Overview:
Wudang Mountain, also known as Taihe Mountain, is located in the southwest of danjiangkou city, Hubei Province in central China. According to legend, it is a scenic spot where Taoist Xuanwu Emperor (the God of the North) cultivates immortality and gains enlightenment, and Taoist celebrities of past dynasties practice here. According to records, Emperor Taizong founded Wulong Temple in Lingyingfeng during the Zhenguan period. Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it has been developed and expanded. In the tenth year of Yongle (14 12), Ming Chengzu used more than 300,000 military forces to build large-scale buildings here. Most of the 36 existing temples were built in the Ming Dynasty, and they are the most complete, largest and highest-ranking Taoist ancient buildings in China. All kinds of statues, utensils and scriptures preserved in the palace view have high cultural relics and artistic value. In the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1368 ~ 1644), Wudang Mountain was named "Da Yue" and "Xuan Yue" by the emperor, ranking above the "Five Mountains". Tianzhu Peak, the main peak of Wudang, is 16 12 meters above sea level, surrounded by scenic spots such as "Seventy-two Peak", "Thirty-six Rock" and "Twenty-four Stream", with beautiful scenery and magnificent momentum, and is praised by the world as "Qian Shan Coming to the DPRK".
The ancient buildings of Wudang Mountain were built in Zhenguan period of Tang Dynasty (627-649 AD). The Ming Dynasty was the heyday of its development. During this period, a large number of buildings were built in Wudang Mountain. In the 31st year of Jiajing (A.D. 1552), the "Xuan Yue" archway was completed, thus forming a large-scale building complex with 9 palaces, 9 temples, 72 rock temples and 36 halls, with a total area of 6,543,800 square meters. Wudang Mountain Taoist music is also a living fossil of China music.
At present, the ancient buildings in Wudang Mountain mainly include Taihe Palace, Nanyan Palace, Zixiao Palace and Yuzhen Palace, Yuxu Palace and Wulong Palace, and more than 200 temples in Antang. The building area is 50,000 square meters, with a total area of 6,543.8+0,000 square meters, which is extremely huge. The main cultural heritages listed in the list include Taihe Palace, Zixiao Palace, Nanyan Palace, Fuzhen Temple and "Xuan Yue" archway.
The Hall of Supreme Harmony is located in the south of Tianzhu Peak, the main peak of Wudang Mountain, including more than 20 ancient buildings, with a construction area of 1.600 square meters. Taihe Palace is mainly composed of the Forbidden City, the Bronze Hall, the Golden Hall and other buildings. The Forbidden City was built in the 17th year of Yongle (A.D. 14 19). It is a wall built on a cliff and surrounds the peak of Tianzhu Peak, the main peak. The bronze temple was built in the 11th year of Yuan Dade (AD 1307). It is located on the Feng Xiaolian in front of the main peak. It is the earliest copper-cast wooden structure building in China. Jin Dian was built in the 14th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 14 16), located at the top of Tianzhu Peak, and it is the largest bronze gilded hall in China.
Nanyan Palace, located at the foot of Duyang Rock in Wudang Mountain, was built in the 22nd year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1285). Now there are buildings such as Tianyi Zhenqing Palace Stone Hall, Liangyi Hall and Longhu Hall ***2 1.
Zixiao Palace is the largest and most well-preserved Taoist building in Wudang Mountain. It is located at the foot of Zhanqi Peak in the southeast of Wudang Mountain. The main building, Zixiao Hall, was built in the Xuanhe period of the Northern Song Dynasty (A.D.119 ~125) and the 31st year of Ming Jiaqing (A.D. 1555), which is the most representative wooden structure in Wudang Mountain. There are 36 golden pillars in the hall, which are dedicated to the statue of the Jade Emperor. Its architectural style and decoration have obvious characteristics of the Ming Dynasty.
