Ming dynasty: attaching importance to the governance of minority areas
Although the Ming Dynasty was a Han regime, the government attached great importance to the management and rule of minority areas.
In the southern minority areas, the chieftain system was first implemented since the Yuan Dynasty, and obedient minority leaders were awarded hereditary positions, and they managed their own places. Later, the implementation of the policy of "changing the soil into the stream" brought Tusi area under the direct control of the central government, which was conducive to the development of national unity.
Ming Dynasty: the True Unity of All Ethnic Groups in China
In North China, Northeast China and Northwest China, the Ming government mainly set up military institutions to guard the country, such as setting up headquarters and health centers to consolidate the stability and unity of the country.
In addition, the Ming government also encouraged economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic minorities and the Han nationality, such as resettlement, trade exchanges, building schools, and promoting Confucianism, and achieved remarkable results. These measures of the Ming government made the relationship between the border minority areas and the central dynasty increasingly close, thus realizing the real unity of the central dynasty and the border areas.
Qing Dynasty: The Chinese nation further developed steadily.
The Qing Dynasty established by Manchu is another unified dynasty established by ethnic minorities after the Yuan Dynasty in China history. Because Manchu rulers have taken many important measures to stabilize the frontier and adopted a more tolerant and open attitude and policy towards Chinese culture and national culture, ethnic relations and ethnic integration have been further developed, thus strengthening the mutual recognition of all ethnic groups.
Qing Dynasty: Embodying Strong National Cohesion
The territory of China, which was established and consolidated by virtue of its strong national strength in the early Qing Dynasty, promoted the continuous enhancement of national cohesion. When China suffered foreign aggression in the late Qing Dynasty, all ethnic groups fought against foreign powers to safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity, which fully reflected the strong cohesion of the Chinese nation.
What are the unique features of the ethnic policy in Qing Dynasty compared with previous dynasties?
Since the emperor shunzhi, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty have learned the lesson of the demise of the Yuan Dynasty. First of all, they affirmed the advanced culture of the Han nationality, and adopted a series of behaviors such as learning from the Han nationality, learning their customs and culture, reusing the ministers of the Han nationality, conducting scientific research, repairing the Confucius Temple, and offering sacrifices to Confucius. When I was in the emperor shunzhi, these behaviors were almost opposed by civil and military officials in the Qing Dynasty, and even the emperor shunzhi's biological mother did not support them. This may be the reason why the emperor shunzhi died of depression.
But it turns out that the emperor shunzhi did the right thing. Kangxi not only inherited the policy of Shunzhi, but also kissed Jiangnan and worshipped the Ming tombs to reassure the Han people. Since then, senior officials such as the minister of study have changed the history of no Han ministers and reused Han ministers. Take Zhang as an example. He lived in three dynasties and in Historical Records for more than forty years. These practices are unprecedented.
Tureji Golo is a Jew.
The central organization in charge of Mongolian, Hui and Tibetan affairs in Qing Dynasty. Before the Qing dynasty, the feudal dynasty only had officials in charge of minority affairs, and there was no specialized agency. In the first year of Chongde in Qing Dynasty (1636), a Mongolian yamen was set up, which was in charge of political affairs and participated in the discussion of state affairs. In June of three years, it was renamed Yuan, and it was under the Ministry of Rites. In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), it was renamed Shangshu and Assistant Minister; In eighteen years, there were six official departments, and the court ministers were also under discussion. There are four subjects: remembering honor, being a guest, being gentle and far away, and managing punishment. In Yongzheng, it was decided that the king, the people and the university students should manage the hospital at the same time. Changed to six divisions: Qi Division, Wang Hui, Dian Department, Rouyuan, Laiyuan and Li Xing. Before the establishment of the Foreign Affairs Office of the Prime Minister in December of the tenth year of Xianfeng (186 1 year, 1 year), it was also in charge of diplomacy with Russia. In the thirty-third year of Guangxu (1907), it was changed to a vassal department and abolished after the Qing Dynasty.
Fan Liyuan first took charge of Mongolian affairs, and with the establishment of the national political power of the Qing court, she became the central organization in charge of affairs in Mongolia, Tibet, Xinjiang and other ethnic minority areas. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty ruled the minority areas through Fan Liyuan and strengthened their ties with them. In the 26th year of Kangxi (1697), Fan Liyuan Regulations were revised, and various measures for ruling minority areas were fixed by laws and regulations. Later, during the years of Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Guangxu, it was revised four times.
