The predecessor of the Ming Dynasty-the Western Wu Period (1364-1368)

Rule the whole country-Ming dynasty (1368-1644)

Half of Jiangnan-Nanming period (1644-1662)

The last aftermath-Ming and Zheng Dynasties (1662-1683)

The rule of Mongolian Yuan became more and more cruel and dark. During the reign of Hui Yuan Zong, the Red Scarf Army broke out in Han and Xu Shouhui Uprising. Zhu Yuanzhang joined the Red Scarf Army. He fought in the south and the north. 1364, Zhu Yuanzhang claimed to be the king of Wu, which was known as the Western Wu regime in history. 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, with Yingtianfu (Nanjing) as the capital, Daming as the title and Hongwu as the title, and established the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang is Ming Taizu. Soon, he ordered Xu Da, Chang Yuchun and other generals to explore the Mongols in the north, occupy Dadu (Beijing), and Yuan Shundi fled to the north, thus ending the Yuan Dynasty's rule in China in 1998. There were twenty emperors in the Ming Dynasty (including four emperors in Nanming). The territory of the Ming dynasty once included the so-called eighteen provinces in the mainland during the Qing dynasty, and detention centers were also set up in northeast China, eastern Xinjiang and Tibet. Yingtianfu (now Nanjing) was the capital city in the early Ming Dynasty. In the 19th year of Yongle (142 1), Ming Taizu moved the capital to Beijing and changed Nanjing to Yingtianfu as its capital.

In the early Ming dynasty, the national strength was strong. Ming Yingzong ascended the throne when he was young, and Yang Pu, Yang Shiqi and Yang Rong presided over the political situation in North Korea, and "the country was peaceful and clear". In the seventh year of orthodoxy, eunuch Wang Zhen began to usurp power; In the fourteenth year of orthodoxy, the civil fort changed, which destroyed the military superiority since Yongle and greatly damaged the national strength, but Emperor Jingtai appointed Yu Qian to defeat Vara. Hongzhi period was a period of political clarity in the middle of Ming dynasty, which was called "Hongzhi rejuvenating the country" in history. Zheng De and Jiajing Dynasties began to decline gradually, and social contradictions sprouted, facing the invasion of Mongolia and Japan. During the reign of Qin Long, Anda paid tribute to him and opened the maritime ban. In the early years of Wanli, it flourished with the assistance of the famous minister Zhang. The economic scale of the Ming dynasty, including the annual income of the contemporary court, is the first in the world. It was only in the middle of Wanli that the emperor idled around, officials became more corrupt, and the landlord class searched for people's money and paste everywhere, which led to the rebellion in the south of the Yangtze River and the Manchu Dynasty outside the customs. The finance of the Ming Dynasty deteriorated and began to decline. During the apocalypse, the autocratic rule of Huangmen Group accelerated the development of this process. During the Chongzhen period, people rose up in succession, and the army of the late Jin Dynasty (the predecessor of Manchu Dynasty) also broke through the Great Wall defense line and entered the customs. In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1644), Li Zicheng, a native of Yulin, Shaanxi Province, led an army to capture Beijing, and Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself. The rule of the Ming Dynasty in the whole country came to an end, and the Qing army entered the customs in the same year. Later, the imperial clan of the Ming Dynasty successively established the Ming government in the south of the Yangtze River, which was called Nanming in history. In the 16th year of Ming Dynasty (1662), Wu Sangui was strangled in Kunming, Yunnan, and Nanming perished. However, Zheng Group in Taiwan Province Province continued to use the number to establish the government until the Qing Dynasty (1683) led Shi Lang to attack Taiwan Province Province, Zheng surrendered, Zhu Shugui, the founder of Ming Dynasty, committed suicide, and the Ming Dynasty perished.

The economy and culture of Ming Dynasty belong to a relatively developed stage in the history of China. In the early Ming Dynasty, the centralization of monarchy was strengthened, and the emperor monopolized the power. However, after Xuande, the imperial power began to weaken, and there was a power struggle between the cabinet and eunuchs. In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, with the Renaissance, the great geographical discovery and the religious reform, the West began to be on an equal footing with the East in the world, and gradually surpassed China. At the same time, western learning came to China with a group of missionaries, which opened a window and opportunity for the cultural exchange between the East and the West.

Xiwu (1364- 1368)

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, political corruption, Mongolian rulers contended for power and profits, and the people complained bitterly, and the broad masses of the people, including the Han nationality, were oppressed as never before. The national treasury is also getting empty. In 35 1 year, the imperial court recruited hundreds of thousands of peasants and soldiers to control the Yellow River flood. "Governing the river" and "exchanging money" became the fuse of the popular rebellion, which led to the outbreak of the Red Scarf Army uprising.

