Location and area: Karamay City is located in the northwest edge of Junggar Basin, at the southern foot of Chiayi Mountain, with an east diameter of 80 44 ′ ~ 861′ and a north latitude of 44 7 ′ ~ 46 8 ′. The northeast is adjacent to Buksaier Mongolian Autonomous County; The southeast is connected with Shawan County; Tori County and Wusu County are adjacent to the west; Kuytun city in the south separates Dushanzi area, making this area an enclave in Karamay city. The urban area is 3 12km away from Urumqi Highway, with a linear distance of 280km. It is 4086 kilometers away from Beijing Highway and 2600 kilometers away in a straight line. The widest distance in the southeast of the city 1 10. 3 kilometers, the longest distance from north to south is 240. 3 kilometers, diagonal, with a total area of 9500 square kilometers and an altitude of 250-500 meters. Urban area 16 km2. Dushanzi is 150km away from downtown.
Organizational evolution: "Karamay" is called "black oil" in Uygur language, and it is named after the natural asphalt mountain in the northeast of the city-Black Oil Mountain. After Karamay Oilfield entered into large-scale development and construction on 1956, with the rapid development of oil production and the increasing population, a new oil industrial city began to form. 1957 65438+1On October 24th, the People's Committee of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region decided to establish Karamay City. 1On May 29th, 958, the State Council approved Karamay to establish a county-level city; On July 25th of the same year, Karamay held the first People's Congress, established the Municipal People's Government, and officially announced the birth of Karamay. 1982 February 16, the people's government of the autonomous region approved Karamay to be upgraded to a prefecture-level city with districts; 1984 August 17, changed to a county-level city without districts, with sub-district offices and towns under its jurisdiction. 1990 65438+1On October 8th, the autonomous region resumed Karamay as a prefecture-level city under its jurisdiction. Karamay District is the political, economic, cultural and commercial center of Karamay City and Xinjiang Petroleum Administration Bureau.
Administrative division: Karamay city is located between Shawan, Wusu, Tori and Buxell counties. Before the establishment of the city, Dushanzi Town was a county-level town directly led by the People's Committee of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and other places were under the jurisdiction of neighboring counties. Among them, Wuerhe belongs to Hobuxel County; Large, medium and small abductions belong to Shawan County, and Karamay area belongs to Tori County. 1958 After the establishment of Karamay, the administrative area includes Karamay, Dushanzi, Liu Hu, Urhe, Baikouquan, Hongshanzui, Qianshan Laoba, Baijiantan, Xiaoguai, Zhongguai and Daguai, and there are two districts, Dushanzi and Urhe. Cancel the establishment of Dushanzi Town People's Committee. 1February, 982, Karamay was upgraded to a prefecture-level city, with jurisdiction over Karamay, Dushanzi, Baijiantan and Wuerhe. As of April 1999, Karamay City has jurisdiction over four districts, namely Karamay, Dushanzi, Wuerhe and Baijiantan, and two townships, Wuerhe and Xiaoguai. There are also sub-district offices such as Shengli Road, Kunlun Road, Tianshan Road, Yinhe Road, jinlong town, Wuwuxin Town, Jinshan Road, Xining Road, Beicun Village, Zhongxing Road, Sanping Town and Baikouquan, as well as residents' committees and villagers' committees.
Population and nationality: Since 1955 Karamay was developed and constructed, with the development of oilfield production, the population has been increasing. There are four main reasons for the rapid population growth in the 1950s: first, demobilized soldiers; Second, employees and their families who support oilfield construction in the mainland; Third, employees recruited and moved in from all over Xinjiang; The fourth type is students who graduated from various colleges and universities. After the 1960s, the proportion of the population born in Karamay gradually increased, and the total population of the city (excluding the population of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps) 1.997 was 254,560. Among them, male 136 109, accounting for 53.5%, and female 1 184565438, accounting for 46.5%. The annual natural population growth rate is 8.26‰.
Karamay is a multi-ethnic community. From 65438 to 0997, there were 37 ethnic groups in the city: Han, Uygur, Kazak, Hui, Mongolian, Xibe, Manchu, Russian, Kirgiz, Uzbek, Dahan, Tajik, tatar people, Bai, Miao, Yi, Zhuang, Dong, Yao, Shui, Tu, Li, and so on. Among them, the Han population accounts for 76. 5%; The minority population accounts for 23.5%.