The archway of "Governing Xuan Yue in the World", also known as "Xuan Yue Gate", is located 4 kilometers east of Wudang Mountain and is the first gateway to Wudang Mountain. The archway was built in the 31st year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (AD 1552). The archway is all assembled by tenons and rivets, with solemn and generous shape and gorgeous decoration. It is a masterpiece of stone carving art in Ming Dynasty.
In addition, there are 65,438+0,486 statues, 409 inscriptions, 682 artifacts and a large number of ancient books in temples in Wudang Mountain, which are also very precious cultural relics.
The natural landscape and human landscape of ancient buildings in Wudang Mountain are integrated, which embodies the essence of the decorative art of ancient buildings in China, and also derives the essence of Wudang Taoism, Wudang Daole and Wudang Wushu, adding new content to the traditional culture of China.
Cultural heritage value:
The ancient buildings in Wudang Mountain have experienced many vicissitudes. There are 4 Taoist temples, 2 palace que ruins, 2 Taoist temples, and a large number of sacred words and rock temples. In terms of layout, rules, style, materials and technology, it has maintained its original state. The main building is the Palace Temple, which is built on a cohesive basin or a platform assisted by mountains. The Antang Temple is distributed near the Palace Temple, forming its own school, while the Rock Temple stands at the peak, surrounded by dangers, forming a huge landscape of "five miles and ten miles to the bottom, with green tiles and exquisite walls". It has reached a perfect state in architectural art and architectural aesthetics, and is rich in ancient China culture and scientific and technological connotation. It is a physical witness to the study of politics, religious history and ancient buildings in China in the early Ming Dynasty. The ancient buildings in Wudang Mountain have the following main features:
The ancient buildings in Wudang Mountain are distributed in the mountains with Tianzhu Peak as the center. The overall planning is rigorous, the key points are clear, the scale is orderly and the layout is reasonable. Choose the location of the building, pay attention to the environment, and pay attention to the density of the mountain-shaped water veins. The planning of architectural design is grand, small and exquisite, in the deep mountains or on the edge of dangerous cliffs, achieving a high degree of harmony between architecture and nature, with a strong sense of architectural rhythm and genius and creativity.
Superb technical and artistic achievements Wudang Mountain has various types of ancient buildings and a wide range of materials. Various designs, structures, decorations and furnishings, including wooden palaces, bronze temples, stone temples, bronze statues, wood carvings, stone carvings and clay sculptures, have achieved high technical and artistic achievements.
Wudang Mountain Taoist complex, the treasure of Taoist architecture, has always been planned and built by the emperor himself and managed by the royal family. Existing buildings are unique among existing Taoist buildings in China, with large scale, high planning, rigorous structure, exquisite decoration and numerous statues and offerings.
It reflects the great achievements of ancient science and technology in China. The Golden Temple in Wudang Mountain, the statues and altars in the temple are all copper-cast distilled gold, and the castings are huge. Turning castings by lost wax method (wax pattern) represents the great development of science and technology and foundry industry in the early Ming Dynasty (15th century).
The construction of Wudang Mountain complex is of great historical significance. It is of great historical and ideological significance for Zhu Xiang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, to expand his diplomacy, at the same time to vigorously promote Taoism and instill the idea of "divine right of imperial power" in order to consolidate his internal rule.
Main legacy:
The main heritages of ancient buildings in Wudang Mountain include Taihe Palace, Nanyan Palace, Ziyun Palace, Fuzhen Temple and Xuan Yue Stone Workshop.
