Jingdezhen Ceramics The ceramics industry in Jingdezhen "began in the Han Dynasty" (Eastern Han Dynasty, 25-220 AD). At this time, the pottery was "very thick, with light and rough glaze" and "only for your vulgar use", and there was no exit. So the impact is extremely limited.

Jingdezhen area "soil and water are suitable for pottery. Since the Chen Dynasty (AD 557-589), indigenous people have been engaged in this work, and Zhentao has been famous all over the world since the Chen Dynasty. " During the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 3 17-420), Zhao Zong carried out a series of major reforms on the glaze making, molding and firing of Jingdezhen ceramics, which made important contributions to the development of Jingdezhen's transformation from pottery to porcelain. He is known as the "master of porcelain making" and built a temple to worship him. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, in the first year of Chen Zhide, he built a palace in Beijing and fired porcelain in Xinping Town, Chen Houzhu. During the great cause of Sui Dynasty (58 1-6 18), Xinping Town produced "Two Lions, Elephants and Beasts, which were presented in Ren Xian Palace". By the Tang Dynasty (6 18-907) and the Five Dynasties (907-960), Jingdezhen ceramics had become famous all over the world. "The pottery kiln, which is also a ware in the early Tang Dynasty, is only white clay, with a slightly thin body and moist pigment", "fake jade", "Tao Min fired it in the town", "pottery jade brought porcelain into the customs and paid tribute, so the porcelain in Changnan Town became famous all over the world", "Huo kiln and kiln porcelain are also plain, and those who are good at soil are greasy, and those who are thin are like jade, which is Dongshan. Zhi Yizai: "In the fourth year of Tang Wude (AD 62 1), the new civil servant Huo Zhongchu was called into the palace. "According to archaeological findings, the five dynasties kiln sites in Jingdezhen are widely distributed, with as many as 18, especially the Hutian ancient kiln site, which lasted for 600 to 700 years and was the largest and had far-reaching influence. These kiln sites all burn celadon and white porcelain. The hue of green is gray, and the hue of white is pure. Moreover, white porcelain has excellent fetal quality and good light transmittance. The sintering temperature reached1150-1200℃, the porosity was 0.8%, and the whiteness of the matrix was above 70%. The utensils mainly include plates, bowls, pots, boxes and water jugs. , mainly plates and bowls. This shows that Jingdezhen in the Five Dynasties established its position as the earliest place to burn white porcelain in the south and achieved great success, thus breaking the monopoly of southern celadon and the pattern of "blue in the south and white in the north", which played an extremely important role in the production of celadon in the Song Dynasty and the development of porcelain industry in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Jingdezhen is the representative and symbol of "porcelain capital". It has a long history of porcelain making and exquisite craftsmanship, and is world-famous and known as the "porcelain capital". Jingdezhen has a long history of producing porcelain. When white porcelain as white as jade was fired in the Tang Dynasty, it was called "fake jade". In Song Dynasty, Emperor Song Zhenzong gave Jingdezhen the title of Jingdezhen, so Jingdezhen was famous all over the world. After Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, it became the national porcelain making center of "kiln gathering in the world". In the Qing, Kang, Yong and Gan dynasties, porcelain reached its peak in history. The profound accumulation of porcelain-making culture and skills for more than 2,000 years has established Jingdezhen's position as a world-recognized porcelain capital. Jingdezhen porcelain is "as white as jade, as thin as paper, as bright as a mirror, and as loud as a parallel", especially the combination of craftsmanship, calligraphy, painting, sculpture and poetry is really "as precious as a treasure, as bright as a mirror, and as beautiful as a book". They are all treasures of Chinese culture and art. During the Qianlong period, Jingdezhen porcelain kilns were numerous and widely distributed. In addition to official kilns, there are 200 or 300 folk kilns with tens of thousands of craftsmen. Blue-and-white porcelain wares produced in this period are clear and clean, with bright blue color, giving people a fresh and lively feeling. Multicolored porcelain is strong in color and magnificent, which is more developed than that of Ming Dynasty. The pastel porcelain created is soft in tone, distinct in layers and rich. Enamel-colored porcelain is inspired by western oil paintings on the porcelain embryo and then fired in a kiln. It is a special product of the court, blending Chinese and western. These colorful and precious porcelains, through various channels, along the "Silk Road", "Ceramic Road", "Traveling to Nine Places and Spreading Abroad", have played a positive role in promoting the spread of China's culture and art and economic and trade exchanges, and made great contributions to the enrichment and development of world culture.

