Song dynasty; surname
Emperor Wu of Song Wudi was originally a general of the northern government army in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and he took control of the imperial court after the rebellion in Huan Xuan. In order to win the hearts of the people, he usurped the Jin Dynasty and made two northern expeditions, and * * * recovered Shandong, Henan and Guanzhong areas (after Guanzhong was occupied by Fox Summer). Later, Emperor Wu of Song killed Emperor Jin 'an and renamed him Emperor Gong Jin. Two years later (420 years), just like Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Southern Song Dynasty was founded and the Eastern Jin Dynasty died. The south entered the "Southern and Northern Dynasties". After the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the North in 440, Fang confronted the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty. Song Wudi was born in the army. He is determined and thrifty. After he proclaimed himself emperor, he still practiced frugality and had a good political style for a while. But he doesn't seem to attach importance to royal education, so that the inhumanity he entrusted has caused great changes. He noticed that the clan was powerful at that time, and the power of the monarch was transferred, so he used the cold people to master the secrets of the court affairs and entrusted the military power to the imperial clan. Because the imperial clan mastered the military power and administrative area and deliberately usurped the throne, the emperor and the imperial clan often killed each other. After the death of Song Wudi, Song Shaodi succeeded to the throne. He was killed by Xu Xianzhi, Fu Liang and Xie Hui, the ministers of Fuzheng, because he lost his virtue in playing. Yidu Wang Yilong was changed to Song Wendi. Later, he and Tan Daoji, a famous northern minister, eliminated Xu Xianzhi and others who controlled the state affairs, and the political situation was stable. Song Wendi advocated frugality, clarified official management, and advocated "the rule of Yuanjia". Since 430 years, there have been many northern expeditions, but due to insufficient preparation and the wrong command of Emperor Wen, the national strength has been greatly reduced. Tan Daoji, a famous soldier, was eliminated because Song Wendi was suspected of meritorious military service.
And make the Southern Song Dynasty lose the general who can balance with the Northern Wei Dynasty. Therefore, when the Northern Wei Dynasty witnessed the Gaiwu Uprising, the Southern Song Dynasty failed to make an immediate Northern Expedition due to internal contradictions. In 450, Song Wendi once again made the Northern Expedition, and achieved great success in the early stage. In the late autumn of 450, Wei Jun launched an all-round counterattack, which once even reached the north bank of the Yangtze River. However, due to acclimatization, the soldiers fell ill and returned to the north. After the southern song dynasty, the national strength declined and it was unable to lift it again. In 453, he was killed by Prince Shao, and the third son took the opportunity to lead the army to seize the position, namely Emperor Xiaowu of Song Dynasty. He was a dissolute man, raped his niece, had two imperial clan wars, and finally slaughtered Guangling City. At that time, the folk song said, "Looking at Jiankang City from a distance, Xiaojiang went upstream, seeing his son kill his father before, and seeing his brother kill his brother later", which foreshadowed this history. His son abolished the emperor before, killed the imperial clan after the establishment, and was later killed by Liu Mi, the king of eastern Hunan, by Emperor Song Ming. But he also killed the imperial clan, so that all the descendants of Emperor Xiaowu of Song Dynasty died. After his son Song abolished the emperor, the political situation made waves, and there were many rebellions. General Xiao Daocheng gradually mastered the military power. After Fei Di's death, he established the Song Dynasty and monopolized the state affairs. After destroying his political enemy Yuan Zhen, he usurped the throne in 478 and established Qi State in the Southern Dynasties, known as Qi Emperor in history, and died in the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty.
