1965, biologists first synthesized bovine islets in the world.
1966, China's first surface-to-surface missile with a nuclear warhead exploded successfully.
1967, China's first hydrogen bomb exploded successfully.
1970, the artificial earth satellite Dongfanghong-1 was successfully launched.
1983, "Yinhe 1" was successfully developed.
On June 5438+1October 65438+May, 2003, Shenzhou 5 (Yang Liwei) successfully launched a manned space flight.
Since the founding of New China 52 years ago, especially since the reform and opening up, China has made brilliant achievements in science and technology. ?
1. A relatively complete system of scientific research and technological development has been formed, and the overall level of scientific and technological development ranks among the top in developing countries. Development of domestic scientific research and experiment in 2000 (R&; D) The total expenditure was 89.6 billion yuan, accounting for 1.0% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of that year, ranking first among developing countries. At R & ampd basic research accounts for 5.2% of the total expenditure; Applied research accounts for17.0%; Experimental development accounts for 77.8%. Among them, the expenditure of various enterprises accounts for the proportion of domestic R&; 60.3% of the total expenditure is close to the level of developed countries, indicating that enterprises have gradually become the main body of R&D activities in China. ?
At present, 2 17 national key laboratories (including 60 national defense science and technology key laboratories) and national engineering center have been built? 188, and 294 state-level enterprise technology centers were identified; International authoritative retrieval institutions have collected 44,536 scientific and technological papers in China, and the number of patents granted by local residents is 92 1, 0 1, including 3,097 invention patents. In 2000, the export of high-tech products was $24.7 billion; The total income of technology, industry and trade in 53 national high-tech zones is 677.48 billion yuan, and the industrial added value is 654.38+047.62 billion yuan.
2. Breakthrough progress has been made in the reform of the science and technology system, and the phased goals set by the state for the reform of the science and technology system have basically been achieved. The strategic focus of scientific and technological work is shifting to the main battlefield of national economic construction, and the scientific and technological strength of enterprises is further enhanced. 242 state-level technology development research institutes have basically completed the transformation, and most scientific research institutions are directly oriented to market demand. The pilot of knowledge innovation has achieved initial results, the reform of university management system has been basically completed, and scientific and technological resources have been optimized. Private scientific and technological enterprises have risen rapidly and the technology market has developed rapidly; The macro-scientific and technological management system has been gradually improved, a new scientific and technological system adapted to the socialist market economy has taken shape, and the construction of a national innovation system has been gradually launched. ?
3. Achievements have been made in the field of basic scientific research. Great achievements have been made in human gene sequencing, carbon nanotubes and nano-new materials, CAMBRIAN life explosion research, MEMS research, South China Sea ocean drilling and so on. Emerging interdisciplinary subjects such as surface science, nonlinear science, cognitive science and earth system science have developed rapidly. The construction of eight national scientific projects, such as China Continental Scientific Drilling Project and large-area multi-target optical fiber spectral astronomical telescope, has created good conditions for basic scientific research in China.
4. Breakthrough in high-tech research and industrialization. Major breakthroughs have been made in space high technologies such as manned space technology, launch vehicle and satellite technology. Breakthroughs in two-line hybrid rice, genetic engineering drugs, transgenic animals and plants, gene sequencing and diagnosis and treatment of major diseases have brought the overall level of biotechnology in China close to that of developed countries. Great achievements such as HDTV, Shenwei computer, large-size monocrystalline silicon material and skin stem cell regeneration technology have made China leap into the world's advanced ranks in corresponding fields. The development of national defense science and technology has laid a solid foundation for strengthening national defense strength and promoted the technological progress of national defense industry.
5. Industrial and agricultural science and technology have made progress. In agricultural science and technology, more than 600 new varieties were cultivated during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period alone, and the output per unit area increased by about 10%. Popularizing some important technologies, such as rice dry farming and sparse planting, water-saving technology, ABT plant regulator, plastic film mulching cultivation, etc. in the whole growth period of wheat dry land has effectively guaranteed the realization of China's grain yield increase goal. Some major technological breakthroughs have been made in industrial science and technology, and the technical level of key industries has been improved. A series of important achievements have been made in the industrialization of digital program-controlled switches, oxygen-coal enhanced ironmaking technology, nickel-hydrogen batteries and amorphous materials.
Combined with a series of major national construction projects such as the Three Gorges Project, national economic informatization, integrated circuit and Taishan Nuclear Power Station Phase II, through introduction, digestion, absorption and innovation, we have conquered a number of key technologies and mastered the design and manufacturing technologies of several major complete sets of technical equipment. The popularization and application of a number of important technologies such as computer aided design (CAD) and computer integrated manufacturing system (CIMS) have greatly improved the technological innovation ability of enterprises. The implementation of a number of major projects, such as innovative drugs, utilization and protection of water resources, well-off housing, dating projects in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and the construction of the second phase of China Science and Technology Museum and a number of popular science facilities, have promoted the development of social undertakings.