Hope to adopt. Thank you.
What kind of discipline is aesthetics? 1. The research object of aesthetics is aesthetic phenomenon, that is, aesthetic activity.
2. Aesthetics is an artificial subject.
3. Aesthetics is a comprehensive humanities subject.
4. The core method of aesthetic research is philosophy.
What kind of discipline is aesthetics? Aesthetics is a comprehensive artificial science about aesthetic phenomena.
1
The object of aesthetic research is aesthetic phenomenon, that is, aesthetic activity.
2
Aesthetics is an artificial subject.
three
Aesthetics is a comprehensive humanities subject.
Why Aesthetics is a Marginal Subject? Marginal discipline refers to a comprehensive scientific category that is closely related to the knowledge systems in two or more different fields and developed with the help of its achievements. There are generally two situations in the formation of marginal disciplines. One is that some major scientific research projects involve two or more disciplines, and in the process of research, new disciplines appear at the junction of these related fields. On the other hand, using the theories and methods of botany to study the problems in another discipline will also form some marginal disciplines. The continuous development of these marginal disciplines has greatly promoted the progress of science.
Aesthetics is closely related to philosophy, ethics, psychology and literature and art.
Aesthetics is a subject that studies the essence and significance of beauty. Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy.
The word aesthetics comes from Greek aesthetics. The original meaning is "the feeling of the senses". The German philosopher Alexander gottlieb Baumgarden first used this word. The publication of his book Aesthetics A marks the emergence of aesthetics as an independent discipline.
Until19th century, aesthetics was usually defined as the study of "beauty" (Sch? The theory of nheit). Modern philosophy defines aesthetics as the theory and philosophy to understand the cognitive feelings in art, science, design and philosophy. The aesthetic value of an object is not simply defined as "beauty" and "ugliness", but to understand the type and essence of the object.
The development history of the word "aesthetics"
The task of traditional aesthetics is to study works of art as an eternal standard of "beauty". The metaphysical aesthetics of German idealism was considered as the only standard aesthetics at that time. In this case, there are two branches: psychological aesthetics and aesthetics. For a long time, aesthetic (perceptual) cognition has been regarded as the opposite of rational cognition. This view has been replaced by a new modern view, that is, this opposite does not exist, and rational cognition must be realized through perceptual cognitive process. Sharp logic can also become a high aesthetic value.
What kind of discipline is traffic aesthetics? You can refer to this:
Traffic is the most basic activity of human society. In order to maintain their own life movement, human beings must consume food, live in houses, wear clothes and so on. And engaging in these activities is inseparable from communication and transportation, that is, the movement of people or goods in space or places. The ancient Mozi put it well: "Food must always be full, and then seek beauty;" Clothes must always keep warm, and then seek beauty; Live and work in peace and seek happiness. "It can be seen that when the basic requirements are met, human beings have further requirements; Of course, the same is true of "line". Modern people's "walking" is not only relying on their own two legs to walk on the rugged dirt road, but also using various means of transportation and facilities, including airplanes, trains, cars, ships, high-speed railways and highways to complete the human movement process and produce different experiences in a beautiful environment.
Aesthetics is the science of studying beauty? Aesthetics is a subject with the theme of studying the essence and significance of beauty. Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy. The main object of research is art, but it does not study the concrete expression in art, but studies the philosophical problems in art, so it is called "artistic philosophy of beauty". The basic problems of aesthetics include the essence of beauty, the relationship between aesthetic consciousness and aesthetic object, etc.
Word source
The word aesthetics comes from Greek aesthetics. The original meaning is "the feeling of the senses". The German philosopher Alexander gottlieb Baumgarden first used this word. The publication of his book Aesthetics A marks the emergence of aesthetics as an independent discipline.
Until19th century, aesthetics was usually defined as the study of "beauty" (Sch? The theory of nheit). Modern philosophy defines aesthetics as the theory and philosophy to understand the cognitive feelings in art, science, design and philosophy. The aesthetic value of an object is not simply defined as "beauty" and "ugliness", but to understand the type and essence of the object.