uniform
Qi has the shortest existence in the four dynasties, only 23 years. Emperor Gao of Qi belonged to the Xiao clan in Lanling, but his status was not high, and he was despised by the imperial clan. His political style was the same as that of the early Song Dynasty. He was thrifty and died after four years in office. He was succeeded by a prince, that is, Emperor Wu of Qi. Emperor Wu of Qi was an honest official, and there was no war with the Northern Wei Dynasty. Therefore, he protected the people and the country, which was called "the rule of Yongming" in history. At that time, the emperor took the signing of officials as his eyes and ears, supervising the political affairs of each state and the kings of the imperial clan. After the death of Emperor Wu of Qi, his grandson Xiao Zhao Ye succeeded to the throne, and Xiaoliangzi and Xiao Luan assisted him. However, the Qi emperor was extravagant, and national politics was gradually controlled by Xiao Luan. He planned to usurp the throne, killed Emperor Qi Huan, changed his brother Xiao, and soon abolished the emperor and became Emperor Qi Ming. After Emperor Qi Ming succeeded to the throne, the imperial clan kings were killed by the signing officials, and all the descendants of Emperor Gao and Emperor Wu were killed. After the death of Emperor Qi Ming, Prince Xiao Baojuan succeeded to the throne. He was fatuous and cruel, killed Gu Ming, the minister, and caused rebellion in the local town. After pacifying the chaos, he killed Xiao Yi, the secretariat of Yongzhou, who made great contributions to pacifying the chaos. In 50 1 year, Xiao Yi's younger brother Xiao Yan announced that he would send troops to establish his younger brother, Emperor Rong, in Jiangling for the benefit of Qi and the emperor. After Xiao Yan captured Jiankang, the Bao Juan of the Emperor of Qi was killed by General Wang Zhenguo. The following year, he usurped the throne and established the Southern Liang Dynasty, which, according to history, perished with the Southern Dynasties.
light
The Xiao branch of Lanling was diligent and loved the people, which made great achievements in the early Liang Dynasty, and its national strength surpassed that of the gradually chaotic Northern Wei Dynasty. In view of the massacre of imperial clan in Song and Qi Dynasties, Liang Wudi was very tolerant of imperial clan, even if he committed a crime, he did not pursue it. He was knowledgeable and advocated academic development, which made the education of Liang in the Southern Dynasties developed and the culture of the Southern Dynasties developed to the extreme. However, in the later period of Liang Wudi, he was keen on flattery and superstitious about Buddhism, and gave his life for Tongtai Temple three times. Because monks don't have to pay taxes, nearly half of their accounts are registered under them, which has caused great financial losses to the country. At that time, the imperial clan and officials were greedy for money and extravagant, and they were drunk. In the early days of Liang Wudi, there were many contradictions in the Northern Wei Dynasty after the Sinicization Movement, and the national strength gradually lost to Nanliang. From 503, the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Southern Liang Dynasty started a war in Huainan area, and finally Chang Yizhi, Cao and Wei Chui defeated Wei Jun in the battle of separation. So far, Liang Wudi intends to explore the North, but the scope is not in Huainan area. After defeating Wei Jun in Shouyang in 5 16, the Northern Expedition was suspended due to heavy losses, and Shouliangyang was captured ten years later. Liang Wudi likes to get something for nothing by surrendering. light
When the Six Towns Rebellion happened in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Liang Wudi sent Chen Qingzhi to escort Yuan Hao, the king of Beihai in the Northern Wei Dynasty, back to China. At that time, the main force of the Northern Wei Dynasty was still in Guanzhong area of Hebei Province, and Chen Qingzhi and Yuan Hao attacked Luoyang. But because they fought alone, Wei Jun's main force returned to Luoyang and eventually failed. During the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties, Hou Jing was forced to Nanliang by the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties, and Liang Wudi appointed him to participate in the Northern Expedition. But after Liang Jun's defeat, Liang Wudi intends to return Hou Jing for peace. When he learned that he had sent troops to rebel, he went south to attack Jiankang, known as the Hou Jing Rebellion. Liang leads the small river, Hou Jing can attack Jiankang and retreat from Taitai City. After that, although there were diligent teachers everywhere, they were all watching. Later, after learning of the split, he held peace talks, but in the end he broke his promise and occupied Taicheng. After the fall of Jiankang, the Jiangnan clan was slaughtered, which brought a devastating blow to the politics of the Southern Dynasties. Liang Wudi finally starved to death, and Hou Jing successively killed Emperor Liang Jianwen, Xiao Gang and Xiao Dong, and finally usurped the throne to establish the Han Dynasty. However, Hou Jing's influence is only in Jiangdong area, while Huguang and Sichuan areas are still controlled by Liang Shi, but the armies of