I. Main contents
1. The relationship between man and society
Without society, individuals cannot live independently/without society, people cannot grow.
2. Social roles: Learn to distinguish several roles.
(1) Born role:
Son (daughter), nationality, China citizen. ...
(2) The roles stipulated by society: students, passengers and customers. ...
(3) Role of one's choice: volunteer ...
(4) The role you want to play: scientist, singer, teacher, etc.
3. Three principles of interpersonal communication
(1) communication and understanding
(2) Respect and equality
(3) Integrity
Honesty and trustworthiness is the basic principle of being a man, and mutual respect and equal communication are important bridges for good communication between people.
4. Without rules, there would be no Fiona Fang.
(1) Definition of rules: Rules refer to the rules and regulations formulated by social groups to achieve a certain goal, which all or participants should abide by.
Broad provisions: the general name of all normative documents formulated by the state (including constitution, laws, administrative regulations, etc.). ).
Narrow rules: normative documents issued by state administrative organs and local state organs.
(2) Forms of expression of rules: ① It exists in the form of words; (2) handed down in the traditional way.
(3) The meaning of rules: serving a certain goal.
(4) Life is inseparable from rules: traffic signs, football rules and laws. ...
Rules are made by people, and the appearance of any rules is closely related to people's lives. It is to enable people to live in an orderly, safe, healthy and appropriate way.
5. Law and Constitution
The Constitution is the fundamental law and the most important law of the country, which stipulates and guarantees the basic rights of all citizens.
In our country, all important laws must be deliberated and passed by the National People's Congress.
6. zebra crossing
People can't live without rules. With the development of society, the rules are constantly improving and changing.
7. Green lifestyle
Green lifestyle includes: using fluorine-free refrigerators, air conditioners, washing powder that does not pollute water sources, calling for "saving trees", caring for every green land, actively participating in tree planting activities, saving energy, using work and daily necessities made of renewable materials, changing eating habits that are not conducive to environmental protection, living in harmony with animal and plant friends, and sorting and recycling garbage. ...
8. Investment and financial management, investment risk
Family financial management methods: saving, buying government bonds, and buying insurance (among them, buying government bonds has low risk, high interest and good income).
Venture capital can increase income, but it also has great risks.
Risk aversion: allocate limited funds reasonably and invest in two or more industries, and the factors produced by one industry are just the effective factors of another industry (that is, don't put eggs in one basket).
9. Credit: the foundation of career.
10. Taxation and paying taxes according to law
Tax revenue is the most important and stable income of the country (accounting for more than 90% of China's fiscal revenue).
Paying taxes according to law is the responsibility and obligation of every citizen.
1 1. Establishment of Internet, Internet Cafe and Rules
Let students know that there are several main characteristics of middle school students surfing the internet today: first, middle school students generally have a strong interest in surfing the internet; Second, the motivation of most middle school students is to seek psychological adjustment, desire satisfaction and spiritual stimulation; Third, 75.32% students choose to surf the Internet in Internet cafes; Fourth, middle school students play games, make friends, chat and watch entertainment programs, and few people really use computers to study; Fifth, making friends online has become a new development trend of interpersonal communication among middle school students; Sixth, most students think that the internet will have a certain negative impact on people, but most students do not pay enough attention and vigilance to it, let alone actively control their behavior.
Of course, the existence of Internet cafes has its reasonable side. Students should be "sparse" on the Internet and not "blocked".
Review Outline of Unit 8, History and Society, Volume 2, Grade 7
The first lesson is the choice you will always face.
1 People in modern life have the same identity, that is, consumers. Consumers are our initial identity when we enter economic life.
Consumption is the process of enjoying goods and services to meet our daily needs.
The relationship between production and consumption is: production determines consumption, and consumption affects production. Without production, there is no consumption.
4 Describe the production "journey" of daily necessities (description, ranking)
In daily life, the most common consumption behavior is shopping in the market.
Commodities: Not only the commodities produced, but also the commodities to be sold in the market. Labor products used for exchange. (will judge)
We can buy goods and services in the market.
Market types: rural market, urban market, professional market and e-commerce.
The role of the market: meet people's needs, bring convenience to life and promote economic prosperity and development.
10 e-commerce: buying and selling goods through computer networks.
1 1 the emergence of e-commerce has broken the traditional face-to-face transaction and enabled people far away from home to conduct trading activities.