Terrain and Mountains: The terrain of Karamay is oblique, long from north to south, narrow from east to west, high in northwest and low in southeast. Most areas are the Gobi desert below 500 meters above sea level. The average altitude is about 400 meters, and the lowest point is in Lake Erik, which is about 250 meters above sea level. There are Gail Mountain and Qingke Mountain in the west of the city. There is Mount Alat in the north; The terrain in the central and eastern parts is open and flat, inclined to the middle of Junggar basin; Dushanzi in the south is the name of the mountain, and it is called "Mayitao" in Kazakh, which means "Oil Mountain". It is located in the middle and west of Dushanzi, with an altitude of 1, 283 meters, hence the name Dushanzi area.
Climate: Karamay is a typical continental climate, with drought and little rain and windy spring and autumn. Winter is cold, summer is hot, spring and autumn are short, and the temperature difference between winter and summer is large. The annual average number of windy days is 7 1.3 days, the annual average temperature is 8. 1℃, the frost-free period is 225 days, and the average sunshine hours are 2705.6 hours. The first frost usually appears in the first ten days of 1 1/and the final frost usually ends in the last ten days of March. The highest monthly average temperature in a year is July, with an average temperature of 27.6℃, and the lowest is 1, with an average of-16.3℃. The annual average precipitation 108.9mm, and the annual average evaporation is 3008.9mm, which is 20.8 times of the precipitation.
Soil and vegetation: Most of Karamay is the Ebi Desert. From south to north, the soil distribution is brown calcium soil, desert calcareous soil and gray-brown desert soil in turn. The soil quality is poor, and gravel is everywhere. In many places, the soil has high salt content. Due to the lack of rain, salt hardens on the soil surface, forming serious soil salinization. The territory of "baijiantan district" is named after its vast saline-alkali land. Due to the characteristics of drought, little rain, windy and large temperature difference, vegetation is generally scarce and short, and most of them belong to Chenopodiaceae vegetation which is drought-resistant, sandstorm-resistant and saline-alkali resistant. There are about 230 species of Haloxylon ammodendron, Elaeagnus angustifolia, camel thorn, Sophora alopecuroides and willow.
The area with good vegetation in Karamay is Baiyang River Basin, and a large area of Populus euphratica forest and red willow grow in the floodplain areas on both sides of the river. In Xiaoguai, Daguai, Wuerhe and other areas, reeds, Achnatherum splendens and Setaria viridis grow in large quantities due to low terrain, fine soil and frequent water accumulation. Dushanzi area is located at the northern foot of Tianshan Mountain, with more precipitation and humid climate. From the mountain to the foot of the mountain, the vegetation is vertically distributed. The lowest layer of the mountain is desert vegetation type, and broad-leaved trees grow on the mountain. There is a tall spruce forest at an altitude of1500m.
Water system: Karamay belongs to inland river and inland lake. Rivers are seasonal rivers with short flow and small water volume. The main rivers are Baiyang River, crassus River, Tuhe River in Dalbet, Manas River and Dushanzi Kuitun River. There is Lake Eric in the lake.
Water conservancy facilities: In order to solve the production and domestic water consumption, in 1950s and 1960s, Karamay focused on developing Baikouquan groundwater, which was transported to the urban area of Karamay through a culvert 65km long. 1970, the 1 reservoir (Baiyanghe Reservoir) was built in Baiyanghe, with a storage capacity of 35.739 million cubic meters. At the same time, 72.8 kilometers of concrete seepage-proof open channel was built. 1979, another 1 regulating reservoir was built in baijiantan area, with a storage capacity of195.05 million cubic meters. Since 1989, Huangyangquan Reservoir with a storage capacity of 58 million cubic meters has been built to make full use of the water source of Baiyang River. Dushanzi area in the south of the city mainly refers to Kuitun River. The construction of water conservancy facilities in Karamay basically ensures the demand for production and domestic water.