Hall of Supreme Harmony: Located in the south of Tianzhu Peak, it covers an area of 80,000 square meters, with more than 20 ancient buildings and a building area of 1.600 square meters. The main buildings are:
Jin Dian: A bronze-cast wood-like palace building in the Ming Dynasty, located in the middle of the stone platform at the top of Tianzhu Peak, with an area of about 65,438+0.6 square meters and an orientation of 8 degrees east of south. The main hall is three rooms wide and deep, with a width of 4.4m, a depth of 3. 15m and a height of 5.54m There are 65,438+02 columns around it, with overlapping frames and foreheads. There are double-inclined and single-inclined arch arches on the columns to support the upper and lower eaves respectively, forming a double-eaves basement roof. Dragons cast at both ends of the main ridge face each other. Four doors plastered with plaster, with four walls installed between columns. The ceiling of the hall adopts a flat chess ceiling with soft and smooth lines. The ground is covered with purple stone, washed and polished. The characteristic of the roof is "pushing the mountain". There is an altar in front of the screen on the back wall of the temple, carved with a statue of the great warrior. On the left, the golden boy holds a book, and on the right, the jade girl holds a treasure. Fire and water will hold a flag and hold a sword to guard the hatchback. There is a Xuanwu statue under the altar, which is a combination of gold and ten thousand. In front of the altar, there is an incense table and an offering. Above the altar hung a goldsmith's forehead, on which was cast the holy father Aisin Gioro. Michelle Ye's calligraphy is resplendent. The gold medal of dragon barrel distillation is hung on the eaves of the temple, and the word "Golden Hall" is vertically cast on it. All parts of the temple are cast by lost wax method, and the whole body is gilded. Whether it is ceramic tile or wood, the structure is rigorous and the joints are precise. After more than 500 years of cold and hot changes, it is still as brilliant as ever, showing the height of the development of China's foundry industry, which can be called a bright pearl in the existing ancient architecture and foundry technology.
Bronze Temple: Located on Xiaolianfeng in front of Tianzhu Peak. It was cast in the 11th year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1307), with a cantilever beam top with a height of 3m, a width of 2.8m and a depth of 2.4m. All components were cast in one piece, assembled with mortises and tenons, and all castings were marked with words indicating the installation position. The words "This hall was cast in Wuchang Wan Workshop" are cast on the fan skirt, which is the earliest existing copper-cast wood structure in China.
Forbidden City: Built in the 17th year of Yongle (A.D. 14 19), it is surrounded by Yantianzhu Peak, with a circumference of 345m, a wall base thickness of 2.4m, a wall thickness of10.8m, and the highest point of the wall is10m. It is made of stone strips, each weighing more than 500 kilograms, and built according to the model of paradise in China. The stone carving is built on the cliff, which is ingenious in design and difficult to construct. It is the product of the combination of science and art in Ming Dynasty.
Zixiao Palace: Located at the foot of Zhanqi Peak in the southeast of Wudang Mountain, it was built in the Xuanhe period of the Northern Song Dynasty (1165438+09-165438+025) and rebuilt in the 11th year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (14 13). There are 29 existing buildings with a building area of 6,854 square meters. There are five terraces on the central axis. Longhutang, Beiting, Tang Shifang, Zixiaotang and Shengwenmutang were built from top to bottom, and the two sides were divided into three courtyards by buildings such as houses, forming a group of halls and buildings with clear priorities. The middle wings of the palace are quadrangle-style Taoist houses. The main building in the palace, Zixiao Hall, is the most representative wooden building in Wudang Mountain. It is built on a three-story stone platform, with platforms leading to the main hall in the center and left and right sides of the platform. There are five halls in width and depth, with a height of18.3m, a width of 29.9m, a depth of12m and an area of 358.8m. * * * There are 36 eaves columns and gold columns, which are arranged orderly. The main hall is a large wooden structure with double eaves and resting on the top of the mountain. It is set off by a three-story altar, with moderate proportion and harmonious appearance. Keep the upper and lower eaves before the early Ming Dynasty. Stigma and bucket show the characteristics of bucket rod in Ming Dynasty. The beam structure is made of ebony, and the aspect ratio is 5: 2.5, which keeps the material ratio since Song and Liao Dynasties. The golden pillars in the temple are used as the ceiling, and there are eight caissons in the inner tank of the Ming Dynasty. On the back of the Ming Dynasty, there was a carved stone shrine of Mount Sumi, in which the statues of the Jade Emperor and the left and right attendants were all made by the Ming Dynasty.