Development history
Aesthetics, as an independent discipline, began in Baum Garden in Germany in the18th century, but its appearance was based on the theoretical discussion of beauty by ancient Greek thinkers, and it was a systematization and scientification of previous aesthetic theories. The discussion of aesthetic theory since ancient Greece is based on people's aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic creation activities, and it is a philosophical reflection on people's aesthetic activities. Therefore, if you want to understand aesthetics, you must return to its source and start a beautiful journey.
Archaeology and art history tell us that human beings have started aesthetic and aesthetic creation since they left animals. Paleolithic cavemen wore red, yellow and green colored stone beads, animal teeth and mussel shells. Not only the decoration of primitive people can see the early aesthetic activities of human beings, but also the primitive art reflects the early aesthetic activities of human beings. According to written records and patterns, it is speculated that primitive art includes poetry, dance, music and so on. , but now it has disappeared. However, cave paintings and pottery are the two earliest original artistic records that we can see today. The former is mainly composed of various animals, vivid, meticulous and colorful. The latter is not only beautiful in appearance, rich in patterns, but also bright in color contrast.
People always have a certain life and a certain phenomenon before they start thinking and discussing, and establish corresponding disciplines on the basis of thinking and discussing. The thinking and discussion on the early aesthetic phenomenon of human beings began in ancient Greece. At that time, Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and other great philosophers all participated in the discussion and debate on beauty. However, their views and opinions on beauty are often mixed with their understanding of truth and goodness and become vassals of their philosophy, morality, theology, politics and literature. In addition, there was no aesthetic monograph at that time. The aesthetic views of thinkers are mixed in biographies, letters and notes of politics, philosophy, religion, morality, art and even history. People have not found an independent and special research object for aesthetics from those mixed and intertwined ideological systems. This situation continued until the middle of18th century.
/kloc-After the 8th century, with the development of industrial revolution in europe, modern disciplines such as natural science, philosophy, ethics, psychology, literature and art entered a period of gradual formation and development. Philosophy closely related to aesthetics has undergone an epistemological turn since modern times, which provides the necessary historical conditions for the establishment of aesthetics. It is under such historical conditions that Baumgarden distinguished aesthetics from logic for the first time in his own philosophical system. While strictly stipulating that the research object of logic is the abstract thinking that forms concepts and reasoning, it also stipulates its own unique research object for aesthetics. He also wrote a monograph on aesthetics, which initially formed the basic framework of aesthetics and discussed some basic problems of aesthetics. Thus, aesthetics was born, and Baum Garden became the father of aesthetics.
Baumgarten (A.G. Baumgarten1714-1762) is a professor of philosophy at Harry University in Prussia. His main viewpoints on aesthetics focus on two aspects: first, he defines aesthetics as a subject that studies people's perceptual knowledge. Baumgarden believes that people's psychological activities are divided into three aspects: knowledge, emotion and meaning. Studying knowledge or human rational knowledge is logical, studying human will is ethical, and studying human emotion is "aesthetic", which is equivalent to human perceptual knowledge. The word "aesthetic" comes from Greek, which means "sensibility", and later translated into Chinese, it becomes "aesthetic". 1750, Baum Garden officially called Aesthetics his monograph on human perceptual knowledge. His book is regarded as the first aesthetic monograph in history. Secondly, Baumgarden thinks that "the aesthetic object is the perfection of perceptual knowledge".
Why is aesthetics related to perceptual knowledge? Baumgarden's teacher, the German philosopher Leibniz, has a vivid explanation for this. He said: painters and other artists, although clearly aware of what is good and what is not, often can not find their own reasons for aesthetic interest. If someone asks them, they will reply that their dissatisfied works lack something I can't say.
In the eyes of Leibniz and Baumgarden, knowing whether a work is beautiful or not, but not knowing why, is a vague and confusing perceptual knowledge.
After Baum Garden, the development of aesthetics has gone through three important stages: German classical aesthetics, Marxist aesthetics and western modern aesthetics.