135 1 May, the Red Scarf Army uprising led by Han and Han broke out. The following year, Guo Zixing responded, rallied and captured Haozhou (now Fengyang, Anhui). Soon, Zhu Yuanzhang, a poor farmer in Haozhou, went to Guo Zixing at the invitation of Tanghe, made a meritorious military service, was valued and trusted by Guo Zixing, and married Ma Shi, the adopted daughter of Guo Zixing. After that, Zhu Yuanzhang left Haozhou to develop his own power. 1355, Liu Futong established the son of Han as the emperor, which was known in history as Dasong and Longfeng, with Bozhou as its capital. After his death, Zhu Yuanzhang took over the Guo Department and served as Deputy Marshal Zuo. In the second year of Longfeng (1356), Zhu Yuanzhang led the troops to occupy Qing Ji (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province), renamed Yingtianfu, captured some surrounding military sites and gained a foothold. At this time, Zhu Yuanzhang was in a difficult situation. Zhu Yuanzhang adopted the advice of Zhu Sheng, a counselor, and said, "Build a high wall, accumulate grain widely, and be king slowly". In the sixth year of Longfeng (1360), Chen Youliang's forces suffered a great blow through the Poyang Lake water war. The following year, Wang Xiaoming named Zhu Yuanzhang Wu Guogong. In the ninth year of Longfeng (1363), Chen Youliang's influence was completely eliminated. In the tenth year of Dragon and Phoenix (1364), Zhu Yuanzhang claimed to be the King of Wu, which was called the King of West Wu in history, which was different from Zhang Shicheng, the King of Soochow at Pingjiang (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). In the twelfth year of Longfeng (1366), he drowned, and Zhu Yuanzhang changed his name to the first year of Wu in the following year. In the first year of Wu (1367), Zhu Yuanzhang captured Pingjiang and Zhang Shicheng committed suicide. Later, Zhu Yuanzhang destroyed the coastal city of Fang Guozhen, Zhejiang. /kloc-in the first month of 0/368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian, established the Ming Dynasty, and the Yuan Dynasty changed to Hongwu. Later, when the Mongols were fighting, he engaged in the Northern Expedition and the Western Expedition. In the same year, he captured Dadu (now Beijing) and Yuan Shundi fled to the north. Since then, Zhu Yuanzhang has continued to wipe out Ming Yu's earthquake forces in Sichuan and Liang Wang, while the Yuan Dynasty was holed up in Yunnan. He went deep into the desert and attacked Beiyuan. This is the beginning of the world.

Ming dynasty (1368- 1644)

Hongwu period

After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, on the one hand, reduced the burden on farmers, resumed social and economic production, and punished corrupt officials, and achieved certain results. Zhu Yuanzhang established the Li Jia system, cooperated with the implementation of the yellow book and fish scale atlas of tax service, implemented tax service and maintained local public security. Zhu Yuanzhang made great contributions after pacifying the world. However, Zhu Yuanzhang was suspicious and suspicious of these heroes, fearing that they would bend the law and plot evil. And some heroes also crossed the etiquette and did evil. Zhu Yuanzhang took this opportunity to publicize two prisons, namely "Hulan Party Prison", which killed almost all the heroes.

The Battle of Jingnan and Yongle Period

Zhu Yuanzhang made scholars princes to strengthen the frontier defense and defend the throne. Among the vassal kings, the northern vassal king is stronger and mainly undertakes the frontier defense task of Mongolia. Especially Rebecca, Judy and Wang Jin have the greatest influence. It poses a great threat to imperial power.

After Zhu Yuanzhang's death, Zhu Yunwen, the great grandson of the emperor, succeeded to the throne, which was written for Hui Zong. He immediately conspired with his trusted ministers, Qi Tai and Huang Zicheng, to cut down the princes. The kings of Zhou, Dai, Qi, Xiang and Min were either abolished or killed. At the same time, in the name of border defense, the elite prince was transferred to prepare to cut off the prince. As a result, at Yao's suggestion, the prince of Yan launched the battle of Jingnan in the name of one party and finally occupied Nanjing. His whereabouts are unknown in the Miyagi fire. Judy's victory ended the battle of Jingnan. Judy removed the title of Wen Jian and continued to use the title of "Hongwu", that is, the fourth year of Wenjian was changed to the thirty-fifth year of Hongwu, and the next year was changed to Yongle. At the same time, he ordered the restoration of all laws and official systems changed by the Wen Dynasty. In the first year of Yongle, Judy ascended the throne for Ming Chengzu (when Ming Renzong decided to name the temple Taizong, Ming Shizong changed the name of the temple to Qun in September of the seventeenth year of Jiajing).