12 under the condition of market economy, the price changes with the change of market supply and demand. Other factors that affect the price: season, such as seasonal commodities such as vegetables, fruits and clothing; Time to market, such as mobile phones, MP3 players, computers, wine, antiques and other electronic products; Location, for example, local products have different prices due to different places of origin and sales, and similar goods have different prices in different purchasing power regions; Hot spots in life, such as hot things and commodities affected by emergencies; Brands, such as brand-name goods are more expensive and so on. )
13 The factors that affect people's shopping are: quality, price, place of origin, brand, after-sales service, shoppers' needs and preferences, the influence of advertising and shopping environment, etc.
14 How to shop reasonably? First of all, we should live within our means and arrange expenditures according to our own income level, so that expenditures can adapt to the income level. Secondly, don't forget thrift at any time. It's best to analyze and compare before buying when shopping. Thirdly, when shopping, we should proceed from our actual needs and don't blindly follow them.
15 People's consumption patterns change with the development of the times, the progress of society and the improvement of living standards. For example, from the past "new three years, old three years, sewing and mending again and again" and "buying as much as you have" to today's timely "upgrading" and "living within our means", we enjoy life in advance (spending in advance) by means of loans.
16 contents of household consumption: First, meet the most basic needs of life (material consumption, such as eating and dressing); Then, pursue a higher quality of life (spiritual consumption, such as attending training and traveling); Labor consumption.
17 the purpose of household consumption: food and clothing consumption, enjoyment consumption and development consumption (the proportion is increasing).
18 Engel coefficient = food expenditure/total living consumption expenditure. (indicating that the people are well-off)
19 Engel's law means that the lower the income of a family or individual, the greater the proportion of its food expenditure in the total expenditure, and with the increase of family income, the proportion of food expenditure in the total income or expenditure of the family gradually decreases. For a country, the poorer the country, the greater the proportion of food expenditure in the average expenditure of each national.
Green lifestyle: save resources and reduce pollution; Green consumption, environmental protection procurement; Reuse and reuse; Garbage sorting and recycling; Save species and protect nature. (For example, choose fluoride-free refrigerators, air conditioners and other electrical appliances, and choose washing powder that does not pollute water sources; Choose recycled paper, double-sided paper, recycled waste paper, etc. )
2 1 emphasizing environmental protection consumption has become people's pursuit of high-quality life and a symbol of modern civilized life.
A well-established enterprise is priceless.
1 What is investment? In the way of Qian Shengqian.
2 How to invest and operate successfully?
1) dad's secret: people are omnipresent-new products-to ensure the leading position of enterprises; People are superior-technological transformation-the source of enterprise vitality; People are superior and I am cheap-product price-an effective means of competition for enterprises; People are cheap and I change-market demand-the premise of enterprise survival.
2) Avoid risks: "Don't put all your eggs in one basket." (Diversified investment) The benefits and risks of different projects are complementary.
The same characteristics of investment: it can bring wealth, but it also has risks, and the investment methods and risks that benefit greatly are correspondingly greater.
The enlightenment of uncle grasping the opportunity: ① having market awareness, accurately positioning and grasping the opportunity. ② Hierarchy of market demand. ③ Let go of the burden, welcome the new, study the market demand and be brave in innovation. ④ Follow the laws of nature, adjust measures to local conditions and plant scientifically.
The way to start a business is to seize the opportunity, and the essentials of seizing the opportunity are: adapting to the time, adapting to the situation, guiding the situation and adapting to local conditions.
Investment never equals speculation. Successful entrepreneurs have always regarded credit as the foundation of their career.
A few people may gain temporary benefits through opportunism, immorality and bad faith. But in the end, we will lose all our partners and all our future opportunities.
Keeping promises may make enterprises lose some profits in the short term, but it will make enterprises win opportunities and possibilities for long-term development. Successful enterprises break through the world by virtue of their reputation (quality first, service first).
Lesson 3 It is everyone's responsibility to be the master of the country.
1 Main ways of family financial management: savings, bonds and insurance.
Savings is one of the most common items in the family ledger, and it is a financial management method that every family can adopt.
3 savings: one of the most common items in the family ledger; Purpose [Emergency, accident prevention, old age prevention, purchase of bulky goods, increase income (with interest, which belongs to investment), ……]; Risks (bank mismanagement, currency devaluation, financial crisis); Characteristics (less income but more stable; Less risk; Flexible and can be withdrawn at any time)
Bonds, including: corporate bonds, financial bonds, national debt, etc.