In the stage of German classical aesthetics, Kant and Hegel made great contributions to aesthetics, forming the first discipline since aesthetics came into being and the third peak in the history of western aesthetics. Kant is famous for his three criticisms. In Critique of Judgment, Kant put forward and demonstrated a series of basic aesthetic problems, forming a relatively complete aesthetic theoretical system. After Kant, Hegel pushed German classical aesthetics to the peak and became a master of German classical aesthetics and western aesthetic thoughts before Marxist aesthetics.
Although Marx didn't write a special aesthetic work, he discussed many aesthetic problems in many other works, especially he introduced the experimental point of view into aesthetic research, thus establishing the discussion of beauty on the basis of dialectical unity of subject and object, which provided a new way of thinking for aesthetic research.
/kloc-after the mid-9th century, there have been many schools in the development of aesthetics, but generally speaking, there is an important tendency to gradually break away from the pure philosophical discussion of "what is beauty" and focus on the description of aesthetic psychology of "how our psychological activities are in aesthetic experience", thus gradually turning aesthetics into an experience description science. This is a historic change from "top-down" to "bottom-up" in the history of aesthetics. Aesthetics in the 20th century has formed a strong anti-traditional trend. On the one hand, it rebelled against traditional metaphysics and publicized empirical methods, on the other hand, it rebelled against rationalism and publicized human irrationality, and on this basis, it gradually formed two major ideological trends: scientism aesthetics and humanism aesthetics. The main representatives of modern western aesthetics and aesthetic trends are: Fechner's experimental aesthetics, Bell's meaningful form, Dewey's empirical aesthetics, Croce's image intuition theory, Bloch's psychological distance theory, Lippes' empathy theory, Freud's Libido theory, and later analytical aesthetics, phenomenological aesthetics, existentialism aesthetics and so on.
research objects
Although Baumgarden defined the research object of aesthetics for the first time in history, his views did not get unanimous response in academic circles. After Baum Garden, "What does aesthetics study" has always been a controversial issue. But so far, there are basically three kinds of tendentious opinions:
The first view holds that the research object of aesthetics is beauty itself. In the view of those who hold this opinion, the problem to be discussed in aesthetics is not the specific beautiful things, but the beauty itself shared by all beautiful things, which is the fundamental reason why all beautiful things are beautiful.
The second view holds that the research object of aesthetics is art and aesthetics is the philosophy of art, which has been recognized by a considerable number of aestheticians in the history of western aesthetics.
The third view holds that the research object of aesthetics is aesthetic experience and aesthetic psychology. With the rise of psychology in the19th century, this view advocates using psychological viewpoints and methods to explain and study all aesthetic phenomena, and puts aesthetic psychology and aesthetic experience at the center of aesthetic research.
In a word, all the above viewpoints on the object of aesthetic research have their own reasons, but they also have their own defects, which are difficult to be recognized by the academic community. We basically tend to the first opinion, because taking beauty itself as the research object of aesthetics is more in line with the essence of aesthetics; Secondly, the interpretation of art and aesthetic experience depends on the interpretation of beauty itself. However, traditional speculative aesthetics puts the study of beauty itself in the thinking mode of subject-object opposition and applies the method of technical rationality, which we can't agree with. The final result will only lead to the crisis and dissolution of aesthetics itself, just like modern western aesthetics.
Relationship with other disciplines
Aesthetics and philosophy:
Among the disciplines related to aesthetics, aesthetics is most closely related to philosophy. Aesthetics itself is a philosophical discipline. This is because:
The basic problem of aesthetics is a philosophical speculative problem. The formation and nature of any theory depends on the way it asks questions. Aesthetics originated from Plato's question: "What is beauty?" Beauty here is not the concrete thing of beauty, but the fundamental reason that makes all beautiful things beautiful. This leads people's attention from the complicated perceptual phenomenon to the abstract essence that dominates everything, from the eternal beauty to the eternal beauty itself, which obviously follows the metaphysical philosophy tradition of ancient Greece. At the same time, the construction of aesthetics discipline system was deeply influenced by philosophy at that time, and its discipline framework, theoretical paradigm and way of thinking were all branded with contemporary philosophy. Another interesting phenomenon is that almost all the great aestheticians in history are great philosophers, and there are fewer writers or artists. Finally, the complex relationship between western modern aesthetics and philosophy also proves the inseparable relationship between aesthetics and philosophy from another side. On the surface, western modern aesthetics rejects philosophy, but what it rejects is actually only western traditional philosophy, which is still attached to western modern philosophy.