Mineral oil and natural gas are the main mineral resources in Karamay. Karamay has large oil and gas reserves, shallow oil layers and excellent texture. The distribution of oil and gas fields is horizontally contiguous and vertically superimposed, and it is composed of various oil and gas series and types, which is convenient for exploitation, processing, transportation and use, and is known as "black gold". During the period of 1983, heavy oil with shallow reservoir, good physical properties and abundant reserves was discovered in Baijiantan, Hongshanzui and Fengcheng areas under the jurisdiction of this city, which became a rare and precious resource in China. In addition, there are natural asphalt, coal, gypsum, limestone, mirabilite, salt, asbestos, crystals, refractories, and building materials such as loess and sandstone for firing bricks and tiles and ultra-light ceramsite.
Grassland and woodland: Karamay has natural grassland 10.52 million hectares. Among them, grassland 2. 30,000 hectares, mainly distributed in Wuerhe, Xiaoguai and Dushanzi. The quality of grassland is poor. Due to the decline of groundwater level and overgrazing, the quality of grassland has deteriorated year by year. There are 27,400 hectares of forest land in the city, with a coverage rate of 3.5%. There are mainly secondary forests of sand shrubs such as Populus euphratica, Haloxylon ammodendron and Salix. From 1950s to 1970s, the area of forest land decreased due to cutting down vegetation for firewood. Since 1980s, with the change of fuel and heating mode, it is no longer necessary to cut down vegetation as fuel, and desert vegetation has recovered.
Animal and plant resources: The main wild animals in Karamay are antelope, hare, wild boar, argali, fox, lizard, pheasant, wild duck, swan, sparrow, cuckoo, wolf, rat, snake, toad, oriole, magpie, lark, eagle, crow, turtledove, aphid and fly. Livestock include sheep, goats, camels, cattle, horses, pigs and chickens, and other fish resources include crucian carp, carp and grass carp. Wild plants mainly include Populus euphratica, Ulmus pumila, Calligonum Calligonum, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Haloxylon ammodendron, Lycium barbarum, Phragmites communis, Typha Typha, Salix psammophila, Achnatherum, Festuca arundinacea, Leymus chinensis, Xanthium sibiricum, Stipa grandis, Imperata arundinacea, Taraxacum, Sargassum fusiforme, Salsola salsa, Equisetum and Chicory.
economic conditions
Finance and finance: Since Karamay was founded 40 years ago, the fiscal revenue has been relatively stable, and the scale of fiscal revenue and expenditure has been expanding. After 1992, with the development of reform and opening up and socialist market economy, an all-round market economy system has been gradually established, and financial undertakings have also made a new leap. 1997, all work objectives and tasks were fully completed. The gross domestic product (GDP) is 8.7 billion yuan (current price), and the total industrial output value176.8 billion yuan. The total retail sales of social goods was 654.38+0.99 billion yuan.
Karamay's financial industry has developed with the development of oil production, and the financial industry mainly serves oil production. In the 40 years since the founding of the city, the financial industry has developed from a single deposit, release and remittance to a relatively complete financial system with professional division of labor.
Petroleum industry: Petroleum is the pillar industry of Karamay and plays an important role in the economic development of the autonomous region. In the past 40 years of oilfield exploration and development, crude oil production has reached a new level, and four major oil production bases, such as Karamay and Dushanzi, have been built. It is a super-large oil joint venture with complete categories such as geological exploration, oilfield development, oil and gas gathering and transportation, refining and chemical industry, product sales, oilfield construction, scientific research and design, machine maintenance and manufacturing, and production services.
Local industry: Karamay local industry started in the late 1950s, with a weak foundation. In particular, the municipal local industries are small in scale and quantity, mainly light industries such as flour processing, food processing, clothing processing and wood manufacturing, which serve the lives of employees. Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the policy of "oil-based, diversified management, comprehensive utilization and all-round development", a number of small enterprises have been built one after another, and the municipal government has given strong support to local industries in terms of funds and policies, so that local industries have gradually developed. After 1992, the local industry developed rapidly. The main products are labor protection clothing, leather shoes, furniture, red bricks, electronic products and chemical products such as paint, plastics and antifreeze.
