bronze bells around their necks, which was a gesture of war. According to textual research, the owner of the tomb may be Qi Jinggong, the 25th monarch of Qi.
(3) Chemakeng, Hou Li, Qiling Town, Linzi
1990, after excavation in Houli Village, Qiling Town, about 3 kilometers southeast of the ancient city of Qi, a large chariot pit was excavated in the site. The chariots and horses pits are arranged in two parallel rows from north to south, and excavated in the west, with a length of 32 meters, 10 vehicles and 32 martyrdom horses. Six cars were driven by four horses, and four cars were driven by two horses. There are many ornaments on the horse's head, such as shells, copper bubbles and circles. The era is in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. The east row is 7 meters away from the west row, extending to the south, about 28 meters long, and has not been cleaned and excavated (color plate 4: 3).
(4) During the construction of Qing Ji Highway at 1990, four tombs buried with the tomb during the Warring States Period were excavated 700 meters northwest of Wang Si's tomb. Among them, there is a 45-meter-long horse pit on the north side of Tomb No.2. There are 69 horses buried in the pit, which are arranged in a single line, with their heads lying on their sides and their legs curled up into a running shape. Wheels and wheels were separated and placed on two platforms on the east and west sides of the tomb, and more than 20 cars were martyred. The owner of the tomb should be a noble of the Qing Dynasty.
(5) In the spring of 20065438+0, a martyrdom pit was found at the site of Zhong Xuan Group in the south of Guqi, Linzi, and 4 martyrdom horses were cleared. The era is the Warring States period.
(6) A chariot pit (No.4 pit) was found during the excavation of the tomb in southern Western Han Dynasty in Zhangwotuo Village, Dawu, southwest of Qi Gucheng1June 978 to1980+065438+1October; The pit is 30.2m long, 4.6m wide and 3.8m deep. There are 4 martyrdom vehicles, 3 martyrdom horses/KLOC-0, and 2 martyrdom dogs (Figure 23). In addition, a sacrificial dog pit was found in Tomb No.2, with a length of 7.7, a width of 4. 1 and a depth of 3.36 meters. There are 30 martyrdom hounds in the room, with thick skeletons and shells around their necks (Figure 24).
(3) Discussion on the custom of martyrdom.
From the above, we can see that both Qi and pre-Qin countries have the custom of martyrdom or martyrdom. Beginning in the late Shang Dynasty, after the Western Zhou Dynasty, the scale and quantity of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty gradually increased.
This custom was inherited from the Han Dynasty, especially from the State of Qi. Judging from the scale of tombs, tombs over 5 ding have been unearthed, indicating that the burial custom of martyrdom or martyrdom was used by Dr. Qing or some slave owners and nobles. And middle and lower officials or Shu Ren don't bury horses or chariots and horses. From Shang Dynasty to Han Dynasty, the burial custom of 1400 years and the funeral custom of horses and chariots existed for a long time, especially in Qi State. What is the reason? This paper takes Qi as an example to try to discuss this.
1. The domestication and abundant existence of horses are the necessary conditions for martyrdom.
Horse is one of the common livestock and poultry. It has a process from wild to captive when it is tamed and used by people. As we all know, dogs, pigs, sheep, cows, deer and chickens were the earliest domesticated animals, while horses were raised relatively late. Archaeological findings prove that the breeding of horses was completed at the latest during the Longshan culture period, that is, the first social division of labor (separation of animal husbandry and agriculture); In Xia Dynasty (pre-Shang Dynasty), horses were widely used for driving. In the Shang Dynasty, there were many stories in Oracle Bone Inscriptions about hunting with horses and horse training by Shang kings, which showed that there were people who trained horses in the Shang Dynasty. At that time, learning horses was to train and tame horses and get them used to driving; After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, due to frequent wars, horses were used in wars and cavalry appeared, and horses became important strategic materials. Cavalry, as the main arms used in the war, should be in the Han Dynasty and later. The breeding and existence of a large number of horses is a necessary condition for the existence of martyrdom.