both sides are holding each other back and unwilling to March eastward. Since then, Chen Baxian, the Guangzhou magistrate, led an army, and Wang Yi of Xiangdong sent Wang Sengbian to attack and destroy Hou Jing. Yi succeeded to the throne in Jiangling and became Emperor Liang Yuan. Later, Wuling Ji Wang, whose capital is Yizhou, proclaimed himself emperor and attacked Jiangling. Emperor Liang Yuan asked the Western Wei for help. After Wuling Ji Wang was conquered by the Western Wei Dynasty, Yizhou was also taken away. The following year, Cha Xiao led west Wei Jun to seize Jiangling, and Emperor Liang Yuan was killed. The Western Wei Dynasty named him Quirrell, which was called Xiliang in history. After Emperor Liang Yuan was killed, Wang Sengbian made the king Jin 'an Emperor, namely Emperor Liang Jing. Then Beiqi welcomed Xiao Yuanming to the south and was defeated. Wang Sengbian proclaimed himself Liang. Chen Baxian then led the army to kill Wang Sengbian and re-establish Emperor Liang Jingdi. Later, he defeated the invading Northern Qi Yu Party and Wang Sengbian and ruled Liang Ting. Finally, in 557, he usurped the throne and established the Southern Dynasty Chen, known in history as Liang died in the Southern Dynasty.
Chenwangchao
In the history of China, only Chen in the Southern Dynasties overlapped with the surname of the emperor. In 557 AD, Emperor Liang Jingdi was abolished, and he became emperor on his own and established Chen Wei. He is a native of Wuxing and a native of Nanwu. At this time, after years of war in the south, both the overseas Chinese clan and the Wu clan suffered from the Hou Jing Rebellion, and their economies were severely damaged. Many local forces have also become independent. The country established on this basis is doomed to be short-lived. Because Chen Wudi could not be completely pacified, it adopted appeasement. After the death of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, his nephew Chen Zhuan succeeded to the throne, that is, Chen Wendi. At this time, Wang Lin, who was in charge of the two lakes, rebelled and joined forces with the troops of the Northern Qi and Northern Zhou Dynasties to crusade against Jiankang. Chen Wendi first defeated Wang Lin's Northern Qi Allied Forces, and then blocked Baqiu to prevent the Northern Zhou Dynasty from advancing eastward along the Yangtze River. At this point, the situation of the country is determined.
. During his reign, he vigorously revitalized the economy in the south of the Yangtze River, making the Southern Dynasties prosperous. After the death of Emperor Wendi, Prince Bozong succeeded to the throne, namely Chen Feidi. Soon, his uncle became king, and he abolished the emperor's independence, that is, Chen. At that time, the Northern Zhou Dynasty intended to destroy the Northern Qi, so it invited Chen from the Southern Dynasty to attack the Northern Qi. Chen agreed to recover Huainan and sent Wu Mingche to the Northern Expedition in 573, and recovered Huainan two years later. The territory of the Chen Dynasty was the widest when the city was built in Yitai (569 ~ 582). Five years after the founding of Taijian, Northern Qi was conquered by Dehe, Nansi, Heng, Ba, Luo, Ding, Yang, Huo, He, Jiang, Xi Chu, Dongguang, Huai, Jing, Nanqiao, Dongjiu, Guang, Jian, Qiao, Ren, Tong, An, Shuo, Qing and Ji. Chen's rule has been consolidated to a certain extent, but after all, due to the decline of national strength. At that time, Beiqi declined, and Chen instinctively took the opportunity to attack and destroy it, but he just wanted to hold on. Then the Northern Zhou Dynasty took the opportunity to attack and destroyed the Northern Qi Dynasty. In 577, Chen Jun was defeated and Chen in the Southern Dynasties was in jeopardy. However, the sudden death of Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, civil strife in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty had no intention of going south. Emperor Wendi died after the establishment of the Sui Dynasty and was succeeded by Prince Bao Shu, namely Chen Houzhu. He is dissolute, chaotic and extremely corrupt. At that time, officials were seriously exploited and the people were miserable. During the harvest season in the south, when the fields were burned in the south, Chen's national strength declined greatly in the southern dynasties. In 588, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty appointed Yang Guang as the general and launched the Southern Expedition. Chen Yi, relying on the natural barrier of the Yangtze River, sang and danced as usual. The following year, the invasion of health, Chen and his wife Zhang Lihua, Kong Guiren fled into the well and were captured. Sui Chen died in the Southern Dynasties. Ending nearly 300 years of division in China. The history of the Southern Dynasties is the history of the gentry from prosperity to decline. The imperial power in the Southern Dynasties was relatively strong. Although the gentry had a noble social status, they could not completely control the political situation. With the development of the south of the Yangtze River, the indigenous Han people gradually rose politically and entered the bureaucratic class, which was relied on by the emperor. From the era of Liang and Chen, local tyrants in the southern mainland have also become a separatist force.