Rural economy: Due to the influence of water resources and grassland resources, the production and development of agriculture and animal husbandry in Karamay City are greatly restricted. The production scale of agriculture and animal husbandry accounts for a small proportion in the municipal economic system, and there are only two towns, three pastures and farms operated by oil enterprises in the production area. The main crops are wheat, corn, cotton and vegetables. The main animal husbandry and aquaculture are cattle, sheep, horses, pigs, chickens, ducks and fish. After 1992, agriculture and animal husbandry developed rapidly due to increased investment and support. From 65438 to 0997, the total output of crops and the number of livestock in the city increased greatly. Compared with 1992, the total output value of agriculture and animal husbandry increased by nearly 20% annually.
Individual and private economy: With the support of the reform and opening-up policy, Karamay's individual and private economy has developed rapidly. The first private industrial and commercial enterprise appeared in1981; By the end of 1992, there were more than 4,000 individual industrial and commercial households with more than 4,700 employees. As of June 1997 1 1, there were 7,496 individual industrial and commercial households with 1 1402 employees.
Commerce and trade: Since Karamay established its commercial organization in 1950s, daily necessities, grain, vegetables, grain and oil, and meat have always provided protection for oilfield production and people's life. After 1978, with the deepening of reform and opening-up, various economic sectors appeared one after another, which broke the pattern of state-owned enterprises dominating the world, gradually pushed state-owned enterprises to the position of surviving by competition, and the city formed a "trinity" market economic system of state-owned, collective, individual and private. 1997, the city's commercial system includes department stores, textile companies, Wujinjiaodian chemical companies, vegetable and fruit companies, sugar companies, tobacco and alcohol companies, catering companies, pharmaceutical companies and local grocery companies. There are 6 large shopping malls and 10 large trade markets. The collective business in Karamay is mainly composed of the municipal supply and marketing system and labor service companies, which constitute an important part of the collective business economy, and their trade volume accounts for a large proportion in the commercial system.
Urban construction, communication and transportation
Urban construction: The urban construction of Karamay begins with the development and construction of oil fields, which can be roughly divided into two stages: before 1978 and after 1978. Before 1978, urban construction was slow. The residential area of the whole city is only/kloc-0.06 million square meters, and most of them are bungalows with civil structures. Except Youyi Road and Junggar Road, most urban roads are sandy roads. After 1978, urban construction entered a period of rapid development. By 1992, the urban construction area has been expanded to 17 square kilometers, and 43 urban roads with a total length of 57.5 kilometers have been built. In recent years, the scale of urban construction has further developed, and industrial facilities, civil facilities and traffic roads have become a complete system. During the period of 1997, the planning and construction tasks such as the reconstruction of the southern half of the People's Square, the first phase of the reconstruction of the sports center, the reconstruction of the mass art museum and the construction of archives, the construction of the first social welfare home in Karamay, the main body of the rehabilitation center, the closed-circuit television project in Wuerhe District and some supporting projects in Lin Nan community were completed, which made the urban infrastructure construction more perfect.
Communication: Karamay's post and telecommunications industry consists of two parts: oilfield special communication network and post and telecommunications network. In recent years, the communication industry has developed rapidly, and the communication technical facilities have been continuously improved and perfected. By the end of 1997, there were 9 communication stations in the city, with 6 program-controlled switches. 90,000 lines, with a total capacity of 6.5438+0.08 million lines. There are 84,000 telephone users (including 65,000 residential telephones), with an average of 33 telephones per 100 people and 84 telephones per 100 households. 1997, the total local telephone capacity of the municipal post office has reached 50,000, and the "126" paging system has realized the nationwide network roaming in Xinjiang.
Transportation: Karamay has convenient transportation. Since its establishment more than 40 years ago, transportation has developed rapidly. The highway network consists of 2 national highways, 3 provincial highways, 3 county and township highways and more than 100 special highways for oil fields. Wuyi Highway (Urumqi-Yili) crosses Dushanzi area; Adu Highway (Altay-Dushanzi) runs through the whole territory of Karamay; Duku Company (Dushanzi-Kuche) crosses Tianshan Mountain to all parts of southern Xinjiang; Chaba Highway (Tacheng fork-Baktu) leads to Tacheng in the west and its border trade port Baktu; Hook Highway (Hutubi to Karamay) is 223 kilometers long, which shortens the highway mileage from Karamay to Urumqi by 87 kilometers. Oilfield highways extend in all directions, covering hundreds of miles of oil areas, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers. Asphalt pavements and graded highways that can reach rainy days account for more than 90% of the total. With the development of oilfield highway, the transportation management organization and transportation scale are also developing. By the end of 1997, there were/kloc-0 first-class passenger stations and 3 second-class passenger stations, and more than 20 long-distance transportation lines were opened. There are 1 civil aircraft seats for small aircraft to take off and land, and the route is from Karamay to Urumqi. There are more than 10 specialized operating organizations such as Karamay Highway Transportation Management Station and Xinjiang Petroleum Administration Passenger Transport Company. There are nearly 20,000 operating vehicles and automobile transport vehicles, achieving the goal of "smooth flow of goods and smooth flow of people".