The six departments of Li Fan Academy are in charge of laws and regulations such as Jue Lu, tribute, demarcation, official system, military punishment, household registration, agriculture and animal husbandry, taxation, post office, trade and religion. In addition, there are four departments responsible for the daily affairs of the government: finance office, treasury, rice bank office, monthly office, supervision office, Manchu, Han, Mongolian and salary office. Lifan Academy has the following institutions: Inner Museum, Outer Museum, Mongolian Studies, Tanggu Studies, Totem Studies, Russian Studies, Mulan paddock, Lama Printing House, Zejia Museum and so on. In addition, we also send secretaries, pen stickers and other permanent residents in ethnic minority areas to handle specific affairs and rotate them regularly.
The Historical Role of Li Fan Yuan
First of all, Li Fanyuan implemented a relatively successful policy of governing the western and northern border minority areas in the Qing Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty was a feudal dynasty established by Manchu minority in China. In view of the inability to take into account the surrounding historical lessons in the late Ming Dynasty, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty, especially the feudal emperors in the early Qing Dynasty, attached great importance to the rule of the frontier ethnic minorities. They regard the vast areas inhabited by ethnic minorities in the western and northern borders as "curtain vassals" who rule the Central Plains, and think that "shaking our foreign vassals" means "destroying our curtain wall", which will make "the border restless and the people in the mainland restless for a day" and will inevitably endanger the stability of state rule. Based on this understanding, during the reign of 6 1, Emperor Kangxi summed up a great deal of experience in governing ethnic minorities in the western and northern borders. He believes that the purpose of ruling the western and northern border areas is to "rule the right path." He particularly pointed out that it is necessary to strengthen the centripetal force of ethnic minorities in these areas to the central government. Regarding the tributes of ethnic minorities in these areas, he once said: "How precious the tributes are, we should learn from their sincerity and respect." In order to show the importance attached to the rule of ethnic minority areas in the western and northern frontiers, Kangxi also wrote the actual content of "taking harmony as the distance" as "respecting heaven as the ancestor" in his testamentary edict, which will never be forgotten by future generations. After Yong Zhengdi ascended the throne, he personally wrote a plaque for Lifan Academy: "Xuanhua Farewell to the Party", and in the policy of governing the western and northern border minority areas, he proposed that "do as the Romans do and conform to the people's feelings". During the Qianlong period, although he thought that "controlling the way of foreign vassals, showing modesty will make you more arrogant, and fearing the situation with power will make you afraid of yourself", he adopted the policy of "combining leniency with severity" and "respecting morality", but he still advocated "conforming to customs" and "not being eager to learn". In a word, the policy of "it is not easy to cultivate its religion, and it is in harmony with its political principles" was implemented in the western and northern frontiers in the early Qing Dynasty.
Secondly, Yuan promoted the consolidation and development of a unified multi-ethnic country in the early Qing Dynasty, mainly in three aspects. (1)1In the middle of the 7th century, Li Fanyuan's activities ensured the smooth entry of the Qing Dynasty and promoted the unification of the whole country. China split in the middle of17th century, which was not a commendable phenomenon at that time. On the one hand, because of this continuous separatist war, people have been displaced and social economy has been destroyed. On the other hand, at that time, western capitalist forces had come from the East, and Russia had been watching the great rivers and mountains in northern China. If the separatist situation persists, it may give these aggressive forces an opportunity. Therefore, restoring reunification as soon as possible is not only conducive to the rest of the people of all ethnic groups in China, in line with the fundamental interests of the people of China, but also of great significance to resisting western colonial forces and Russian aggression. History has proved that the historical mission of reunification was undertaken by the Qing Dynasty. Among them, Monan Mongolia became its reliable rear and important support, which was closely related to Yuan Dynasty. Four months after the establishment of the Imperial Academy, its officials went to the ministries of Chahar, Kerkha and Horqin to "record accounts, compile cattle records, visit ordinary prisons and prohibit rape." It took only one month to compile a cattle record and list the soldiers. This not only stabilized the social order in Monan Mongolia, but also provided a source of soldiers for the Qing Dynasty. Eight years after the establishment of the Fanyuan, the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, and the Mongolian ministries in the south of the desert learned from each other. At the same time, when the Qing army entered the customs, Yuan timely informed the ministries of Monan Mongolia about the Qing army's entry and occupation of Beijing, so that they could always be prepared. Although the Qing army used cruel violence in the process of reunification after entering the customs, which once affected the social and economic development, the historical significance of the Qing dynasty's reunification of the whole country could not be erased in any case.