After Cheng Zu ascended the throne, his martial arts was in full swing, and he first attacked Annan. Later, in order to avoid future troubles, he personally entered Mobei to attack Mongolia. In the field of culture, Cheng Zu ordered the compilation of Yongle Dadian. It will be completed in three years. There are 22,877 volumes of Yongle Dadian, 60 volumes of catalogue, 1 1095 volumes, 78,000 kinds of books are cited, with more than 370 million words, without abridgement. In the third year of Yongle, Judy sent Zheng He to the Western Ocean in an unprecedented way, which expanded the influence of the Ming Dynasty. In the first year of Yongle (1403), Cheng Zu renamed Beiping as Beijing, called Hangzai, and set up Beijing imperial academy and other yamen. In the fifth year of Yongle (1407), the palace was built in Beijing. In the seventh year of Yongle (1409), he toured Beijing, set up six departments and Douchayuan in Beijing, and was the late queen Xu Liling in Beijing, showing signs of moving the capital. After more than ten years of operation, Beijing has initially prospered. 14 16, Judy announced the idea of moving the capital and was recognized. In the fifteenth year of Yongle, Beijing was built on a large scale. Yongle was built in the eighteenth year, and the capital was officially moved in the nineteenth year.

However, Cheng Zu also slaughtered dissidents, such as Huang Zicheng and Qi Tai, all the old ministers of Wen Jian were killed. Among them, Fang Xiaoru's Kill Ten Families and Jing Qing's Guaman Copy are the most tragic. In addition, he also set up another spy organization-East Factory. Factory hygiene system was established in Ming Dynasty.

Benevolence and publicity

After Ming Taizu's death, Prince Zhu Gaochi acceded to the throne as Emperor Renzong. In order to preserve the people's strength, Emperor Renzong of Ming Dynasty practiced a policy of rest and recuperation. He also encouraged production and saved himself from jail. Later, Emperor Xuanzong of Ming Dynasty continued to implement the policy of governing the country with benevolence, and his national strength was further enhanced, which was called "the rule of benevolence and propaganda" in history. However, during this period, the rule that the eunuch left by Mao was not allowed to take charge of government was broken, and some eunuchs began to take charge of government, which laid a hidden danger for the eunuch's authoritarian power in the middle of Ming Dynasty.

The change of civil fort and the restoration of English sects

In the tenth year of Xuande (1435), Ming Yingzong Zhu Qizhen, aged 9, succeeded to the throne. With the assistance of Empress Dowager Cixi and ministers Yang Shiqi, Yang Pu and Yang Rong (Sanyang), the Ming Dynasty continued to advance steadily along the route of the Ren Xuan period. In the seventh year of orthodoxy (1442), the empress dowager died, and Sanyang also withdrew from the political arena, so Wang Zhen, the eunuch favored by Yingzong, became more overbearing and began to be authoritarian.

In the early years of orthodoxy, the Mongolian Walla Department became more and more powerful, and often caused troubles at the border of the Ming Dynasty. The Warra leader also went south to attack the Ming Dynasty in July of the 14th year of Orthodox (1449). Wang Zhen enlisted 500,000 troops with Yingzong. After the army left Beijing, the soldiers were tired of food. At the beginning of August, the army arrived in Datong. Wang Zhen had to report the rout of the front line, afraid to fight again, and ordered him to return. When Li returned to the civil fort, he was caught up by the Walla army, and more than half of the soldiers were killed or injured. He either followed the prince, died or was captured. However, Yingzong failed to break through and was captured, and Wang Zhen was also killed by guard general Fan Zhongyan. This is the change of the civil fort.

After the news of the change of the civil fort reached the capital, the DPRK was in chaos. A minister's request to move the capital to Nanjing was refuted by Yu Qian, assistant minister of the Ministry of War. On the other hand, Zhu Qiyu, the younger brother of Yingzong, was enthroned by the minister for the change of Zongdai and Jingtai. At the same time, Yu Qian actively prepared for the war. In October of the same year, the Walla army pushed Beijing to the city gate and placed Yingzong in the pass outside Deshengmen. The Walla army failed to attack and fled. I also saw that it was meaningless to continue kidnapping Yingzong, but I released Yingzong in August of the following year. However, Daizong first refused to send envoys to welcome him, put Yingzong under house arrest in Nangong, and abolished Crown Prince Zhu Jianshen (son of Yingzong, later Xianzong) as the release king, and made his son Zhu play it by ear as the prince. Soon, Zhu died according to circumstances, and Daizong also postponed the restoration of Zhu Jianshen as the Prince. In the first month of Jingtai's eighth year, Daizong was critically ill. 16, Xu Youzhen, the vice capital of Imperial Capital, led an army into the Nangong at night, winning the support of Yingzong to seize the gate (Donghuamen) and reset it. He also killed Yu Qian and Wang Wen, a university student, and framed him for wanting Xiang Wang's son to be emperor. This is the change of seizing the door, also known as "the restoration of Nangong".