Edit this passage from the Northern Dynasties.
The Northern Dynasty began in the early Northern Wei Dynasty in 420 and ended in the Sui Dynasty in 589. It experienced the confrontation between the Northern Wei, the Eastern Wei and the Western Wei, and the confrontation between the Northern Qi and the Northern Zhou Dynasties, including the Sui Dynasty to the Chen Dynasty. Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei and Northern Zhou were all founded by Xianbei people, while Northern Qi was founded by Han people in Hu Hua.
The Rise of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Sinicization Movement
The Northern Wei Dynasty was established by Tuoba Xianbei in the Sixteen Countries Period, and its predecessor was Daiguo. After the collapse of the former Qin Dynasty in the Battle of Feishui, Tuoba Gui, the grandson of Tuoba Gui, the acting king, revived the country, and everyone rejoiced and changed the name of the country to "Wei", which was called the Northern Wei in history. The Northern Wei Dynasty gradually developed under the governance of Daowudi, Ming Yuan Di and Taiwudi. Tuoba GUI made bad friends with Hou Yan, and many wars occurred, and the Yan army was defeated in the battle of Shenbei. Then he led the army to attack the capital of Houyan and moved the capital to Pingcheng. And proclaimed himself emperor in the following year, that is, Emperor Daowu. Daowudi was cruel and was later killed by his son Tuoba Shao. In the same year, TaBaSiPing, the eldest son of Daowudi, succeeded to the throne in disorder, namely Ming Yuan Di. Henan was captured in the Southern Song Dynasty, but he died soon. His son Tuoba Tao succeeded to the throne, that is, Emperor Mao. He made great efforts to govern and greatly increased his national strength, and repeatedly attacked and plundered the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty. After lifting the threat of North Rouran, the United North China War was launched. In 439, the attack of Beiliang ended gloriously and confronted the Southern Song Dynasty. The north officially entered the "Southern and Northern Dynasties". But there is also Houqiuchi, who died in the Northern Wei Dynasty in 443. Although the Northern Wei Dynasty enjoyed its peak national strength, there were strong enemies in the north, so it was impossible to go south with all one's strength. Gaiwu, a Buddhist Lushui Ren Hu, led the people of all ethnic groups to revolt, and Emperor Mao suppressed it. Combating Buddhism has become one of the three major sects to destroy Buddhism. After Mao unified North China, he destroyed Shanshan, one of the five great powers in the western regions, and took control of the western regions. In 450, he counterattacked the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, pushed Guabu and threatened to cross the river. After that, 50,000 households were plundered and returned to the north. At this point, the military strength of the northern dynasties overwhelmed the southern dynasties, but the military strength was also greatly damaged. Mao's punishment was cruel in the later period, and he was finally killed by eunuch Zong Ai. The rebellion in Zongai was not quelled until Wen Chengdi. Pingcheng was the capital of the early Northern Wei Dynasty. Later, Emperor Xiaowen implemented sinicization on a large scale, and the political center was transferred to Luoyang, the hinterland of the Central Plains. Justin, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty
When Emperor Xianwen was in office, he was poisoned by his mother Feng Taihou. In Feng Taihou, TaBaHong (Emperor Xiaowen), the son of Emperor Wendi, was in charge of state affairs. Feng Taihou was full of suspicion and excessive punishment, but he kept the country's political stability. Emperor Xiaowen probably admired China culture because of Feng Taihou, and thought that Xianbei people should go deep into China culture. Wise and eager to learn, he led the government and expanded the capital Pingcheng to Seoul. Because Luoyang is more prosperous than Pingcheng, and its geographical position controls the whole country, it is easy to send troops to Jiangnan, so