The Qing Dynasty was a period of unprecedented development and consolidation of feudal society in China. In the Qing dynasty, the forces safeguarding national unity fought against various separatist forces for a long time. In these struggles, Yuan gave full play to the role of maintaining unity. Some of them have been mentioned before. For another example, in March of the 25th year of Kangxi (1686), after the conflict between Tuxie Tu of Kharka Mongolia and Saquetoux Khan, arani, the minister of Yuan Dynasty, went to Qiqi of Kharka Mongolia to join the Union, trying to urge them to "bury the hatchet" and "make peace". In August this year, arani called Khalkha Khan to convey Kangxi's words and make them "harmonious". When galdan launched civil strife, and all the ministries of Khalkha Mongolia fled to the south, Yuan immediately reported the situation to Emperor Kangxi and was responsible for arranging the livelihood of all the ministries of Khalkha Mongolia. It was under the organization and arrangement of Yuan Dynasty that China's northern frontier quickly stabilized through multi-party alliance. Emperor Kangxi said: "In the past, Qin promoted earth and stone work and built the Great Wall. I am kind to Gurkha, making it stronger than the Great Wall. It should be said that this stable state of the northern frontier is inseparable from the role of Yuan, which prepared the conditions for thoroughly crushing the civil strife in galdan and resisting the expansion and aggression of Russia.
In addition to promoting the development and consolidation of a multi-ethnic unified country in the Qing Dynasty politically and militarily, Lifan Academy also promoted the economic exchanges between the western and northern border minority areas and the Central Plains to varying degrees, and promoted the economic development of the border minority areas. After Duolun joined the League, Yuan sent officials to Shaanxi and other places to prepare for Lei, and helped Khalkha Mongolia to grow crops on fertile land. According to the emperor's will in Qing Dynasty, Lifan Academy also assisted the ethnic minorities in the border areas to establish "regular warehouses" and store grain for relief, "collect and distribute real numbers" and "make printed copies and submit them to the Academy every autumn". Only 26 flags such as Zhelimu, Zhaowuda and Zhuosotu in Monan Mongolia have a valley of 246 100 stone. In February of the 12th year of Yongzheng (1734), people and animals were injured by a snowstorm in the nomadic land under the control of lord protector Dalma Jilidi in Wulate Town. Yuan Pai official relief households, with a total scale of 15385 people, spent a total of 7240.38+0 stone in 6 months. In the process of disaster relief, Fan Liyuan's officials helped the Mongolian people build ships, weave nets and fish where there were rivers. In addition, the post office under the meta-management also integrated the western and northern border minority areas with the mainland, which played a certain role in the economic recovery and development of the western and northern areas and the unification and consolidation of multi-ethnic countries in the Qing Dynasty.
When evaluating and basically affirming the historical role of the Qing court, it should be explained that the court was, after all, a tool of class rule and oppression in the Qing dynasty. It protects the interests of a few princes and nobles and their exploitation of working people of all ethnic groups. The working people of ethnic minorities in the western and northern border areas are exploited by "favoring one over the other" and "accommodated in dangerous areas", and their lives are extremely poor. In case of famine, although the Qing dynasty tried to provide relief, the working people "could not get benefits" because of the reluctance of the upper governors. The "tax payment" and "tax payment" needed by the ruling class are like two ropes, which tightly bind the working people of ethnic minorities and make it difficult for them to escape the pain of "paying taxes and asking for services". Therefore, the phenomenon that the working people of ethnic minorities in the western and northern frontiers are "hungry and cold, so that they are separated" can be seen everywhere.
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The killing of ethnic minorities and Manchu in Ming Dynasty are evidence of Amin.
Many people are dissatisfied with the brutality of the Qing Dynasty and accuse it of killing too many people. But throughout the feudal dynasties, is there anything that is not bloody?