Xianzong period

Eight years after the restoration of Yingzong, he died and his son Zhu Jianshen acceded to the throne for Ming Xianzong. In the second year of Chenghua, Yu Qian died and his son was crowned as an official. In the eleventh year of Chenghua, Emperor Zong was restored. He can observe people's feelings and make great efforts to govern, just like a wise king. Ryukyu, Hami, Siam, Toulufan, Samarkand and other countries have paid tribute. However, the good times did not last long. Xianzong indulged in the harem all day long, and was happy with Wan Guifei, who was 18 years older than him, and prized eunuchs such as Wang Zhi and Liang Fang. They squandered the state treasury, which led to the confusion of state affairs. In the imperial court, ministers are in power and the political situation is bleak. Xianzong also established Huang Zhuang, which was the first land merger in the Ming Dynasty. In addition, Xianzong also initiated the system that the emperor directly issued imperial edicts to seal officials, so as to serve officials. As a result, propaganda officials flooded and fraud became the norm. It was not until the period of Xiaozong that all these officials were abolished. Wang Zhi, the eunuch, was favored by Xian Zong, and he was arrogant. He set up a spy organization to kill the people and officials of the West Factory. People are angry, but Wang Zhi still holds the power. In the eighteenth year of Chenghua (1482), Wang Zhi was demoted for impeaching officials.

Hongzhi zhongxing

After Xianzong's death, Zhu Youtang, Emperor Xiaozong of Ming Dynasty, acceded to the throne. Filial piety was born in Xiao Han, so during the reign of filial piety, it "re-emerged from ordinary politics, in a word", which changed the situation that the traitor was in power since the reign of the British emperor. Filial piety is known as the "master of ZTE" and makes great efforts to govern, so it is called Hongzhi Zhongxing. Although eunuch Li Guang was favored in his later years, he immediately turned over a new leaf, and historians of past dynasties spoke highly of him. During the reign of Xiaozong, a group of treacherous court officials and redundant staff left by Xianzong were arrested and punished. And select the best talents and entrust them with the heavy responsibility of ministers. Filial piety is diligent in political affairs and visits the DPRK twice a day. Filial piety is strict with eunuchs, and the secret service can only be cautious in punishment. Filial piety practices thrift, does not build large buildings and reduces taxes. Single-minded, I have no concubines except Queen Zhang in my life. Under his rule, during Hongzhi's reign, politics was clear and the people were rich.

Wu zong's rebellion

In May of the eighteenth year of Hongzhi, Xiaozong died of illness. Fifteen-year-old Prince Zhu Houzhao ascended the throne and reformed Yuan for the sake of Wu Zong. Wu Zongtian loves pleasure, indulges in debauchery all day long, and associates with the inner minister. Liu Jin, Ma Yongcheng, Gu Dayong, Wei Bin, Zhang Yong, Qiu Ju, Gao Feng, Luo Xiang and other eight eunuchs in the Eastern Palace colluded with each other to form the "Eight Tigers". The Eight Tigers tried their best to welcome Ashang, guide the emperor to enjoy himself, hurt loyalty and righteousness, and lead to the corruption of state affairs again. Liu Jin, one of the Eight Tigers, monopolized the power, lured his cronies into the cabinet, tried every means to meet Wu Zong's playful needs and built a leopard room for his fornication. However, Liu Jin's autocratic power has also caused dissatisfaction with one of the other "seven tigers" in North Korea. In the end, Liu Jin was sentenced to death with 3357 knives. However, Wu Zong still ignored politics and began to trust courtier Jiang Bin.

Since Wu Zong's wandering idleness led to fierce land annexation, class contradictions and contradictions within the ruling clique deepened, and accidents occurred frequently, such as Zhu Jian's uprising in Anhua, Ningxia, Liu Liu and Liu Qi's uprising in Zhili, and Zhu's uprising in Xining, Jiangxi, etc. In the fifteenth year of Zheng De's reign, Wu Zong fell into the water and fell ill while boating in Qingjiangpu (Huai 'an, Jiangsu) in Nanzhili. In the sixteenth year of Zheng De (152 1), Wu Zong died in March.

Jiajing Qin Long Dynasties

Wu zong has no children and no brothers. After his death, Zhu Houzong, the eldest son of the king, was promoted by Xiaozong's younger brother for Mingshizong. Sejong ascended the throne, deposed eunuchs, rectified taxes, and thrifty finances, which seemed to make a difference. However, the ceremony event seriously damaged the state affairs: Sejong requested to summon his biological fathers Huang Kao and Xiao Huang Zongbo Kao. But Yang Yanhe, the cabinet record, and Mao Cheng, the minister of rites, insisted that some ministers catered to the emperor's wishes. Finally, Sejong honored his biological father, Gong Rui Renyuan Hiromu Chunsheng, as emperor, and the name of the temple was Zong Rui. In this way, the god of Zong Rui was promoted to the ancestral temple and climbed up to Wuzong (in the first year of Qin Long, Zong Rui Tang Ming was awarded). Great etiquette caused an uproar, and opponents of courtiers were all attacked, or dismissed from office or imprisoned. Reception staff 180 people, died with the staff 17 people. At the same time, Sejong believed in Taoism, trusted alchemists, abused public funds, squandered money and prayed day and night in the palace. First, Taoist Shao entered Beijing, with a real name and a history of rites. After Shao's death, Fang Shitao was spoiled. Since the "Renyin Palace Change" in the twenty-first year of Jiajing (1542), Sejong has no longer regarded the DPRK. Since then, Yan Song, the minion, has been under dictatorship for more than 20 years, and the corruption in the state affairs is extremely dark.