it can get rid of conservative forces. In 493, under the pretext of conquering the south, he led the people to move south to Luoyang. At the beginning of the northern Wei dynasty, the system of supervision and protection was implemented. Since the second half of the 5th century, its sinicization trend has accelerated, and Justin, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, created the golden age of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Emperor Xiaowen implemented the three-long system, promulgated the system of equal land, moved the capital to Luoyang, and carried out a series of measures to reform the old customs of Xianbei. After moving the capital, it took three years to launch the Sinicization Movement, such as adopting the Han official system, banning Hu Fu Hu Yu, promoting education, changing one's surname to marry the Han nationality, adopting the Han system to ban burial photos, and announcing the absorption of Han culture by imperial edict. Emperor Xiaowen tried to achieve the goal of integration with the Han nationality by limiting his own culture. Through a series of reforms by Emperor Xiaowen, the advanced culture and political system of the Han nationality were completely integrated into the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the northern part of China entered the stage of national integration. However, although the Xianbei people who moved south improved their cultural quality, they made the decadent Xianbei nobles tend to be extravagant and weak. Then Emperor Xiaowen made many expeditions to the Southern Dynasties but failed. As for the Xianbei nobles who stayed in the six northern towns, they were unwilling to move south and were gradually ignored by the Luoyang court, which split the Northern Wei Dynasty into two groups, Xianbei and Sinicization, and became one of the reasons for the civil strife in the six northern towns in the future. In 494, Prince Yuanxun intended to return to Pingcheng in the north. When Emperor Xiaowen learned of this, he abandoned the prince and gave him the death penalty. Conservative Mutai and Lu Chui supported the Pingcheng mutiny in Wang Bing, which was later suppressed. Emperor Xiaowen himself went to the north to appease him. After Emperor Xiaowen's death, the Northern Wei Dynasty began to decline.
The Rebellion of Six Towns and the Division of Northern Wei Dynasty
After Emperor Xiaowen died in 499, Xuan Wudi succeeded to the throne. He was addicted to Buddhism, the national government was in chaos, and the nobles competed for luxury. After Emperor Xiaoming succeeded to the throne, Hu Taihou came to power. Hu Taihou was extravagant and dissipated, associating with Qinghe, and attaching great importance to Yuan Chahe. Yuan and Liu rebelled because they were at odds with the king of Qinghe, and dominated the state affairs. After Liu Teng's death, in 525, Ming Di and his wife, Hu Ping, set up a disorderly party in the rear. However, Hu Taihou was still at odds with Ming Chengzu. Then six northern towns revolted, and the Northern Wei Dynasty went to the road of extinction. Southern and northern dynasties works
As early as the early years of the Northern Wei Dynasty, in order to avoid the moderate invasion of Pingcheng, the northern capital, six towns of Woye, Huai Shuo, Wuchuan, Fuming, Rouxuan and Huang Huai were set up around the Yinshan Yellow River to defend the capital. The generals in the six towns are Xianbei nobles, and the soldiers are mostly Xianbei or Han children. They are regarded as the "heart of the country" and can return to Beijing at any time. However, after moving the capital to Luoyang, the status of the six towns declined. Because they still have the primitive habits of Xianbei, they were discriminated as "the generation of the northern poor" by the nobles of China, and their promotion generals were suppressed and dissatisfied. Finally, in 523, the northern nobles and six garrison towns rebelled, and people of all ethnic groups in Qin Long and Kanto also began to revolt. It took three years to decide this matter, and many warlords were formed. Among them, Er Zhurong, who