Portrait of Nurhachi
The cause of the battle of Salhu includes three parts. One is that Nurhachi came to power to make the Jurchen tribe stronger. The other is the contradiction between the Ming Dynasty and Jurchen, which made Nurhachi determined to attack the Ming Dynasty. The third is the chaos of the Ming Dynasty and the corruption of the imperial court. Nurhachi thought it was the best time to fight against the Ming Dynasty, so he launched a war.
The most important reason for the battle of Salhu was that Nurhachi came to power. Nuerhachi is one of the few outstanding generals in the Jurchen tribe. Before he came to power, few people mentioned the use of soldiers in the Ming Dynasty. Nurhachi is a natural strategist. After he came to power, he began to rectify military affairs and train to attack the Ming Dynasty. Nurhachi's ambition is to annex the Ming Dynasty and occupy the Central Plains. Therefore, under the arrangement of Nurhachi, the Jurchen tribe has made great progress.
The cause of the battle of Salhu should also include the chaos of the Ming Dynasty. A few years before the war broke out, it was the time when the party struggle in the Ming Dynasty was very fierce. When Emperor Wanli came to power, the Ming Dynasty was in chaos. After Wanli came to power, he often didn't care about political affairs. He let the courtiers argue endlessly below, and many peasant uprisings broke out in the Ming Dynasty. The rulers did not have the energy to pay attention to Liaodong defense and the rising female tribes, which led to the enemy's aggression.
In fact, the conflict between the Nuerhachi tribe and the Ming Dynasty was the direct cause of the Salhu War. Nurhachi released seven vendettas on the 3rd day of the lunar calendar1April 665438/KLOC-0. He believes that the Ming Dynasty sent troops to harass the Jurchen tribe from time to time, which caused heavy losses to the Jurchen tribe, and the attitude of the Ming Dynasty diplomats was very arrogant, which further escalated the conflict between the two regions and led to the Salhu War, which later decided the battle.
The Battle of Salhu The Battle of Salhu took place in A.D. 16 19. On the one hand, Nuerhachi personally led the Nuzhen troops, on the other hand, the Ming army was poorly equipped and disheartened. Obviously, the battle of Salhu led to the defeat of the Ming army. Nurhachi successfully defeated the Ming army, and in less than three months, he killed 50,000 Ming troops in the captive pit, which dealt a heavy blow to the main force of the Ming army and left the Ming army with no respite.
Portrait of Nurhachi
In fact, before the war, the Ming people knew the result of the battle of Salhu. At that time, some officials in the DPRK and China delayed the frontline soldiers, so the battle of Salhu led to the total defeat of the Ming army. Seeing that the main force was annihilated by Nurhachi, the Ming army in the east, west, north and south had no idea of fighting at all. They left their armor and fled everywhere, and even some generals surrendered directly, which led Nurhachi to attack near Fushun, Liaoning.
In the last stage of the Battle of Salhu, Nurhachi captured Fushun, Liaoning Province and most of the northeast, which damaged the national strength of the Ming Dynasty and lost an important grain production base, laying the foundation for Nurhachi to further occupy the Ming Dynasty. In this war, Nurhachi led the Eight Banners Army to attack the Ming Dynasty with a total of 64,800 people, and the Ming Dynasty sent 50,000 troops to fight. It can be said that the two sides were evenly matched, but in the end Nurhachi defeated the enemy in the battle of Salhu. Nurhachi not only killed 50,000 Ming troops, but also captured more than 30 middle and senior generals. The Eight Banners tribe in the Bennurhachi belt was slightly injured, which can be said to be a total victory.
Reasons for the failure of the Battle of Salhu The Battle of Salhu is a famous battle in history. In the face of the Ming Dynasty and the Korean army, it is incredible that many people can win only by relying on their cavalry's late money. So what was the reason for the failure of the battle of Salhu?
Portrait of Ming Shenzong during the Battle of Salhu
One of the reasons for the failure of the battle of Salhu was that it adopted a way of fighting that was unfavorable to itself. At that time, when the Ming Dynasty formulated its operational policy, it did not objectively consider the operational mode of the late Jin army. Facing the coordinated operation of the Eight Banners of the late Jin regime, the Ming Dynasty chose to disperse its troops and attack in multiple ways, thus reducing the threat of its own army to the late Jin army.