After Jiajing, foreign invasion continued. Tatars in the north occupied Hetao when the Ming Dynasty was weak. In Jiajing 1550, Tatar leader Anda Khan invaded and plundered in the suburbs of Beijing and then went west. The Ming army lost in pursuit, which is the change of Geng Xu. During Mu Zongshi, the Ming Dynasty established good relations with Mongolia, and Anda was named King Shunyi. In the southern coastal areas, Japanese pirates are rampant and people's lives and production are seriously damaged. However, Qi Jiguang, Hu Zongxian and Judah destroyed it.

After Sejong's death, Prince Zhu Zaihou acceded to the throne, and for the sake of Ming Muzong, he was changed to Qin Long. During his six years in office, Mu Zong appointed capable ministers such as Gao Gong, Xu Jie and Zhang, and the domestic situation was generally good. It laid the foundation for ZTE in the early years of Wanli. Although political corruption became more and more serious in these two dynasties, the economy developed.

zhang juzheng reform

Qin Long died of a stroke in the sixth year of Ming Dynasty, and his son succeeded to the throne, and God changed Wanli. Because Zongshen is young, the Queen Mother is the Regent. Gao Gong, an important official, was removed from office because he stood up to Feng Bao, the eunuch trusted by the Queen Mother. On the contrary, Zhang has received the full support of.

During Zhang Fuzheng's ten years, he carried out reforms. In internal affairs, he put forward the principle of "respecting sovereignty, instructors, rewarding and punishing, giving orders", implemented the examination law, abolished redundant officials and staff in government agencies, and reorganized postal and civil servants. Economically, clear the whole country's land, curb the powerful landlords, reform the tax system, implement the whip law, and reduce the burden on farmers. During the Hongwu period, there were 8507632 hectares of cultivated land in China. In the fifteenth year of Hongzhi (1502), it was reduced to 4228058 hectares. After nine years of management by Zhang, Wanli reached 7,013,976 hectares. Militarily, strengthen the rectification of military equipment, put down the riots in the southwest, and reuse the anti-Japanese famous Qi Jiguang Prime Minister Ji, Chang and Bao for training to make the border safe. Zhang also opened Pan Jixun to control the Yellow River and turn floods into water conservancy. At the same time, severely punish corrupt officials and reduce redundant staff.

After Zhang's reform, the early years of Wanli presented a scene of peace and prosperity. After Zhang's death, ZTE's image disappeared. Since then, the Ming Dynasty has embarked on the road of decline.

Wanli is idle in politics.

In the early days after Zhang's death, he was still interested in political affairs, but he soon began to ignore political affairs. Fourteen years after Wanli, Zongshen began not to go to court continuously. After the New Year's Day in the seventeenth year of Wanli, Zongshen used the solar eclipse as an excuse to greet on New Year's Day. Since then, Zongshen has stopped looking at North Korea on New Year's Day every year. Sixteen years after Wanli, Chang Chao often didn't see Zongshen. Zongshen ignored political affairs in the deep palace all day, immersed in debauchery. There is also a beauty contest every year. Zongshen is good at architecture and often builds many buildings. At the age of 2/kloc-0, he began to build a cemetery. In the seventeenth year of Wanli, the left critic of Dali Temple was ignorant of benevolence, saying that Zongshen was addicted to debauchery and wealth and was demoted to the common people. Zongshen also sent mine supervisors and tax supervisors to search private property, which led to many civil riots. The lack of officials is very serious, because all sects do not care about state affairs. In the thirty years of Wanli (1602), there were three ministers and ten assistant ministers in Beijing. There are three governors, 66 ministers and judges and 25 local judges. Sects are above, officials are below, and the government is completely idle. There are many parties in bureaucracy, such as Party, Propaganda Party, Kunming Party, Qi Party and Zhejiang Party. But the topic of discussion is not how to improve state affairs, but just the personnel layout.

Wanli Dynasty, including three expeditions to help the Korean dynasty resist the Japanese invasion, pacify the pilgrimage rebellion in Ningxia and pacify the rebellion in Yang Yinglong, Guizhou, all won. In the forty-six years of Wanli (16 18), Nurhachi, a late Jin Dynasty, denounced the "seven great hatreds" and vowed to beg for the Ming Dynasty. The following year, the Ming army was defeated in the battle of Salhu, and the Ming dynasty turned to the strategic defense of Jurchen.