is guarding Jinyang, is the most powerful. He has conquered Jung, the most powerful city in Kanto. Ming Chengzu tried to unite Er Zhurong against Hu Taihou, but was poisoned by Hu Taihou. Hu Taihou successively established Princess Ai Jing, the only daughter of Ming Chengzu, and his cousin Yuan Zhao as emperors. In the same year, Er Zhurong led an army to capture Luoyang and control the state affairs on the grounds of revenge against Emperor Xiaoming, which is known as the Yin He incident. He drowned the Northern Wei Shaozhu and Hu Taihou in the Yellow River in Yin He, killed more than 2,000 ministers, and made Xiaozhuang emperor, while Er Zhurong was in Jinyang. Emperor Xiao Zhuang was so angry with Kun Lei that he personally killed him at Erzhu in 530. Then Er Zhao Zhu, the son of Er Zhurong, and Zhu Shilong, his younger brother, took Chang Wangguang Yuan Ye as emperor, captured Luoyang, killed Emperor Xiao Zhuang, and became emperor of the people. In the same year, Gao Huan, a warlord, took Yuen Long as emperor in Xindu. After capturing Luoyang in 532, he became Emperor Xiaowu. Filial piety was controlled by Emperor Wu, who wanted to unite Guanzhong Town to take He Bayue against Gao Huan. Gao Huan killed He Bayue in 534. Filial piety was replaced by Yu Wentai, who broke with Gao Huan and went to Yu Wentai. Gao Huan couldn't catch up, so he changed Qinghe Wang Shizi to Emperor, that is, Emperor Xiaojing of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, and moved the capital to Yecheng. Shortly after the filial piety of Emperor Xi, he was killed and changed Wang Baoju of Nanyang to Emperor Xi, with Chang 'an as his capital. The Northern Wei Dynasty split into the Eastern Wei and the Western Wei in 534, and then perished. In short, after the death of Emperor Xiaowen, due to the opposition of some conservative nobles and Xianbei warriors. The rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty gradually abandoned the previous policy of national reconciliation and restored the privileges of the Xianbei nationality, so new contradictions appeared and the Northern Wei Dynasty began to decline gradually. In the fourth year of Xiaoming (523), six towns revolted, and the Northern Wei Dynasty fell into division and civil war. Xianbei people, breathing the new features of China's history, gradually merged into the big family of the Chinese nation. Soon, even the surname of Xianbei people disappeared. However, Emperor Xiaowen's goodwill in looking forward to great national integration has carved an indelible monument in the historical corridor of the Chinese nation, showing the historical process of great national integration.
East-west Wei confrontation
The Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty were apparently inherited by the descendants of Tuoba, but actually controlled by Gao Huan and Yu Wentai respectively, so they were usurped a few years later, forming a confrontation between the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty. Basically, East and West Wei are bounded by the Yellow River, which is where Shanxi and Shaanxi meet. Because the Eastern Wei inherited more national power from the Northern Wei, it was superior to the Western Wei in military strength, economy and culture. However, after many attacks, the confrontation between the two sides was decided. Gao Huan controlled the Eastern Wei Dynasty, which consisted of refugees from six towns in Xianbei and Hebei clans. Gao Huan himself is a Han Chinese in Hu Hua, which makes him more dependent on Xianbei politically. Later, the Northern Qi Emperor also intended to maintain Xianbei customs and advocated speaking Xianbei language and military affairs. Gao Huan was meritocratic, and many famous officials in the DPRK were his partners, which laid a solid foundation for the later Northern Qi Dynasty. However, his tactics were not as good as Yu Wentai's, and he was defeated repeatedly in three battles. In 536, Gao Huan led Dou Tai and others to attack the Western Wei Dynasty and lost to Tongguan. Dou Tai committed suicide. In the second year, Gao Huan took advantage of the great famine in Guanzhong.