Hongwu collected 36 holes in five years. In the sixth year of Jingtai, Huguang Miao and Meng surrendered, and Longli, Huaihua and Tonggu were surrounded. In the five years of Tianshun, the army went deep into the scenic spot, broke through hundreds of villages, burned 3 thousand, and beheaded 3.3 thousand people. In the third year of Tianshun (AD 1459), after the failure of the Miao uprising in central Guizhou, 4,490 people were killed and 5,500 women were taken into exile. During the Wanli period, when the Ming Dynasty sent troops to quell the rebellion of Yang Yinglong, the chieftain of Bozhou, many Miao and Gelao people were slaughtered and forced to flee, and only two out of ten survived after the war. In order to "expand the territory", the Ming Dynasty built a large number of forts in eastern Guizhou, Guiyang and Anshun, forcing many Miao people to migrate. (Qiubei County Records, Volume II)
Bai Gui, the right deputy commander of military affairs in Guizhou, was very proud of his passbook, with a left chop of ten thousand and a right chop of three thousand.
According to the records of Fenghuangtang and luxi county, the population of Miao area was "extinct several times" because of its rich experience. "After the slashing and suppression, the village was empty and uninhabited."
Under the leadership of Nikan Wailan, Duke of Toulon, Li, the company commander of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, led the army, conquered Guchui City and carried out a massacre. He also killed Nuerhachi's grandfather Juechanggang and his father Tashi by mistake.
Besides, Manchu was originally an Amin, how can it be compared with Japan?
During the reign of Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty, the Nuzhen in the East China Sea moved south and fought frequently with the Nuzhen in Jianzhou. Jurchen in Jianzhou was forced to move south and west.
During the reign of Xuande, Tong Meng Pavilion Timur was killed by Nuzhen in the East China Sea. His younger brother Fancha and his sons Tongcang and Dongshan led the troops westward, passed through Tongjiajiang (now Hunjiang), entered Hetuala (now Xinbin County, Liaoning Province), built a city under Hulan Hada Mountain (also known as Yantongshan Mountain) and the perilla River, a tributary of Hunhe River, and settled down.
During the orthodox period, the Ming government appointed Li Manzhu, the grandson of Ahachu, as the governor of Jianzhou Wei, Fan Cha as the governor of Jianzhou Right Wei and Dong Shan as the governor of Jianzhou Left Wei. The name of "Jianzhou Sanwei" came from this. Jianzhou Sanwei is a local organization established by the Ming government, in charge of military affairs and civil affairs, "subordinate to Suiyuan" and "guarding the local area". Chiefs are appointed by the central government. As Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty said, "My ancestors were loyal and obedient to the Ming Dynasty for many years." This vividly reflects the close relationship between the central government and local health centers in Ming Dynasty.
(1) "Zuo Zhuan" volume 22, Zhao Gong nine years.
① Strict and Simple: Zhouzilu Special Zone, Volume 24.
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, attached great importance to the management of ethnic minorities in the northeast frontier. In the third year of Hongwu (1370), Dewey was established in Liaodong. In the eighth year (1375), Liao Wei Dewey was changed to be the commander-in-chief of Liaodong, managing the 25 guards in Liaodong and the 0/38 guards in Liaodong.
In the seventh year of Yongle (1409), Nur Padawan was established in Telin, Heilongjiang Province. The famous guards under his jurisdiction included Jianzhouwei, Haixiwei, Wu Gewei and South Havel. Emperor Judy sent eunuchs to Nuer Tuosi for sympathy and inspection, which strengthened the ties between border ethnic groups and the central government of Ming Dynasty.
In the 18th year of Yongle (1420), after the Ming Dynasty moved its capital to Beijing, it strengthened the management of Northeast China. From Hongwu to Zheng Tong, it began to store pages in the East.
Island, with South River in the west, Wudi River in the north and Sea of Japan in the south, has built 184 Wei, which has played a positive role in promoting the development and construction of the northeast frontier and the economic and cultural exchanges between the frontier and the Central Plains.
The Ming government adopted the policy of recruiting, detaining and dividing and ruling the ethnic groups in the northeast. Politically, the Ming government appointed tribal chiefs, who were the heads of health centers, announced their duties and gave them orders, which were called imperial edicts. "The county magistrate was appointed as the governor, commanding and commanding thousands of families, and granting seals to keep vulgar and humble."
(2) "A Record of Emperor Taizu of Qing Dynasty" Volume II.
(1) Tianshun Ming Yi annals Volume 89.
In the Ming Dynasty, the detention center system and the chieftain local official system were implemented in minority areas, which promoted the unity and development of multi-ethnic groups in China.
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