In the Song Dynasty, Jingdezhen porcelain was famous for its dexterity, elegance and beauty. This kind of celadon (celadon) was successfully fired on the basis of firing celadon and white porcelain in the Five Dynasties. Celadon tires are exquisitely processed and have the reputation of "jade bone with Plain Muscle". The glaze is white and blue, and it is as white as jade. In addition, the underglaze colored porcelain tire is also engraved with various exquisite patterns, which combine with each other and complement each other, forming a celadon with better color than Qiong Jiu. It is exquisite, beautiful, clear and elegant, and has become an extremely precious variety in the history of China ceramics, thus making Jingdezhen among the famous kilns in the Song Dynasty.

Jingdezhen porcelain industry has been prosperous in Song Dynasty. According to archaeological findings, there were as many as 30 kiln sites in the Song Dynasty, including "more than 300 kiln sites", and the types of ceramics also developed to hundreds. In the Song Dynasty, Jingdezhen not only fired a wide variety of shadow glaze carved porcelain, but also successfully fired a large number of shadow glaze carved porcelain with different shapes and unique styles and copied a variety of glazed porcelain.

Jingdezhen successfully fired blue-and-white porcelain and underglaze red porcelain in the Yuan Dynasty, which are two very distinctive and valuable categories. Blue and white have strong coloring power, stable color, never fading patterns, elegant style, plain and beautiful appearance. Bright blue-and-white glaze and elegant white tire match each other skillfully, which has the characteristics of China ink painting and marks the arrival of a new era from plain porcelain to colored porcelain. With its multi-level, panoramic, distinctive decorative features and decorative techniques of painting-based, engraving, painting and printing, Yuan Blue and White has opened up a new road for the development of ceramic art in China. Red in the glaze is painted on the tire with copper red material, and the transparent glaze is fired in a high-temperature reducing atmosphere, which makes the porcelain with red patterns under the glaze difficult to fire and colorful, so that it is still an extremely precious porcelain category today. Red in glaze can be used to decorate porcelain alone or mixed with blue and white, which is called red in blue and white glaze. These two are extremely precious.

The firing of high-temperature glass has also made outstanding achievements. Founded in 1278, the "Shufu" porcelain fired by Fuliang Porcelain Bureau is thick and opaque, and its color is white and slightly blue, just like the color of goose eggs (also known as "egg white glaze"). This white and moist egg white glaze is the basis for the emergence and development of blue-and-white and underglaze red porcelain, and also laid a certain foundation for the development of underglaze colored porcelain and "white" porcelain in the early Ming Dynasty. The appearance of other colored glazes, such as red glaze, blue glaze and gold glaze, indicates that people have mastered the rules of hair color of various colorants and made Jingdezhen porcelain decoration colorful, thus ending the situation that the glaze color of porcelain before Yuan Dynasty was mainly like jade and silver, and heralding the arrival of a new era.

In Ming Dynasty, Jingdezhen was contested by officials and people. "There is a piece of Ming Dynasty porcelain, the most exquisite and beautiful, all from Jingdezhen", "Several counties merged and lost to Rao Jun County, Jiangxi Province for production ... If the husband is four China people and the famous hunters are all" Floating Beams in Rao Jun County "produced by Jingdezhen, Jingdezhen will truly become the place where porcelain kilns gather in the world. In the Ming Dynasty, Jingdezhen not only inherited the technology of the previous generation and carried forward the types of firing, but also digested and absorbed the excellent skills of the declining famous kilns, and extensively absorbed the essence of foreign culture, boldly innovated and created many new varieties, new shapes and new ornamentation, which really "created a generation of surprises". All these innovations not only created Jingdezhen's central position in the national porcelain industry in the Ming Dynasty, but also made Jingdezhen an important town in the porcelain industry in the Ming Dynasty.

During Yongle period, Jingdezhen successfully fired exquisite porcelain, and during Chenghua period (A.D. 1465- 1487), exquisite blue and white exquisite porcelain was produced. Linglong porcelain is green and bright, and blue and white are elegant and attractive.

The successful firing of Dalonggang and thin-shell porcelain is the embodiment of the high technical achievements of Jingdezhen porcelain industry and the amazing wisdom of porcelain technicians in the Ming Dynasty. Dalonggang, which is more than 70cm in diameter and height, is decorated with dragon whiskers with five claws. It is huge, magnificent and solemn, and it is dedicated to the emperor. Others should not use it illegally to further reveal its mystery. The production of thin-walled porcelain shows the artistic originality and intelligence of porcelain-making technicians from another side. The thinnest and thinnest thin-walled porcelain is only 0.5 mm thick, and the thickest is only 1mm, which is really "as thin as paper".