When he led the army to the Western Expedition again, he was defeated by Yu Wentai with few troops in the battle of Shayuan. At this point, the separatist situation has settled and the battlefield has also turned to Hedong. In 546, Gao Huan led another 100,000 troops to the Western Expedition, and there was a battle between Yu Bi, commander-in-chief of the Western Wei Dynasty, and Wei Xiaokuan. Finally, Gao Huan was defeated, killing more than 70,000 people, and died in Jinyang the following year. After the death of Gao Huan, the eldest son Gao Cheng succeeded to the throne. He was violent, raped the minister's wife and was stabbed to death by domestic slaves. After Gao Yang succeeded to the throne, in 550, he abolished and killed the emperor of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, slaughtered the royal family of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, and the Eastern Wei Dynasty perished. He founded Beiqi, known as Beiqi Wen Xuandi in history. The Western Wei Dynasty controlled by Yu Wentai, with the assistance of generals such as Eight Pillars, effectively resisted the repeated attacks of the Eastern Wei Dynasty and consolidated the situation of the Western Wei Dynasty. At that time, the Western Wei Dynasty was inferior to the Southern Liang Dynasty and the Eastern Wei Dynasty in economy and culture. He asked Su Chuo and others to carry out reforms, establish the Guanzhong standard, make Hu Han's general Qi Xin work together, establish a government military system, establish professional soldiers, and maintain the spirit of martial arts. All these made the national strength of the Western Wei Dynasty strong, and also influenced the political system and group distribution of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Taking advantage of the infighting between Nanliang and the kings after the post-Jin rebellion, they successively captured Shu and Jiangling, and made Xiliang the Lord of Lei State. After the Western Wei Emperor, Emperor Fei and Emperor Gong succeeded to the throne. After Yu Wentai died in 556, his nephew Yuwen Hu was under dictatorship. The following year, Emperor Gong of the Western Wei Dynasty was abolished, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty was established. Yu Wenjue, the son of the Emperor, was made filial to the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and the Western Wei Dynasty died.
Confrontation between Northern Zhou Dynasty and Northern Qi Dynasty
Northern Qi inherited the territory of the Eastern Wei Dynasty and was founded by Wen Qi Xuan Di in 550. Wen Qi Xuan Di defeated Kumoxi, Qidan, Rouran, Shanhu (Xiongnu) and other clans successively, and captured the Huainan area in Nanliang. Economically, agriculture, salt and iron industry and porcelain industry are quite developed. The Northern Qi Dynasty, roughly the same as the Northern Wei Dynasty, continued to implement the equal land system. All these made Beiqi's national strength superior to that of Beizhou and Nanchen in the early stage. However, Wen Qi was dissolute and cruel in the later period of Emperor Xuandi. In order to protect Xianbei nobles, he slaughtered the Han family. His oppression of the people was even heavier, which made the Northern Qi state decline. After Qi abolished the emperor, his uncle played a very high role in the auxiliary government. However, Gao Yan soon usurped the throne and killed the emperor Qi Xiaozhao. During the reign of Qi Xiaozhao, the national strength gradually recovered, and he personally recruited Kumohi. However, he died two years later, and his younger brother Gao Zhan succeeded Wang Guang, that is, Wuqi became emperor. Wu Qi became emperor fatuous and lustful, and the national strength of Northern Qi declined greatly. He died soon and was succeeded by the late ruler Gao Wei. Gao Wei's father and son were fatuous and lustful, and the country's politics were chaotic, which also killed the famous Hu. After that, Northern Qi fell to Chen of Southern Dynasties and died in Northern Zhou Dynasty in 577. The Northern Zhou Dynasty inherited the territory of the Western Wei Dynasty, which was established in 556 by Xiao Min, the son of the Zhou Dynasty, but the affairs of state were controlled by his cousin Yuwen Hu. Zhou Xiaomin intends to unite Zhao Gui and Du to overthrow Yuwen Hu. However, when Zhao and Dugu were found killed, Zhou Tianzi was abolished first and then killed the next year. Yuwen Hu changed Yuwen Yong to Emperor Zhou, but in 560 he poisoned Zhou and changed Yuwen Yong to Emperor Wu of Zhou. Emperor Wu of Zhou adopted the strategy of keeping a low profile. Twelve years later, he successfully killed Yuwen Hu and took charge of