Treasury bonds: bonds issued by the government and the most common bonds.
Advantages and risks of national debt. (Guaranteed by the country's reputation and financial resources, the country undertakes the responsibility of repaying the principal and interest, which is the bond with the least risk, and the interest rate is higher than that of bank deposits in the same period, and the income is better; Some bonds can't be converted into cash in advance when you need them, which is risky. )
7 Insurance: Why buy insurance? When encountering difficulties or losses, you can transfer risks, share losses equally, implement compensation and mortgage loans, and can also be used as investment income in daily life.
List several kinds of insurance: property insurance, life insurance, medical insurance, auto insurance, dividend insurance and so on.
9 What is the family budget? Arrange family income and expenditure in a planned way, mainly in two aspects: increasing income and reducing expenditure. Open source means increasing income; Reducing expenses means planning expenses.
10 What does a successful family budget do? Family budget is an important way of family financial management. A successful family budget can effectively increase income, reduce unnecessary expenses, and scientifically plan personal and family life.
1 1 surplus: income exceeds expenditure; Deficit: Expenditure exceeds income.
12 national expenditure items: economic construction expenditure, social and cultural expenditure, national defense expenditure, administrative expenditure, public facilities and services expenditure, etc.
13 national revenue and expenditure is called financial (national) account book. How the state plans to arrange income and expenditure is the state budget.
14 In China, the National People's Congress meets once a year, and one of the important topics is to examine and approve the annual budget.
15 In our life, some important public facilities and services must be established by government investment. The armed forces that defend national security, state organs that work for the people, and many schools and scientific research institutions also rely on the state's income and expenditure.
16 national account books are not only closely related to our lives, but also play an irreplaceable role in the development of the whole society. (Significance of compulsory education project in poverty-stricken areas, Nanning-Kunming Railway, Three Gorges Project, Beijing-Kowloon Railway and South-to-North Water Transfer Project)
17 various forms of national income: tax, debt, interest and expenses.
18 The most important and stable revenue of the national finance comes from taxes.
19 What is tax? The state collects taxes from taxpayers according to the standards prescribed by law.
20 the main types of tax revenue in China:
Value-added tax is a tax that takes the value-added amount of taxpayers in production and business activities as the tax object.
Consumption tax is a tax levied on specific consumer goods and consumption behaviors.
Business tax is a tax levied according to the turnover (sales) of commercial activities.
Enterprise income tax is a tax levied on the operating income of enterprises or organizations in a certain period of time.
Customs duty is a kind of tax levied on inbound and outbound goods and articles.
There are many kinds of 2 1 taxes, each of which has a corresponding taxpayer.
Personal income tax is a tax that many people have to pay when their personal income reaches a certain amount.
Taxable items of personal income tax for 23 people: wages and salaries, manuscript fees, interest, etc.
The remarkable feature of personal income tax for 24 people is that high-income earners pay more taxes and low-income earners pay less taxes.
Tax function: enrich national finance, adjust personal income and narrow the gap between the rich and the poor.
We are always enjoying the benefits of taxes, and we are always bearing taxes: as long as we consume, we are bearing taxes. The tax included in the final product price is always paid by the consumer.
Paying taxes according to law is the basic obligation of citizens. Our national tax is collected by the people.
Be a small housekeeper of civilized life: the times are different, and the consumption concept is different. We should respect each other's consumption patterns, but while pursuing high-quality consumption life, we should also be frugal, live within our means, and consume reasonably according to our actual needs. We should not consume excessively and blindly, or even waste indiscriminately.
China's tax authorities: State Taxation Bureau and Local Taxation Bureau.
Other information:
1 Apply for student loan-loan consumption; "Walk around if you can't eat"-advocating frugality; "Save the tree by saving the card"-the concept of environmental protection. All of the above are worthy of recognition. Students should chat in Internet cafes and treat their birthdays according to the actual situation. Generally speaking, these consumption patterns should not be advocated among middle school students.
Collecting stamps is also an investment. This is because the number of stamps issued by the state is limited. As a collection, with the passage of time, the number of similar stamps in the market will continue to decrease and their value will continue to increase. This is what we usually call "collectible". So it can be considered that "buying stamps is also an investment".