The roof of Zixiao Hall is completely covered with glazed tiles of Quelan, and the main ridge, vertical ridge and ridge are carved yellow and green, with rich and colorful decoration, which is rare for other religious buildings.
Southern Yan Palace: It was built from the 22nd year of Yuan Dynasty to the 3rd year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1285- 13 12) and was expanded in the 10th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 14 12). Located at the foot of Duyangyan, the mountain is like the wings of the sky, famous for its beautiful peaks. There are 2/kloc-0 buildings, with a building area of 3,505 square meters and an area of 90,000 square meters. There is a motion saying that Tianyi Zhenqing Palace Stone Room, two instrument halls, the Royal Classic Hall, the Feng Ba Pavilion, the Dragon and Tiger Hall, the Great Monument Pavilion and the Nantianmen Building. The main building, Tianyi Zhenqing Palace Stone Hall, was built before the third year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 13 10), with a width of1m, a depth of 6.6 m and a height of 6.8 m. The beams, columns, doors and windows are all carved in blue stone. It is the practice of Liao and Jin dynasties that the front slope at the top is a single eaves leaning against the mountain, and the back slope is a hanging rock with two jumps under the eaves. The dragon head incense, which is 3 meters long and only 0.33 meters wide, falls from the sky, facing the deep valley, and a small incense burner is placed on the tap, which is extremely dangerous, artistic and scientific.
Restoring the concept of truth: it was built in the 10th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 14 12) and rebuilt in the 22nd year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1683). Located in front of Lion Peak, there are 20 existing buildings with a building area of 3,505 square meters and an area of 60,000 square meters. The 9Jr ramp on the side of Guanmen Mountain is built with a fence, which looks like Youlong. There are Zhaobi, KATTO Furnace, Longhu Hall, Daxiong Hall and Taizi Hall on the central axis. On the left side of the Taoist temple, there are Imperial Classics Hall, Wisdom Classics Pavilion, Diange and Zhai Room, which overlap with the mountain. There is Wuyun Building in front, and 12 beams are erected on the wing corner columns of the fifth floor, which are crossed and stacked. It is a rare structure in large wooden buildings, and it is called one column and twelve beams.
"Xuan Yue" archway: It was built in the 31st year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1552). Located at 4000 meters east of Wudang Mountain, it is the first portal of Wudang Mountain, also known as Xuanyue Gate. The stone chisel imitates the big wooden building structure, with three archways, four columns and five floors, with a height of 1 1.9 m and a width of 14.5 m. The ratio of Ming to Xiao is 5: 3. The square column is 6.4 meters high and the column body is reinforced with iron hoops. There is a Longmen Square at the top of the column, and the lower light room is a large and small relief square. The upper part of the square rolls grass flowers to support the petition, and the lower part, the hall flower board is embedded between the squares, forming three doorways with high lighting room and slightly lower sides. The main building is installed on the gantry, and columns are erected on the left and right sides of the Ming room, in which rectangular horizontal plaques are embedded. The wing building, the cloud board and the annex building are erected in two floors, forming a broad and towering main building and wing building, which is a three-story, mountain-leaning square building extending from top to bottom, and the words "Governing the world in Xuan Yue" are engraved on the horizontal plaque. This workshop has simple structure, complete components, balanced and rigorous assembly, luxurious decoration and exquisite carving. People, animals and flowers are carved by line carving, round carving and relief. It is a masterpiece of the southern stone archway and a treasure of stone carving art in Ming Dynasty.
In addition, there are 486 bronze, iron, wood and stone statues 1486 in temples in the whole mountain, including nearly dry products made before the Ming Dynasty, 409 stone carvings in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, 682 utensils, books and classics, etc. , are precious cultural heritage.