Aesthetics and ethics:
The relationship between beauty and goodness determines the relationship between aesthetics and ethics. Truth, goodness and beauty are the ideal realm of life, and they are indispensable.
Historically, all objects of beauty are also good in ethical sense, especially in the field of social beauty. In a sense, the content of social beauty is to express goodness in the form of beauty.
Although beauty and goodness are closely related, they cannot be equated. Beauty is not good. For example, the bell ringer in Hugo's novel Notre Dame de Paris is ugly in appearance and kind in heart. Good things pay more attention to people's spiritual pleasure, so they are super-utilitarian, and the object of goodness is often directly related to people's utilitarian purpose.
Aesthetics and psychology:
Liu Xie said: "Mountaineering is full of emotion, and watching the sea is full of meaning";
Keats, an English poet, said: "Beauty is an eternal happiness";
American aesthetician Santayana said: "Beauty is formed in the objectification of * *, and beauty is the objectification of * *";
People's aesthetic activities are always accompanied by various psychological activities-emotion, pleasure, imagination and so on. Li Bai's poem: "Cold Mountain is full of sadness", in which "coldness" and "sadness" are not purely objective descriptions, but expressions of feelings. In a sense, we can even say that beauty cannot happen without the participation of human psychological factors. So aesthetics and psychology are closely related.
/kloc-the emphasis of western aesthetics on aesthetic experience and psychological function since the 0 th and 9 th centuries, as well as the influence of various schools of psychology on aesthetic research, also show that aesthetic research depends on psychology to a certain extent.
Aesthetics and literature and art;
The research objects of aesthetics and literature and art are the same, both of which are literature and art. Therefore, the problems they study are often intertwined, such as aesthetic consciousness, aesthetic ideal, aesthetic creation and general law of aesthetic appreciation in literary and art works, which are both aesthetic research and literary research.
However, compared with literature and art, aesthetics is more general. It discusses the origin of literature and art and provides a theoretical paradigm and way of thinking for literature and art. On the other hand, literary theory pays more attention to specific literary experiences and phenomena, which can provide rich empirical materials for aesthetic research.
Research task
In addition to being a discipline, the research task of aesthetics should also reveal and clarify aesthetic phenomena, help people understand the general characteristics and laws of beauty, aesthetics and its creation, further improve and develop the aesthetics discipline itself, and thus improve people's aesthetic ability. In view of today's society, it is especially necessary to enhance people's spirit and promote the aestheticization of life, which is what Heidegger called "living poetically". Aesthetics is a super-secular and super-utilitarian knowledge, which embodies people's ultimate concern and pursuit. But it is different from philosophy. It melts this ultimate concern and pursuit into poetry and touches people's emotions with vivid and touching images, so it is more acceptable. Today's scientific and technological civilization and commercial civilization, the prevalence of money worship, materialism and hedonism, make people's spirit more and more close to metaphysics and alienated from metaphysics, which is worrying for both society and people themselves. Aesthetics can improve people's spirit, make people transcend the mundane and mean, and thus "live poetically on the earth".
research method
The methods of aesthetic research are diverse. We can not only adopt the method of philosophical thinking, but also learn from the research methods of other related disciplines, such as experience description and psychological analysis, anthropology and sociology, linguistics and culturology.
The essence of beauty
What is beauty?
This is a problem of Plato. It is this question that started the whole history of aesthetics. As a basic theoretical problem of aesthetics, it inspires aestheticians and philosophers of all ages to make unremitting efforts.
On the essence of beauty in the history of western aesthetics;
1. Explore the essence of beauty from the spiritual level
Discussion from the objective spirit: Plato, Plotinos and Hegel.