Wei Zhongxian Rebellion

In the first year of Taichang (1620), Guangzong died. Zhu Youxiao, the eldest son, succeeded to the throne as Ming Xizong, and was renamed as the Apocalypse. Xizong's cultural level is not high, and he likes carpentry. Eunuch Wei Zhongxian took advantage of the situation, formed gangs and made a mess, which made the Ming society even darker.

However, from the standpoint of deep neutrality, the so-called "Wei Zhongxian Rebellion" was actually caused by the dominant forces such as the Ming Party, the Zhejiang Party, the Qi Party and the Lu Party for their own interests. The emperor tried to unite a few officials from North Korea and China through the palace to fight for power from the cabinet controlled by Lindong Party. The struggle ended with the death of the Apocalypse Emperor. After the death of Emperor Apocalypse, Emperor Chongzhen began to use officials from Lindong. Soon Wei Zhongxian was transferred to Fengyang by the emperor to guard the imperial tomb, and Wei Zhongxian hanged himself.

domestic trouble and foreign invasion

In the seventh year of the apocalypse, Xizong died. King Xin's younger brother succeeded him as Sizong (Ming 'an Zongchu was renamed Sizong, later changed to Sizong, and Zongzong was renamed as Chongzhen). After he ascended the throne, he was determined to reform state affairs. He first ordered the suspension of the construction of the shrine and forced the Hakkas to move outside the palace. When the time was right, Emperor Chongzhen ordered Wei Zhongxian to guard Fengyang Mausoleum. On his way to Wei Zhongxian, he learned that Emperor Chongzhen sent a royal guard to arrest him and hanged himself with his cronies Li. Emperor Chongzhen hung his head in Hejian's hometown. At the same time, the guests were taken to Huan Yi Branch for execution. Other eunuchs were also demoted or executed. Although the autocratic power of the eunuch party ended, the struggle between the parties in the DPRK and China continued, and Emperor Chongzhen began to be disappointed in the political affairs. In order to revive national politics, he began to strengthen centralization, tried to control officials and appointed eunuchs to carry out his innovative will.

1629 (the second year of Chongzhen in the late Ming Dynasty) 10, after the Jin Dynasty, Huang Taiji led the Mongolian army, crossed xifengkou, broke through the Great Wall from Longjing Pass, captured four national defense fortresses, namely Zunhua, Luanzhou, Yongping and Qian 'an, and reached the imperial city. Due to personnel changes, the imperial court once lost control of the border guards in western Liaoning, the 3rd Battalion guarding the Imperial Capital was intimidated by the late Jin Dynasty, and the gardens, pavilions and pavilions outside Beijing were completely ravaged by the invaders. In February of the same year, Emperor Chongzhen ordered all military forces to enter Beijing.

1630 (the third year of Chongzhen), the emperor executed Yuan Chonghuan, who was in charge of military affairs in Liaodong, on the charge of "invalid entrustment, relying solely on deception, stealing rice from the city, and suspecting being handsome". In the same year, the late Jin army arrived outside Beijing, which shocked the Ming Dynasty. Qin Liangyu, the female company commander of Chongqing, stepped forward and led the "White Pole Soldiers" to take the initiative to attack the Eight Banners Army. Outside Yongdingmen, Huang Taiji sent Dourgen's department to face Qin Liangyu's department. In this campaign, with the cooperation of veterans such as Sun Chengzong, Qin Liangyu led the white armed soldiers to defeat the iron-toed cavalry. Later, Qin Liangyu successfully captured the stronghold of Huang Taiji on a snowy night. The ambitious Huang Taiji was forced to give up Luanzhou, Yongping, Qian 'an and Zunhua, and returned in vain.

1640, the Qing army attacked Jinzhou, and Emperor Chongzhen sent Hong Chengchou to lead the Eighth Route Army to lead the130,000 troops who had just put down the uprising in the Central Plains to go through the customs for aid, and fought a "Jin Song War" with the Qing army in Songshan. As a result, the Ming army lost. Hong Chengchou knows. Liaodong area outside the customs basically fell.

164 1 year, Li Zicheng captured Luoyang and killed Zhu. 16431October, Li Zicheng invaded Tongguan, 1 1 month occupied Xi 'an. The peasant army led by Zhang mainly developed in the south, first controlling Huguang area and then attacking Sichuan to serve the Western Jin regime. 1644 Li Zicheng announced the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) in Xi' an, with the title of Dashun and Yongchang. In March of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, the peasant army captured Datong, Fu Xuan and Juyongguan. 18, the peasant army conquered the outer city of Beijing. In the early morning of the next day, Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself in Jingshan Park, and the rule of the Ming Dynasty in the whole country came to an end.