Painted porcelain, represented by Chenghua stoneware, is an unprecedented masterpiece in the history of China ceramics. Stoneware, founded in Chenghua period, combined underglaze blue and white with underglaze color, creating a new era of colored porcelain in China. During Chenghua period, there were generally three or four kinds of over-glaze colors, up to more than six kinds, and the characteristics of the colors used were extremely distinctive, which were more beautiful than pure under-glaze colors or over-glaze colors, giving people a sense of competition. From Jiajing (A.D. 1522- 1566) to Wanli (A.D. 1573- 16 19), blue and white colors were created on the basis of Chenghua stoneware, which changed the stoneware. Blue and white are in the same position as red, yellow and green, and there is no distinction between master and slave, which greatly enriches the expressive force of blue and white, showing the situation that red is mainly red, light green, dark green, yellow, brown, purple and underglaze blue. The colored porcelain in Jiajing and Wanli years has many patterns and colorful colors. In the Ming Dynasty, there were blue-and-white colors, blue-and-white red-and-green colors, over-glaze colors, filling colors, golden colors, etc., and plain tricolor was also very famous.

In the Ming Dynasty, Jingdezhen porcelain with high-temperature monochromatic glaze (firing temperature 1200℃ or above) and low-temperature monochromatic glaze (firing temperature 1200℃ or below) developed greatly. The production of white porcelain was fired in every dynasty in the Ming Dynasty, and everything was wonderful. The white sweetness of Yongle; The juice of Xuande (A.D. 1426- 1435) is as thick as fat and as bright as jade. Jiajing's purity and purity; Wanli is bright and brilliant; They are all amazing and refreshing. The most outstanding achievements of monochromatic glazes in Ming Dynasty are the red and blue glazes of Yongle and Xuande, and the yellow glazes of Chenghua Peacock Green and Hongzhi (A.D. 1488- 1505). The red vessels in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty, also known as "red ritual vessels", are as thick as fat and bright in color, and have the reputation of "the treasure of Yongle", winning the evaluation that "the most expensive permanent vessel is red". Ruby glaze in Xuande period is better than Yongle Dahong glaze. Glaze juice is as crystal clear as ruby, and the fetal quality is delicate and compact, which is precious. Blue glazed porcelain in Ming dynasty was burned more during Xuande period. Later generations compared it with white glaze and red glaze and praised it as the "top grade" of Xuande porcelain.

Jingdezhen porcelain industry in the early Qing dynasty, whether it is official kiln or private kiln; No matter the product modeling, decorative techniques, decorative themes, and decorative styles, they have all reached the peak of "participating in the past and bringing forth the new, and being ingenious, especially in drawing figures, landscapes, flowers and birds", and the porcelain-making technology has almost reached the point of perfection and superb. At this time, Jingdezhen "stretches for more than ten miles, and there are more than tens of thousands of craftsmen and husbands in the second and third hundred districts of folk kilns, so there are many eaters, waiting for fire, rain, pottery and millet" (Tang Ying's "Tao Ren Xinyu"), "There are dozens of provinces, merchants all around, and porcelain vendors gathered in Sri Lanka". The Qing Dynasty, like the Ming Dynasty, is also the glory of the coexistence of official kilns and folk kilns, and they are both famous kilns.