Starting from the Subjective Spirit: Hume, Kant and Some Modern Aestheticists
2. Explore the essence of beauty from the material aspect: Aristotle, Hogarth and Bok.
3. Explore the essence of beauty from the perspective of spiritual and material unity: Diderot and Chernyshevski.
On the Essence of China s Ancient Beauty;
In ancient China, the discussion of this issue was more reflected in the discussion of Tao, Qi and Miao. Compared with the strong speculative features in the West, China's ancient aesthetic thought emphasizes the significance of the universe itself and the spiritual realm of human beings.
For example, "Bede theory" is to associate and imagine the similarities between natural things and people in shape and habits from different angles. Personalize and moralize nature, and objectify and naturalize human characteristics.
Zi Gong asked, "It is better for a gentleman to watch water than to watch it?" Confucius said, "A gentleman who is rich in water is not as good as virtue. Time and selflessness are like virtues; The great is born like benevolence; His humble sentences follow its logic and are like righteousness; Shallow people's hearts, deep people are unpredictable, like wisdom; There is no doubt that he went to the valley of one hundred miles and looked very brave; It is weak and micro-reaching, which seems to be observable; If you are not allowed by evil, it is like a package; Unclear, fresh and clean, looks good; The quantity must be flat, just like it, and the profit is not approximate, but similar; Its ten thousand folds must be eastward, which seems to mean: seeing water is also a gentleman. "
Confucius said, "The knower enjoys water, and the benevolent enjoys Leshan; The knower moves, and the benevolent is quiet; Those who know are happy, and those who are benevolent are longevity. "
"Beauty is one of the greatest secrets of nature, and we can see and feel all its effects, but there is a general and clear view that it is still an undiscovered truth in essence."
Question: Is there a problem with the essence of beauty? Yes! How should we discuss it? No? Can I cancel it?
Characteristics of beauty
First, the image
1. Image creation in poetry;
The quieter the cicada forest, the quieter Tonamiyama.
The vast desert is lonely, and the Yellow River sets the yen.
It's quieter, the night is getting deeper, and the moonlight is flooding the balcony, revealing a bleak scene.
2. Sculpture: laocoon, etc.
3. Paintings: Mona Lisa, etc.
4. Musical works: pastoral songs, andante as songs, etc.
5. Novels: A Dream of Red Mansions, The Journey to the West's Home, Spring and Autumn, etc.
6. Dramas: Hamlet, La Traviata, Qu Yuan and Sunrise.
7. The beauty of natural science theory:
Where is the beauty of formulas, concepts, theories, etc? (Li Zhengdao and others discuss beauty)
They must describe the world and be perceived by people in order to become the object of beauty. (Zhao Xinshan's theory)
Second, infectivity.
Beauty directly appeals to people's emotions, or loves, or excites, or respects, so that people get great pleasure and satisfaction in spirit:
Read the score poem: [Hungarian] petofi's "I would like to be a torrent"
[Russian] simonov: "Wait for me ..."
Music clips: Beethoven's "Hero" symphony, Tchaikovsky's "June Boat Song"
Beautiful things have a strong appeal because they reflect people's things, especially people's emotional life.
Third, objectivity.
All beautiful things have objective physical factors, which play a vital role in arousing people's aesthetic pleasure. It determines that people choose this thing instead of that thing as the object of beauty.
What is science? Hello!
Some primary schools will offer the subject of "science", which is almost the same as the original "nature" and contains some simple knowledge, such as biology, physics, astronomy, chemistry and so on.
I hope I can help you!
Philosophy is a discipline, isn't it a science? Specific scientific is the foundation of philosophy, and the progress of specific scientific promotes the development of philosophy. Philosophy provides a world outlook and methodology for a specific science.
Therefore, it is wrong to regard philosophy as "scientific science" and think that philosophy can replace concrete science.
Philosophy is a discipline, isn't it a science? La philosophy is probably a way for human beings to know nature, so it is divided into subjective and objective; Science is a repeatable objective law, so philosophy includes science.
The subject is broader, but science is more specific.