Everyone pays taxes, and the tax amount is the same. (error)
In China, only taxpayers have the obligation to pay taxes directly. Moreover, when taxpayers pay taxes in accordance with the provisions of the tax law, due to different taxes and tax rates, different collection methods and different tax amounts, tax payment depends on voluntary rather than compulsory. (Wrong) Taxes are collected free of charge by the state with political power according to law and are mandatory. Taxpayers must pay taxes in accordance with the provisions of the tax law, or they will be punished by law.
Paying taxes will increase personal burden and reduce family living standards. (error)
In China, tax revenue mainly comes from state-owned economy and collective economy, and the growth of tax revenue mainly depends on the development of production, the expansion of economic scale and the improvement of economic benefits. Paying taxes does not increase the burden on individuals and families, nor does it reduce the living standards of families. The collection method of personal income tax also illustrates this point.
It is the duty of citizens to pay taxes according to law. (right)
As a taxpayer, it is something to be proud of to pay taxes for the country consciously. Every citizen must bear the obligation to pay taxes while enjoying the services provided by the state. If everyone only wants to get benefits and doesn't want to pay the price, it will inevitably lead to the decline of the country and even the best wishes of the individual will be frustrated.
6 calculation of personal income tax
Review outline of history and society in junior one.
1. The relationship between man and society
Without society, individuals cannot live independently/without society, people cannot grow.
2. The main characteristics and critical period of adolescent health self-awareness.
Main features: self-esteem, self-improvement, self-reliance, self-discipline, distinguishing right from wrong, and being prepared to undertake social responsibilities.
The key period for the formation of adolescents' healthy self-awareness: the middle school stage.
3. Social roles: Learn to distinguish several roles.
(1) Inherent role: son (daughter), nationality, China citizen. ...
(2) The roles stipulated by society: students, passengers and customers. ...
(3) Role of one's choice: volunteer ...
(4) The role you want to play: scientist, singer, teacher, etc.
4. Three principles of interpersonal communication
(1) communication and understanding
(2) Respect and equality
(3) Integrity
Honesty and trustworthiness is the basic principle of being a man, and mutual respect and equal communication are important bridges for good communication between people.
5. Social fear
The cause of social phobia is timidity. Overcoming the fear in communication and cultivating and exercising one's communication ability are important manifestations of good psychological quality.
The key to overcoming social fear is to have confidence in yourself.
6. Without rules, there would be no Fiona Fang.
(1) Definition of rules: Rules refer to the rules and regulations formulated by social groups to achieve a certain goal, which all or participants should abide by.
Broad provisions: the general name of all normative documents formulated by the state (including constitution, laws, administrative regulations, etc.). ).
Narrow rules: normative documents issued by state administrative organs and local state organs.
(2) Forms of expression of rules: ① It exists in the form of words; (2) handed down in the traditional way.
(3) The meaning of rules: serving a certain goal.
(4) Life is inseparable from rules: traffic signs, football rules and laws. ...
Rules are made by people, and the appearance of any rules is closely related to people's lives. It is to enable people to live in an orderly, safe, healthy and appropriate way.
7. Law and Constitution
The Constitution is the fundamental law and the most important law of the country, which stipulates and guarantees the basic rights of all citizens.
In our country, all important laws must be deliberated and passed by the National People's Congress.
8. zebra crossing
People can't live without rules. With the development of society, the rules are constantly improving and changing.
9. Social security system
(1) The purpose of the social security system is to guarantee the basic living rights of all social members.
(2) Content: The state provides help and subsidies.
(3) Meaning: In order to protect the basic living rights of all social members, the state has established a system of providing assistance and subsidies in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, which is called the social security system.
(4) The social security system includes social insurance, social relief and social welfare.
10. Consumer rights and interests
When consumers' rights and interests are infringed, the correct way is to call the relevant departments or complain to the consumers' association. When personal rights and interests are infringed, the correct way is to protect their legitimate rights and interests by legal means.
1 1. Green lifestyle (textbook 70 pages)
Green lifestyle includes: using fluorine-free refrigerators, air conditioners, washing powder that does not pollute water sources, calling for "saving trees", caring for every green land, actively participating in tree planting activities, saving energy, using work and daily necessities made of renewable materials, changing eating habits that are not conducive to environmental protection, living in harmony with animal and plant friends, and sorting and recycling garbage. ...
12. Investment and financial management, investment risk
Family financial management methods: saving, buying government bonds, and buying insurance (among them, buying government bonds has low risk, high interest and good income).
Venture capital can increase income, but it also has great risks.
Risk aversion: allocate limited funds reasonably and invest in two or more industries, and the factors produced by one industry are just the effective factors of another industry (that is, don't put eggs in one basket).