state affairs. Emperor Wu of Zhou was a wise and dignified man, who promoted various reforms during his term of office and made the Northern Zhou more powerful. In 577, Emperor Wu of Zhou crusaded against the fatuous and chaotic Northern Qi, conquered Yecheng the following year, and the Northern Qi perished. After the unification of North China, Emperor Wu of Zhou joined Li and other Kanto nobles, which made people sit up and take notice. He conquered the Southern Dynasty at once, but died in the same year, and then there was civil strife in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, which enabled the Southern Dynasty to survive. Guanlong Group, represented by He Bayue and Yu Wentai, secretly supports sinicization. As we know, Guanzhong area is the birthplace of Zhou Wenhua. Judging from the tendency of Han Confucianism such as Su Chuo and Lu Bian, Zhou Wenhua still had some influence in Guanzhong at this time. More importantly, it is the orthodox culture of the Chinese nation. In this respect, it is not inferior to the Wei-Jin culture inherited by Shandong and Jiang Zuo. On this basis, Su Zhe and others put forward measures to reorganize the government by adopting the ancient Saturday official system. Although after Yu Wentai's death, Yuwen Hu tyrannized over the state affairs and weakened the localization, after the Northern Zhou Emperor Yu Wenyong began to take charge of the state affairs, the Northern Zhou began to pursue a policy that could be put into practice as long as it did not interfere with the essence of the dictatorship of the landlord class and weakened the power of the landlord class to rule the people. In this way, Yuwen Yong in the Northern Zhou Dynasty can maximize the Northern Zhou Dynasty and push forward the sinicization reform without rashly. The Northern Zhou Dynasty used Confucianism as an ideological weapon to get rid of some backward customs of Xianbei people and abandon the popular empty talk about Hyunri. Yuwen Yong paid attention to cultivating a large number of political forces with Confucianism as the pillar. On the military side alone, during Yuwen Yong's administration, he also absorbed a large number of Han Chinese as soldiers, so that the soldiers of Han Chinese and Xianbei people knew how to fight together. Unlike the Northern Qi Dynasty, Xianbei people are jealous of Han people, and Han people are afraid of Xianbei people.
The Establishment and Unification of Sui Dynasty
Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty is the son of Yang Zhong, the founding father of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and his daughter is a crown princess. After the death of Emperor Wu of Zhou in 578, Prince Yuwen succeeded to the throne, namely Xuan Di, Emperor Wu of Zhou. He was dissolute and fatuous, superstitious about Buddhism and Taoism, and married five queens. He killed Yu Wenxian, the hero of the imperial clan, and withdrew the kings from the country. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty began to assemble the ministers of Zhou Dynasty, forming a huge group. After the death of Emperor Xuan Di of the Zhou Dynasty, his sons Yu Wenchan succeeded to the throne, namely, Emperor Zhou Jingdi, Liu Yun and Zheng Yi translated a letter to Yang Jian, who had always been familiar with Chinese and foreign military affairs, and entered the Korean auxiliary government. The dictatorship of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty. Wei Qijiong, Sima Xiaonan and others were dissatisfied with the autocratic power of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty and opposed Yang. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was planned by Li and settled by Wei Xiaokuan and others. In 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty took the place of Emperor Zhou, that is, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty changed his name to Sui Dynasty, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty died. In 587, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty abolished Xiao Cong, the queen of Xiliang, and Xiliang died. In 588 AD, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty launched a war to destroy Chen, thinking that the main generals, together with He Ruobi, sent troops to attack Chen. The following year, Sui Jun fell to Jiankang, the Southern Dynasties perished, and China was reunified. China has been divided for nearly 300 years since Yongjia storm, so the "Southern and Northern Dynasties" ended and entered the "Sui Dynasty". The new Han nationality, which experienced mixed ethnic groups, quickly created the prosperity of Sui and Tang Dynasties and left immortal achievements in world history.