Science, education, culture and health
Scientific and technological work: Karamay's scientific and technological work is mainly centered on oil production. Over the past 40 years of oilfield development, the scientific research level and institutional team have reached a considerable scale. By the end of 1996, the city had more than 20 scientific research institutions and more than 20,000 professional technicians.
Education: With the development of oilfield construction, Karamay education has developed steadily. Over the years, a relatively complete education system has been gradually formed, including preschool education, primary and secondary education, higher education, adult education, vocational education and special education. By the end of 1997, there were 6 institutions of higher learning, 3 technical schools,/kloc-0 vocational middle schools and schools for the deaf, 23 ordinary middle schools, 37 primary schools and 42 kindergartens in the city. The teaching facilities, instruments and equipment of various schools are worth more than 400 million yuan. 124 faculty members in the city in 1997, including 64,062 students, graduates 15069 and freshmen 1624 1 person. The junior high school graduation rate is 98%. A total of 1 168 people participated in the college entrance examination, with an online rate of 32.6%, and 865 people were admitted to colleges and universities nationwide, with an admission rate of 74. 1%. More than 654.38+0.05 million people took self-study exams, and 64,538 cadres and workers took part in education and training.
Culture and sports: After Karamay was founded, the cultural and sports undertakings developed rapidly. By 1997, there were radio stations 1, TV stations and cable TV stations 65438, TV discs 8, workers' cultural centers, mass art museums, mine history museums, children's palaces, children's activity centers, libraries 1, professional performance groups and amateur performance groups 1. In addition, municipal units also have different levels of cultural and entertainment facilities and amateur art groups. The city library has156,000 books, received162,000 readers and borrowed 19 1 10,000 books. Xinhua Bookstore issued 5.652 million books throughout the year; The Municipal Post Office issued17.74 million copies of newspapers and16.42 million copies of magazines throughout the year.
Over the past 40 years, mass sports activities have been widely carried out in Karamay, and the level of sports competition has been continuously improved. By 1997, there are more than 200 stadiums, such as sports ground, gymnasium, swimming pool, track and field, shooting range, basketball, volleyball and football field. Cultural and sports projects have won many awards from the state and autonomous regions. During the period of 1997, the team participated in many competitions in China, oil and gas corporation, western cooperation zone and autonomous region, and won gold 12, silver 14 and bronze 10.
Medical and health care: The medical and health care in Karamay City has developed with the development of oilfield production, and medical and health services are spread all over Libai Oil Region. By 1997, there were more than 40 general hospitals such as People's Hospital, Workers' Hospital and Urumqi Mingyuan Petroleum Hospital, and more than 40 medical and health institutions such as health stations and clinics. There are 6 general hospitals, 2 township hospitals and 3 health and epidemic prevention institutions in Karamay and Dushanzi alone. Have beds 1539; There are 2563 professional health technicians, including doctors 1069 and nurses 1044. The cure rate of discharged patients was 74.8%, the improvement rate was 2 1.8% and the bed turnover rate was 15. 5% times/year, the rate of establishing basic immunization card 100%, and the coverage rate of "four vaccines" is 98.9%, basically forming an all-round medical and health epidemic prevention system combining prevention and treatment.
People's lives
People's life: Since Karamay was founded more than 40 years ago, with the continuous development of production, people's living standards have been continuously improved. Mainly in five aspects: first, the income of residents continues to grow; Second, the consumption structure has changed; Third, the ownership of valuable and durable consumer goods has increased significantly; Fourth, living conditions have been improved; Fifth, residents' savings deposits have increased. In the whole year, 4,990 new houses were built, with a total area of 320,200 square meters, and the living conditions of residents continued to improve.
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