13. Emergency rescue and help
Fire alarm: 1 19 medical emergency: 120 Fei Jing: 1 10 traffic accident alarm: 122.
Correct usage: Report the patient's detailed location and dangerous situation (case, fire).
14. Credit: the foundation of career.
15. Taxation and paying taxes according to law
Tax revenue is the most important and stable income of the country (accounting for more than 90% of China's fiscal revenue).
Paying taxes according to law is the responsibility and obligation of every citizen.
16. literature, art and thought pursue achievements (the main achievements in textbooks are literature, art, science and thought)
Scientific achievements: China invented woodblock printing as early as the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and there is the earliest woodblock printing of the Diamond Sutra in the world; Bi Sheng invented movable type printing in the Northern Song Dynasty; Under the influence of Chinese movable type printing, German scientist Gutenberg created modern lead movable type printing. American Bell invented the telephone; 1969, American astronauts successfully landed on the moon; Yuan Longping invented rice hybrid technology, which successfully solved the problem of food and clothing in the world. ...
Wei Gena's theory of continental drift. Madame Curie invented radium. Three great scientists: Newton, Hawking and Einstein.
Literary and artistic achievements: There are many beauties in the mountains, Rodin's sculpture The Thinker, Miron's sculpture The Discus Thrower, Picasso's large-scale oil painting guernica, Zhu Ziqing's prose The Back, Wei Wei's article Who is the cutest person, and Dude's novel The Last Lesson. ...
China's national opera Peking Opera, China's calligraphy.
Architectural achievements: Gothic architecture (typical architecture is Cologne Cathedral), Renaissance architecture (Florence Cathedral).
Ideological achievements: early people's thinking about the world (Qu Yuan, Thales), Socrates' persistent understanding of "I", Confucius' great harmony society, Tao Yuanming's ideal country-Xanadu, Moore's Utopia, French progressive thinkers (Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot), Marx and Engels' * * * declaration of the production party.
17. farming age
China had printing as early as the Tang Dynasty, and printing developed in the Song Dynasty, becoming a model of scientific and technological inventions in the farming era.
Olympic Movement and Spirit
The Olympic Games originated in ancient Greece in the 8th century BC.
The important connotation of the Olympic spirit is: faster, higher and stronger.
The important spirit advocated by the Olympic Movement is: focusing on participation.
Rights and obligations of minors
(1) The rights of minors are
1. Right to life and health. Right to education. Right to freedom of speech
2. the right to name 6. Portrait right 10. liberty of the press
3. Right to personal freedom. Honor 1 1. The right to criticize and suggest.
4. Custody 8. Copyright 12. Right to expose and report
(2) obligations of minors: obligations in school life (study hard), family obligations (such as mopping the floor, taking out the garbage, taking care of relatives) and life obligations (such as protecting the ecological environment, maintaining indoor and outdoor sanitation in classrooms and schools, actively participating in greening activities, maintaining social order, observing traffic rules, etc. )
20. Whether you are physically disabled or mentally disabled (such as Thunder? Yuri and Helen? Keller ... Let's talk briefly about the deeds of these characters. )
2 1. famous sayings (name one of your favorite famous sayings and explain the reasons)
22. Honesty and example (honesty and trustworthiness are the basic principles of being a man, while credit is the foundation of an enterprise's career. You can cite examples that you know reflect honesty.
Engel coefficient
The ratio of food expenditure to total living consumption expenditure is called Engel coefficient.
The greater the Engel's coefficient, the poorer the family or country, and vice versa.
24. Formulation of rules for Internet and Internet cafes
Let students know that there are several main characteristics of middle school students surfing the internet today: first, middle school students generally have a strong interest in surfing the internet; Second, the motivation of most middle school students is to seek psychological adjustment, desire satisfaction and spiritual stimulation; Third, 75.32% students choose to surf the Internet in Internet cafes; Fourth, middle school students play games, make friends, chat and watch entertainment programs, and few people really use computers to study; Fifth, making friends online has become a new development trend of interpersonal communication among middle school students; Sixth, most students think that the internet will have a certain negative impact on people, but most students do not pay enough attention and vigilance to it, let alone actively control their behavior.
Of course, the existence of Internet cafes has its reasonable side. Students should be "sparse" on the Internet and not "blocked".
Survey requirements: let students make rules (how to surf the internet, but there are restrictions, not subject to the negative impact of the network. )