There were many famous kilns and many innovations in the early Qing Dynasty. The famous official kilns in Kangxi period were Zang Kiln and Lang Kiln. Zang Kiln was built by Zang, governor of Tao during the reign of Kangxi. The main achievement of Zang kiln is monochromatic glaze, but blue and white, multicolored, plain tricolor and underglaze red are all extremely exquisite. Kangxi blue-and-white has a bright color and distinct layers, and has the reputation of "colorful blue-and-white" with a unique style, especially the blue-and-white in the folk kiln is a typical representative of the blue-and-white in the Qing Dynasty. Kangxi multicolored invented the blue and black colors on the glaze, which became another turning point of colored porcelain, and basically changed the situation that blue and white multicolored combined with underglaze colors dominated in the Ming Dynasty. Moreover, with the increase of colors, the use of gold broke through the single technique of Ming Jiajing painting gold in Fan Hong, Ji Hong and other places, making Kangxi colorful and dazzling. Langyao was a porcelain produced by Langtingji, Governor of Jiangxi Province, during the reign of Emperor Kangxi from 44 to 5 1 in Jingdezhen. Langyao is famous for imitating Xuande and Chenghua kilns in Ming Dynasty. Langyao's outstanding achievements are the colored glass created by imitating the red glaze offered by Xuande in Ming Dynasty and Lang Yaohong's "fancy but not vulgar, positive color" represented by Lang Yaohong. Its color is deep and brilliant, such as condensed bovine blood (so it is also called bovine blood red), its glaze color is bright and heavy, and the utensils are separated inside and outside, as bright as glass, as magnificent as ruby, and extremely precious, which is a treasure of all ages. Kangxi also burned Yatan bean red, which, like Lang Yaohong's, also called beauty drunk; It is very appropriate to describe it with the poem "Green as clear water on the first birthday, Red as the morning glow". On the basis of multi-colors, the pastel created by Kangxi dynasty under the influence of enamel production technology achieved unprecedented development in Yongzheng period, and the situation of "being clear is the most important" appeared. The addition of arsenic in pastel and the application of boneless rendering techniques in Chinese painting highlight the three-dimensional sense of yin and yang, light and shade, and the firing temperature of pastel is lower than that of ancient painting, and the color contrast is more harmonious. So it looks soft and pink, rich in color, gorgeous and elegant, vivid in image and elegant in composition. The so-called "fresh and dazzling, extraordinary works." It is particularly worth mentioning that Tang Ying, a pottery official who combines poetry, calligraphy, painting and printing, and takes porcelain art as the first priority, has made brilliant achievements under the leadership of the Tang kiln, not only as a representative of the Qianlong Dynasty, but also as a representative of the achievements in the history of ancient Chinese porcelain making. In the sixth year of Yongzheng (A.D. 1728), 47-year-old Tang Ying served as an assistant director of kiln affairs and presided over the pottery administration with the heart of a Taoist. Its embryo, glaze color, vessel type, variety, technology, decorative form, over-glaze color and under-glaze color painting, regardless of antique, regardless of innovation, are at their peak. As "Jingdezhen" said: "Gong knows the fire in the earth, carefully selects all materials, and all products are made of pure gold. Antique kiln furniture, all comparable; Imitating all kinds of famous glazes, it is not a coincidence that the workers are capable, and they are all prepared ... At this point, the kiln is completed! " . From the middle period of Qianlong, Jingdezhen porcelain industry showed signs of decline, and gradually declined in the late Qing Dynasty. After Daoguang, until Jingdezhen was liberated on April 29, 1949,/kloc-0, Jingdezhen porcelain industry was in a state of depression. "So, Qianlong was once the heyday of the Qing Dynasty and the hub of the rise and fall of a generation."

During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, wars continued, and Jingdezhen ceramics went downhill.

Since the founding of New China, Jingdezhen has re-established the top ten porcelain factories in Jingdezhen on the basis of the original small workshops.

Jingdezhen People's Porcelain Factory, with the number 1956, was formed by the merger of Huaguang, Qunyi and Everbright, which were jointly owned by the public and private enterprises, and was called "Jingdezhen Third Porcelain Factory". 1957 changed its name to Xinping Porcelain Factory, and 1969 changed its name to its present name.

Jingdezhen Jianguo Porcelain Factory, founded in June 1950, is the first state-owned enterprise after the liberation of Jingdezhen.

Jingdezhen Art Porcelain Factory, formerly known as Arts and Crafts Porcelain Factory, was built in 1960 and later renamed as1972;

Jingdezhen Hongxing Porcelain Factory, 1958 was formed by the merger of the eleventh and fourteenth porcelain factories;

Jingdezhen Hongqi Porcelain Factory, 1957 was formed by the merger of the sixth, seventh and ninth porcelain factories;

Jingdezhen Weimin Porcelain Factory 1965 was completed and put into operation, formerly known as Advanced Fine Arts Porcelain Factory, and renamed as 1966;

Jingdezhen Cosmic Porcelain Factory, originally the first branch of Jianguo Porcelain Factory, was built in 1954, 1958 and renamed as the 13th Ceramic Handicraft Cooperative and the 4th Porcelain Factory.

Jingdezhen Dongfeng Porcelain Factory, established by porcelain dealer 195 1, formerly known as Yumin Ceramics Co., Ltd., was a joint venture between the two companies in 1953, and 1956 was called the first porcelain factory. 1958 part of the 8th, 18th and 19th porcelain factories was merged and renamed.

Jingdezhen Guangming Porcelain Factory was established on 196 1 by a part of Hongqi Porcelain Factory;

Jingdezhen jing xing Porcelain Factory was formed by the merger of Huadian Porcelain Factory and Guoguang Porcelain Factory in 196 1 year.

Jingdezhen Xinhua Porcelain Factory, originally a part of Xinping Porcelain Factory (now People's Porcelain Factory), was established in1965;

In 1980s, another large ceramic factory, Huafeng Porcelain Factory, was built in Jingdezhen. Jingdezhen Huafeng Porcelain Factory was established in 1978 and put into production in 1985.

Since the 1990s, the top ten porcelain factories and Huafeng porcelain factory have stopped production due to poor management.