"Disaster prevention" is the responsibility of local film directors at all levels. In order to ensure the safety of one side, they also vigorously promoted the "fire policy." For example, during the Han Dynasty, Chengdu was the prefect of Fan Lian; In the Tang Dynasty, Du Yu, who sent us to Lingnan, and Liu Zongyuan, who sent us to Yongzhou; In the Song Dynasty, Chen Xiliang, the magistrate of Huxian County; And He Xin, the magistrate of Huizhou in Ming Dynasty. Because of vigorously promoting the "fire strategy" and benefiting the people, historians made biographies for it and the people built temples and monuments for it, and some historical sites still exist today. Lin Zexu, the frontier defense minister of the Qing Dynasty, was praised by people for attending the fire fighting in person when a fire broke out. The most outstanding achievement in managing public affairs in Song Dynasty was the birth of the first city fire brigade established by the state in the world. This kind of urban fire brigade has striking similarities with today's urban fire brigade, both in organizational form and in essence. This national fire brigade was founded in Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty and perfected in Lin 'an in the Southern Song Dynasty. In the 12th year of Chunyou (1252), there were 20 fire brigades and 7 teams in Lin 'an, with a total of 5 100 people. The fire building 10 is expected. As an aspect of social security, fire protection in ancient China did not set up a special institution independently. Starting from "Two Thousand Stones of Cao Shangshu" in the central administration of the Han Dynasty and "Holding Jin Wu" in Beijing, both of them are masters of "fire and water thieves", or "managers are very angry" and "cunning". Fire control institutions and public security institutions will always be together, but thieves can't leave home. This comprehensive public security fire control system has been quite detailed until today. Although China's fire control has a fairly independent management scope, as far as the national system is concerned, the work of fire control and maintaining social order is still managed by the public security department, which is a historical tradition of our country. In Chang 'an, Western Han Dynasty, every street has a pavilion, 16 pavilion. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were 24 kiosks on 24th Street in Luoyang. This kind of street pavilion is also called a pavilion. There were no pavilions in Chang 'an, the capital of Tang Dynasty, but there were "Wuhoudian" public security fire control organizations distributed in various cities and squares. This kind of "Wuhou shop" has 0/00 people in Dachengmen/KLOC, and 30 people are generous. There are 20 people in the small city gate and 5 people in the small room. Under the leadership of Zuo You, Jin Wu's subordinate Zuo You Yi Fu. Form the city's public security fire control network system. Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty "every party has three hundred paces to patrol shops and five soldiers", which is obviously the inheritance and development of the "Wuhou shop" system in the Tang Dynasty. There is no record of "military patrol shop" in the Official History of Yuan Hua, but there is a "Yin Gang" which is the same as the military patrol shop in Travel Notes of Kyle Polo Zhong. There were "Hongpu" 1 12 in the imperial cities inside and outside the Ming Dynasty, and each shop had 10 officials. Although these are different, they are all urban grass-roots public security fire control institutions, which are equivalent to today's public security police stations or police kiosks.

From the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties to the Republic of China, with the development of economy and society, fires have also increased, and fire fighting and extinguishing technologies have also kept pace with the times and developed continuously. Thousands of years of human history have proved that fire fighting is the product of the progress of world civilization. The more frequent the society is, the more important the fire prevention and control work is. The ancient fire laws and regulations in China appeared as early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. At that time, in order to test the people's willingness to serve themselves, the King of Yue ordered the palace to be lit and sat by himself waiting for the people to come and put out the fire, but no one went after waiting for a long time. In this case, the King of Yue had to give an order: "Those who died fighting the fire can get the same reward as those who died fighting the enemy." As a result, some ordinary people smeared fireproof substances on their bodies, and some ran over wearing clothes soaked in water, and finally put out the fire. This shows that the rulers at that time have begun to realize the power of applying law in fire attack management. In fact, the fire laws and regulations in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are still in their infancy. It should be said that it was not until the Qin Dynasty that it was gradually improved.

In 22 1 BC, the state of Qin destroyed six countries and established the first feudal centralized state in the history of China. Under the guidance of legalism, the feudal system and laws of the Qin Dynasty were improved day by day. In these legal systems, laws and regulations on fire control have also been developed and strengthened. Of course, these laws were never formulated to ensure the safety of people's lives and property, but to safeguard the vital interests of the ruling class. Regarding the legal provisions in this respect, only in the 18th Law of Qin Dynasty, there are the following records:

Fire prevention in warehouse. Since Qin accepted Shang Yang's legalist thoughts, he has attached great importance to agricultural production. The development of agriculture has brought economic prosperity and created a lot of wealth for the ruling class. In order to protect these wealth, the ruling class has to pay close attention to the fire prevention of warehouses. It was expressly stipulated in the Qin Dynasty that warehouses for storing grain should have high walls, and no one should live near warehouses for storing straw and granaries covered with thatch. Patrol strictly at night. Idle people are not allowed to enter the storage area. When the storage area is closed, we must put out the candles.

Kufu fire prevention. In ancient times, the treasury was a very important place to collect documents, property and documents. Therefore, the Qin law stipulates that it is strictly forbidden to bring kindling into the warehouse. After the collectors put away the goods, officials sent misers and collectors to guard them day and night, and carefully checked them before closing at night to see if there was any suspicious fire.

In order to ensure the implementation of these fire prevention laws, the Qin law also stipulates a punishment system. The 18th Law of Qin Dynasty and the Q&A of Qin Bamboo Slips clearly stipulate that the warehouse keeper and the official in charge must bear the responsibility for the fire caused by the violation of law or dereliction of duty.

In order to distinguish the responsibility after the fire, the Qin bamboo slips "Legal Questions and Answers" also stipulated the compensation standard based on whether it was the fire perpetrator or not. For example, if a person who lives in a government charity burns his official belongings because of a hotel fire, the government does not ask for compensation, such as burning and borrowing cars and horses, and the government can also make appropriate compensation. As for other people's fires, if they spread and burn out the inner doors, they will punish the perpetrators with shields; If you burn down the city gate, you will be fined a collar.

Generally speaking, the fire prevention laws of the Qin Dynasty, like other legal systems, played an important role in consolidating the unity of the Qin Dynasty, developing production and prospering the economy, and strengthening the feudal centralized rule. However, due to the short rule time and long history of the Qin Dynasty, a large number of historical materials were scattered. Therefore, I won't elaborate on the content of fire. It is worth mentioning that only Xiang Yu burned Epang Palace and the first imperial tomb at the end of Qin Dynasty. It was after Qin Shihuang unified the six countries that the original palace was too small. In the thirty-fifth year of the first emperor (2 12 BC), Yuanlin Palace was built in Shanglin, Weinan. By the time of Qin's death, all the projects had not been completed, showing the scale. The front hall is called "A Fang".

According to Records of the Historical Records of Qin Shihuang, Afangshan is "500 paces from east to west, 50 feet from north to south, 10,000 people can sit on the ground, and 50-foot flags are built on the ground." Feudal emperors not only lived luxuriously, but also tried to move the enjoyment of life to the underworld under the domination of the superstitious thought of immortal soul. When Qin Shihuang 13 became king (247 BC), the mausoleum project was started, and it was not completed until his death (2 10 BC). Judging from the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum discovered by 1977 and subsequently excavated, its engineering scale and rich funerary objects have reached an amazing level. Although these two major projects were built for the enjoyment of feudal rulers before and after their death, and were completed at the expense of countless working people's lives, they were engineering miracles created by working people and the crystallization of the wisdom of ancient working people in China.