Nan Ming (1644- 1662)

Hong Guang regime

1April 2, 6441day, Li Zicheng personally led the troops and fought a stone war with Wu Sangui outside Shanhaiguan, but Li Zicheng was defeated by the Qing army. On April 29th, Li Zicheng acceded to the throne in a hurry in Wuying Hall, burned the Palace and Nine Pagodas in the middle of the night, and retreated westward. After that, the peasant army fought one after another, and its combat effectiveness was greatly damaged. When fighting with the Qing army, it also suffered repeated battles and defeats. On the second day of May, Regent Dourgen of the Qing Dynasty went to Beijing. On the 8th, Shunzhi went to Beijing. Beijing began to become the capital of the Qing court. In Nanjing, there were formal grass-roots government institutions in the Ming Dynasty. On the third day of May, 1644, Zhu Yousong, the cousin of Emperor Chongzhen, was promoted to state supervisor. Twelve days later, Zhu Yousong proclaimed himself Emperor Anzong, and the following year was the first year of Hong Guang. Hong Guang's government is constantly fighting among itself, and eunuchs are authoritarian, so it implements the wrong national policy of "uniting Lu Ping's mouth". Emperor Hong Guang did not care about political affairs, and indulged in debauchery. All the way south, the Qing army conquered the Central Plains, and soon arrived in Yangzhou City, which was guarded by Shi Kefa. Shi Kefa guarded the city for seven days and seven nights. The city was broken and Shi Kefa was killed. The Qing army then carried out a 10-day massacre in Yangzhou, which was called Yangzhou on the 10th, with 800,000 victims. Then the Qing army crossed the river and attacked Nanjing. Emperor Hong Guang was captured and escorted to Beijing, and was killed in Chaicheng outside Xuanwu Gate in Beijing the following year. After the Qing army occupied Nanjing, it successively conquered Suzhou, Hangzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou and other parts of the south of the Yangtze River. 1645 (the first year of Hong Guang) In June, the Qing army issued a haircut order again, ordering all the Han people in the occupied areas of the Qing army to imitate Manchu people to decorate their hair and change into clothes within ten days, which triggered strong resistance from the Han people. People in the south of the Yangtze River revolted against the Qing Dynasty, especially in Jiading and Jiangyin. There were three butchers in Jiading and eighty-one days in Jiangyin, but they were brutally suppressed by the Qing army. Manchu rulers brutally shaved their hair and changed clothes, during which the total number of victims exceeded one million, which was no less tragic than the modern Japanese war of aggression against China.

Longwu and Shaowu regimes

After the collapse of the Hong Guang regime, Zhu Yihai, king of Lu, supervised the country in Shaoxing, and Zhu, king of Tang, proclaimed himself emperor in Fuzhou, with the title of longwu. Emperor Longwu was the most successful emperor in Nanming. He made great efforts to govern, cared about the sufferings of the people and washed away the shortcomings of his predecessors. The basic national policy was changed to "Royal Lu", but it was shelved by the successor Zheng Group and was subject to Zheng Zhilong everywhere. 1646 (the second year of Longwu) In February, the Qing army began to conquer Fujian and Zhejiang. In June, King Lu was defeated and drifted to the sea. In August, when Emperor Longwu was fighting with the Qing army pursuers, he was shot to death by disorderly arrows in the lobby of Tingzhou City yamen. On the fifth day of November, Zhu Yuyu, the brother of Emperor Wu of the Long Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor in Guangzhou and changed to Shaowu for the sake of literate Sect. Captured by the Qing army, he died of hunger strike only 4/kloc-0 days later. 1 1 month 15, Zheng zhilong went north to Fuzhou to clear up despite Zheng Chenggong's hard persuasion.