The army does not train all the year round, and there is a lazy atmosphere in the army. At that time, because of years of slack, although the Ming army was known as a lion, it was actually vulnerable. What's more, there were millions of lions in the Ming Dynasty, and the army at that time was only 65,438+10,000 people, and the actual combat strength was naturally imaginable compared with that of the late Jin cavalry who fought all the year round.
At that time, after years of development in the Ming dynasty, many abuses in society were deeply rooted and it was difficult to completely eradicate them. At that time, social officials opposed innovation for their own personal interests, which was extremely unfavorable to social and economic development. On the other hand, within the Jurchen nationality, not only the social and economic development was highly developed at that time, but also the Jurchen nationality accumulated a lot of wealth after years of fighting. The contrast between the two is also one of the reasons for the failure of the battle of Salhu.
In the selection and appointment of talents, in order to make up for the cost of war, the Ming Dynasty bought and sold many official positions by clearly marking the price. Most of the officials promoted in this way have no real talents and can only delay their work. The post-Jin regime's official selection system is very strict, which also adds a lot of color to the post-Jin regime's victory in the war.
The battle of the Qi army in Salhu led by Qi Jiguang is well known militarily, and the battle of the Qi army in Salhu is a problem worth discussing? What is the connection between the Qi army and the Salhu War in the late Ming Dynasty?
Statue of Qi Jiguang
During the Wanli period, Qi Jiguang suddenly became seriously ill. Qi Jiguang was over 60 years old at that time. The disease was so fierce that it quickly took Qi Jiguang's life. Qi Jiguang's departure was a great loss for the Ming Dynasty. This is mainly reflected in the military. Qi Jiguang was an important general in the Ming Dynasty. The troops he trained were disciplined and brave, and they were extremely rare generals under the historical conditions at that time.
In the battle of Salhu, according to historical records, Qijiajun also caused heavy losses to Nurhachi's army. At that time, Qi Jiguang had died, and instead of training the army, he adopted his adopted son Qi Jin in the army. On the battlefield, this army trained by Qi Jin is still indomitable in the face of Nurhachi's tough cavalry. Even the most intrepid army at the end of Jin Dynasty, Zhenghuangqi could do nothing. In this way, let Nurhachi worry. Later, the army was subdued by a series of shells. The gunner who fired the shells was a bought Ming soldier.
This is undoubtedly the greatest tragedy for a brave army. Without the intervention of artillery, it is hard to say in what direction the war will develop, but we can know that this Qigujun will never be easily defeated, and more ironically, the last enemy of the Salhu War turned out to be his own compatriots, which also shows the losing outcome of this war in the Ming Dynasty.
The Battle of Salhu is a famous battle in history. Some things about the battle of Salhu made everyone curious, especially the military strength of the warring parties, which was the focus of everyone's attention. So, what was the battle of Salhu?
Stills of Ming Shenzong during the Battle of Salhu
Before the war, the Ming dynasty always claimed that its army was 400 thousand, but in fact there were not so many troops in the Ming dynasty. Even with the troops that North Korea sent to reinforce later, there were only140,000 people. A large part of these hundreds of thousands of troops are transferred from all over the border, and the troops are mixed, which makes the soldiers waste a lot of energy in management.
Among the forces in the late Jin dynasty, the available troops seem to be even less, with less than 60 thousand people. From this point of view, in the comparison of military strength in the battle of Salhu, the latter Jin obviously suffered a big loss, but in the middle of the war, whether an army can win the war depends more on its combat effectiveness. Soldiers of the late Jin army fought all the year round, and the main venue of the war was at the border. Compared with the soldiers of the Ming Dynasty, the soldiers of the late Jin Dynasty were generally familiar with the terrain, which was an advantage of the late Jin people.
Another advantage lies in the discipline and atmosphere of the army. The Ming dynasty was peaceful for many years, and the army lacked training for a long time, especially actual combat experience. On the contrary, the late Jin cavalry not only fought all the year round, but also grew up on horseback, which gave them enough advantages to attack the enemy and protect themselves in the war. From this point of view, it seems that in the military comparison of the battle of Salhu, the latter Jin was not lost to the Ming Dynasty at all.