2. The existence of a large number of horse resources in Qi.
(1) feed horses in a unified way
Qi, located in the north of Shandong Province, borders Bohai Sea in the north and Yellow Sea in the east. The rivers in the territory are vertical and horizontal, and the rainfall is suitable, which is very suitable for the growth of pasture and grazing crops. Therefore, the area near the Bohai Sea in the north has been a place for grazing horses since ancient times, and it is still a "Bohai Racecourse". "Geography of Hanshu" contains: "The land in the same place bears the sea brine, and the food is less and the people are less." "Historical Records Xia Benji" said: "The seashore is wide and the fields are barren." According to the geographical location, handicrafts, textiles and animal husbandry developed first, and the state of Qi enjoyed the benefits of fish and salt. The synchronous development of the two promoted the rapid development of Qi's industrial and commercial economy, and the coordinated development of industrial and commercial economy and agricultural economy was the fundamental reason for Qi's prosperity. As "Historical Records" records: "The squire came to the country to repair the government. Because of its vulgarity, simplicity and courtesy, industry and commerce benefit from fish and salt, and the people return to Qi, making Qi a big country. " The key development of animal husbandry in Qi includes raising horses. Therefore, Qi has the national policy of developing animal husbandry and the natural geographical conditions for raising a large number of horses. It also has the advantage of taking over the Shan nationality's jurisdiction in the northern grassland, accepting its horse breeding skills and introducing excellent horse breeds. Therefore, Tiki has a large number of horses. As our identification results of the victims in the Qi Jinggong Tomb in Linzi show, it belongs to a Mongolian species, which can ride and pull, with a height of about 1.5 and a body length of about 2.3-2.5 meters. Tooth identification: most of the martyrdom horses are young horses over 3-5 years old.
(2) War scares horses.
In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Taigong's initial seal was unstable, and Lai Yi from the East came to fight, and war broke out. In the 300 years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Qi Guohe suffered repeated wars and defeats, and gradually moved eastward. Lion is the easternmost tribe of Dongyi, and its national strength was strong in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Historical Records says: "The seashore is vast, and ... Lion is eating grass". According to this, Le Yi is also one of the people who keep animals, including horses, cows and sheep, so this is surprising.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi was the first country to dominate the princes, and during the Warring States Period, it was one of the seven heroes, with strong national strength and very strong military strength. According to preliminary statistics, in less than 300 years between the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, more than 480 wars of different scales occurred in Qi. The targets of the war are not only Lu, Song, Jin and Yan, but also the northern minorities and Di. In particular, Duke Huan adopted the policy of "respecting the king and rejecting the outside world", attacking Rongdi in the north and rejecting Jingchu in the south. History: "Zuo Zhuan", the first year, Beirong cut Qi, to save. It can be seen that the strength of Qi at that time could not reach such a strong family. In thirty years, Duke Zhuang of Lu attacked Yan in the north. In 664 BC (the 22nd year of Qi Huangong), Shanrong invaded Yan. In September of that year, Huan Gong and Guan Zhong led the army to attack Shanrong, forced the country of Hanzhi, cut the head of solitary bamboo in the north, and then moved to the next division. All Jiuyi surrendered and obeyed, and many tribes along the coast came to submit (Mandarin Chyi Yu).
In 648 BC (thirty-eight years in Qi Huangong), Guan Zhong led his troops to quell the invasion of Rong Di for the Zhou Dynasty. Because of his outstanding martial arts, the king of Zhou wanted to reward Guan Zhong as a gift from his superiors. Guan refused to accept it, but returned it with your majesty's gift.
In the year of Luming AD, he invaded Xing; In the second year, I entered Wei. Qi Huangong defended Xing and Wei by "transferring the punishment to foreigners and making it a city of princes" and building a city in Chuqiu.
Shan Rong and Di are ethnic minorities scattered in northern and eastern Hebei. They lived in the northern grassland area for a long time, mainly nomadic, and lived a nomadic life with grass and water. Grass grows vertically on their turf, far more than raising horses. Qi's War against Shanrong and Qin in the Spring and Autumn Period
Like the battle of Xiqiang, plundering its important strategic material horse is one of the main purposes. All wars at home and abroad are cruel, aggressive and predatory, and Qi's war against Shanrong is no exception. It is impossible to invade its soil and plunder its treasure in the northern grassland area. As the focus and purpose of the war, the virtuous Kyle was only plundered as a strategic material, as evidenced by the identification of the martyrdom horse in No.5 tomb of Qijing, Yatou, Linzi River as a Mongolian horse, and it was a young horse of 3-5 years old. Therefore, the state of Qi had a way to plunder horses in the war.