Li Yong regime

After Emperor Longwu was killed, Zhu Youlang, the King of Gui, officially proclaimed himself emperor in Zhaoqing on1October1October and1October/August, with the following year as the first year of the perpetual calendar. The Li Yong regime and the defeated remnants such as Zhang and Li Zicheng jointly fought against the Qing Dynasty and once recovered the whole territory of Hunan. Zheng Chenggong insisted on anti-Qing activities in the southeast coastal areas, and once conquered Zhang Quan and Er Fu, regarding Li Yong as the new moon. In the second year of Li Yong, Li Yong appointed Zhu Shugui of Ning to supervise the national army. Three years after the Li Yong incident, the Qing army was besieged and Hunan fell again. In four years, the Qing army conquered Guangzhou and Guilin. Li Yong was forced to retreat to Nanning. In the fifth year of Li Yong, Sun Kewang welcomed Emperor Li Yong into the Anlong Institute in Guizhou, attacked Sichuan, and once recovered most of Sichuan. Li Dingguo also attacked Guangxi and conquered Guilin, and Kong Youde, king of the Southern Qing Dynasty, set himself on fire and died. He also attacked Hengzhou, Hunan, killed Ni Kan, the prince of Jin Jing in Qing Dynasty, and returned to Hunan, causing a world earthquake. However, the two generals, Li Dingguo and Sun Kewang, disagreed. In the eighth year of Li Yong, Li Dingguo and Zheng Chenggong met in Xinhui, Guangdong, but failed to take Guangzhou. In nine years, Zheng Chenggong retreated to Xiamen. In the 11th year of Li Yong, Sun Kewang fell, the southwest military intelligence was betrayed by Sun Kewang, and the Qing army attacked Yunnan on a large scale. At this time, Zheng Chenggong was named King of Yanping County by Li Yong, and at the same time, Zheng Chenggong led the water army to Zhoushan Islands. In the 13th year of Li Yong, the Qing army entered Yunnan and Li Yong fled to Myanmar. At this time, Zheng's success rate was10.7 million, and the land and water army went north, entered the Yangtze River, captured Guazhou, Zhenjiang, Jiangpu and other places, reached the gates of Nanjing, and surrounded Nanjing completely. As a result, the Qing army's plan to slow down the troops was defeated by the Qing army and had to return to Minnan base camp. In the Qing Dynasty, the emperor shunzhi took the opportunity to send Dasu from Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang provinces to concentrate on attacking Zheng Chenggong's troops in Jinsha. 166 1 year (15th year of Li Yong) In February, Zheng Chenggong shot and killed the emperor shunzhi in Siming Port, Xiamen (according to legend, the emperor shunzhi's son died of Zheng Chenggong's artillery fire, and the emperor shunzhi died of smallpox or retired from the historical stage in Wutai Mountain). Dasu committed suicide and the Qing army was defeated; At this time, the Qing army entered Myanmar, forcing the Burmese government to hand over the emperor Li Yong. 166 1 March, Zheng Chenggong sent his son Zheng Jing to stay in Jinsha and attacked Taiwan Province Province occupied by the Netherlands himself. Struggled hard in September and returned to Taiwan in February of the following year. 1662 (in the 16th year of Li Yong), Emperor Li Yong strangled Wu Sangui in Kunming, Yunnan, and Nanming perished. In the same year, Zheng Chenggong died in Taiwan Province and Li Dingguo died in Mengla.

Zheng Ming (1662- 1683)

After Li Yong was killed, only 13 anti-Qing families of Kuidong and Zheng Chenggong fought against the Qing Dynasty in Taiwan Province, Jin Peng and Jinsha. After the failure of anti-Qing in Hunan, the rest of Li Zicheng moved to Sichuan and Hubei mountainous areas to carry out activities, and continued anti-Qing in the area east of Kuizhou Prefecture, which was known as the thirteen schools in Kuidong. 1662, the Qing army began to strangle him. 1664, thirteen Kuidong armies failed to resist the Qing Dynasty, and the leader Li Laiheng's family set themselves on fire. 1662 After Zheng Chenggong's death in June, Zheng Jing came to Taiwan Province Province from Xiamen to take over the operation, still using the Li Yong number, and welcomed Zhu Shugui, the king of the Ming Dynasty, to Taiwan from Fujian in the following year. 1663, Manchu and Holland jointly attacked Jinmen and Xiamen, and the two islands fell one after another. The Ming and Zheng forces retreated to Taiwan Province, and with their help, they helped the local people, contacted vendors, promoted learning, recruited talents, established systems and ruled the territory. When the San Francisco Rebellion broke out in A.D. 1673, Zheng Jing accepted the request of Geng, king of Jingnan, and led his army westward to March on Fujian. After recovering Xiamen, Zheng Jing took over Zhangzhou, Quanzhou and Chaozhou, and then captured Huizhou, Guangdong. Later, Shang Kexi, the king of Pingnan, Guangdong, and Geng, the king of Jingnan, Fujian, were successively pacified by the Qing army, and Wu Sangui, the king of Pingxi, Yunnan, was also defeated. Zheng Jing troops rout, can only hold Xiamen. 1680, Wan Zhengse, the general of the Qing army, sent people to lobby Zhu Tiangui, the deputy commander of Zheng Jun's navy (formerly Geng Department), to lead 300 warships, and more than 20,000 soldiers were cleared. 168 1 year Zheng Jing gave it to Zheng Jing, who was critically ill and named Zheng Kecang as his successor. Feng Xifan took her husband Zheng Keshuang and monopolized the power. Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty took Shi Lang as the prefect of the navy and conquered Taiwan Province Province. 1683 (the thirty-seventh year of Li Yong), Shi Lang defeated Liu Guoxuan to conquer Penghu, which caused great military pressure on Taiwan Province. As a result, Zheng Keshuang shaved his hair and fell to the Qing Dynasty. Zhu Shugui, the king of Ningjing, the supervisor of the Ming Dynasty, committed suicide with five concubines. The last anti-Qing force in the Ming Dynasty was destroyed, and China perished for the second time.