The Nanjing Massacre refers to the large-scale massacre carried out by Japanese troops in Nanjing and its vicinity for several months during the period of China War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression 1937 to 1945 after the defeat of the Republic of China in the defending war in Nanjing and the fall of Nanjing. Among them, Japanese war crimes include robbery, rape and massacre of a large number of civilians and prisoners of war. The scale of the massacre and the number of casualties are not generally recognized, but it is generally believed that the death toll exceeds 300,000.

The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and Article 2 1

The First Sino-Japanese War: 1894 to 1895, known as the Sino-Japanese War in history;

The Second Sino-Japanese War: It happened from 1937 to 1945.

The Sino-Japanese War during World War II was called War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in history.

Boxer Protocol

The Xin Chou Treaty is the Xin Chou Protocol or the Xin Chou Peace Treaty.

/kloc-At the end of 0/9, the imperialist powers fought for and carved up China, which caused an unprecedented national crisis in China. This sense of crisis contributed to people's awakening, and saving the country became the most urgent requirement at that time. 1898, the bourgeois reformists failed in their reform movement, 1900, a vigorous anti-imperialist patriotic boxer movement with farmers as the main body broke out. The Boxer Rebellion started in Shandong and quickly spread to Zhili, Tianjin and Beijing, causing panic among imperialist powers. They decided to send troops to suppress the Boxer Rebellion themselves. Britain, the United States, Japan, Russia, France, Germany, Italy and Austria organized a coalition to invade China and invaded Beijing in August. Empress Dowager Cixi fled xi with Emperor Guangxu and his cronies. The Qing Dynasty was forced to make peace with imperialism.

Eight-Nation Alliance Huoshao Yuanmingyuan

Burning Yuanmingyuan is a common saying. In fact, the real concept of burning Yuanmingyuan is not just burning Yuanmingyuan, but burning the royal three mountains and five gardens in the west of Beijing. The burning area is much larger than that of Yuanmingyuan. These three mountains and five gardens are: Wanshou Mountain, Yuquan Mountain, Xiangshan Mountain, Qingyi Garden, Yuanmingyuan Garden, Changchun Garden, Jingming Garden and Jingyi Garden.

the opium war

Brief introduction of the first opium war

Date: 65438+June 28th, 0840-65438+August 0842.

Location: China.

Result: Britain won.

Reason:

The destruction of opium in Humen

Territorial change: ceding Hong Kong Island to Britain.

1840 (twenty years of Daoguang), the British invaders launched a war of aggression against ancient feudal China. Because this war was caused by Britain's forced dumping of opium into China, it was called the Opium War in history. After the Opium War, China gradually changed from an independent feudal country to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country, and the Chinese nation began a course of humiliation, suffering, exploration and struggle for more than 100 years.

Shanghai concession

1845165438+1On October 29th, Gong Mujiu, The garrison commander of Su Songtai of the Qing government, and British Consul Pavel jointly promulgated the Shanghai Land Charter (also known as the Shanghai Land Lease Charter (The

Shanghai land

Regulations), the establishment of the British Concession in Shanghai. Since then, American Concession and French Concession have been established one after another. 1In July, 854, Britain, France and the United States established a joint concession. 1862 French concession became independent from the joint concession; 1863, the Anglo-American Concession was formally merged into the public concession.

September 18th Incident

Reference 193 1 September, 2008 18, a Japanese military conflict and political incident broke out in the northeast of China, which was deliberately created by Japan in an attempt to invade China and occupy China territory. The two sides of the conflict are the Northeast Army of China and the Japanese Kwantung Army. According to the date when the conflict broke out, it was called "September 18th Incident" in history. Because the northeast of China was called Manchuria at that time, the Japanese called this incident "Manchuria Incident".