According to the Shanghai Stock Exchange, Qi has the conditions to feed and plunder horses in the war, so it is rich in good horse resources. Only when the horse resources exceed the conditions of hunting and driving horses by the army and the upper class can there be a large number of martyrdom horses in Qi State.
3. Qi Jun likes horses.
According to archaeological findings, all the martyred chariots and horses came from the tomb of the noble doctor Qing. Martyrdom or martyrdom is the burial custom of the upper class, and horses are deeply loved by the aristocratic class.
The same is true of Qi. Taigong is a hero of the founding of Qi, a famous strategist, and a great strategist who helped Zhou cut Zhou. Because of his achievements, he was named Qi Jianguo. As a strategist, Taigong loves horses; This practice continued into later generations. "Historical Records of Qi Taigong's Family" contains: "During the Spring and Autumn Period (Qi Jinggong), the palace was well managed, with dogs and horses gathering, and extravagant and extreme punishment". Biography of Sun Tzu Wu Qi in Historical Records says: "Qi envoys are like beams, and Sun Bin talks about Qi envoys as criminals. Make it strange and steal it. Qi will treat Tian Ji with kindness and tolerance. Don't thank me for being neat. Grandson sees that his horses are not far apart, and there are three generations of horses. So Sun Tzu called Tian Ji and said,' Thank you very much, your brother, I will win your victory'. Tian Ji, with the king and his sons, shot at his daughter. When it comes to quality, Sun Tzu said,' Today is more expensive than that, more expensive than that, more expensive than that, and more expensive than that'. The pool three generations, and Tian Ji one.
If you are invincible, you will win the king's daughter. Therefore, avoid entering Sun Wang. Wang Wei asked the art of war and thought it was a teacher "; This is the story of the famous "Tian Ji Horse Race". This shows that the whole generation, Qi Jun (male) and upper-class aristocrats are very fond of horses. In the palace buildings, Qi Jun's trotters also reflect that Tijima was regarded as a god in ancient times. "Spring and Autumn Annals says:" The spirit of the earth is a horse. " "Guan Zi Xiao Wen" contains: "When Huan Gong rode a horse, the tiger saw that I dared not do it, so the tiger was suspicious. "It can be seen that Qi worships horses and regards them as a legacy of society. Ziwadang horse pattern is the most and occupies the main body, which has its historical basis. In the state of Qi, which is building a palace tomb, it is completely reasonable for the favorite horse to be buried in the tomb after death.
4. The reburial of Qi and the prevalence of martyrdom are the direct reasons for martyrdom.
Abundance is the source of luxury. "The Warring States Policy Qi Changyi" contains: "There are 70,000 households in Linzi, ... three men next door, 372 1 10,000, ... Linzi is very rich, very real, and the people are bragging, playing the piano, fighting chickens and walking dogs, bowing. On the way to Linzi, the car hub collided, and people rubbed their shoulders and became curtains. Rich, tall and young. " The prosperity of Qi State, the prosperity of people's life and the prosperity of cities have also produced extravagant winds, which are mainly manifested in the custom of building palaces and paying heavy funerals. The saying of "looking at the tombs outside the Linzi" shows that there are more than 200 large tombs around the old city of Qi, and their manpower, material resources and financial resources are unmatched by other countries. Archaeological excavations of large ancient tombs are rich in funerary objects, including gold, silver, copper, iron, pottery, textiles, jade, agate and so on. More than 2000 pieces of cultural relics/kloc-0 have been unearthed from 5 tombs of the King of Qi in Dawu, Linzi, and 33 tombs have been excavated from Luo Zhuang Han Tomb in Zhangqiu. The owner of Shang Wang Cemetery built 38 jade treasures. The scale and quantity of funerary objects are the highest in the country, which shows that thick funerals are prevalent in Qi.
Archaeological findings show that people, chariots and horses are often sacrificed in tombs of Qi State. This custom inherits foreign customs, which has been the case since ancient times. There are 48 slaves and 6 dogs in Subutun No.1 Tomb in Qingzhou. Nine slaves were killed, 17 slaves were buried with them, and eight martyrdom dogs were found in Langjia tomb. The tomb of King Qi of Dawu contains not only a pit for offering sacrifices to horses and chariots, but also a pit for offering sacrifices to dogs and 30 buried dogs (Figure 17, 18). This proves that there is a custom of martyrdom in Qi, and the prevalence of thick burial and martyrdom in Qi is the direct reason for the prevalence of martyrdom in tombs in Qi.