Framework: 1, the development course and characteristics of Chinese mainland's social security system, Chinese mainland's social security model, the existing problems and countermeasures of Chinese mainland's social security system, and the opinions and enlightenment of the research group members.
First, the development process and characteristics of Chinese mainland's social security system
The first stage: creation and adjustment stage, the second stage: stagnation stage and the third stage: recovery and development stage.
Creation and adjustment stage:
Time; From the early days of the founding of New China to 1966 Content: two subjects and three supplements.
Two themes:
1, labor insurance for enterprise employees 2, social security for state organs and institutions
Three supplements:
1, collective security for rural communes and teams 2, social relief 3, preferential treatment and pensions for revolutionary soldiers
Stagnation stage:
Time:1966 ——1978
Content:
1. Organizations and organs at all levels have been abolished. 2. Various systems have been denied and abolished, and social work cannot be relied on.
3. Social security becomes enterprise insurance.
Recovery and development stage
Time: 1978 till now
Content;
We began to restore the state-unit security system (referring to the social security system of "low salary and high welfare" based on the "unit system" in the planned economy era. As employees, the expenses of birth, illness, death and illness are all borne by finance and enterprises, and individuals basically do not have to pay any fees. )
Officially entered the transition period from the state-unit security system to the state-social security system (the current social security system), and completed the historical mission of the reform and service of state-owned enterprises.
As the main pillar of the market economy, the national unit security system and the national social security system coexist.
Second, Chinese mainland's social security model
-At present, China is a society with dual economic structure. The dual economic structure is characterized by the opposition between urban and rural areas and the opposition between traditional agricultural production methods and modern industrial production methods. The premise of realizing this established goal is the perfection and perfection of the social security legal system. Integration of urban and rural social security is the development direction of China's social security legal system.
The Social Security Model of Cities and Towns in China
Urban social security has gradually formed a diversified behavior subject based on individuals, with the unit responsible for payment, the society responsible for supplement and service guarantee, and the government standardizing and organizing social security. Through the establishment of multi-channel financing methods, a multi-level social security system consisting of statutory basic insurance, enterprise supplementary insurance, mutual insurance and personal savings insurance will be formed. On this basis, it will gradually develop in the direction of socialization and integration of social security.
Rural social security model
China government has implemented two social security measures in rural areas, namely, cooperative medical care and social endowment insurance. The rural cooperative medical system has gradually developed with the rise of the agricultural mutual aid and cooperation movement, and the social endowment insurance has gradually attracted the attention of the relevant government departments. At present, there are three ways to provide for the aged in rural areas in China, namely, family pension, community pension and social pension. It can be seen that the rural social security model is mostly supported by the state and enterprises, and the basic living standards of rural villagers are guaranteed as much as possible.
Problems in the Current Social Security System in China
1, the system is not unified (according to the spirit of the Constitution and the principle of social security, all members of society have the right to social security, but the current social security system has great differences in institutional arrangements among different members of society, some members of society enjoy higher social security, while others can only enjoy lower social security levels, or the security benefits are quite different. This difference is mainly manifested between urban and rural areas, between institutions and other workers. Between urban and rural areas, according to the current social security system, urban workers generally enjoy relatively perfect socialized risk protection services provided by the government, while rural areas do not have so much protection. They lack socialized maternity protection, employment protection, occupational injury protection and housing protection. The cooperative medical system implemented in recent years has a low level of security, and the actual coverage and security benefits of social endowment insurance are also very low. The social security benefits of state organs, institutions, enterprises and other workers vary greatly. In terms of old-age security, the pensions of retirees from state organs and institutions are generally more than twice that of retirees from enterprises, but in the vast rural areas, the gap between security and support levels is even greater. )
Just simplify this a little!
2. Small coverage (social insurance right is the basic rights and interests of workers in modern society). A perfect social security system should cover all citizens, that is to say, the social security system is not exclusive. Although the coverage of the five insurances is basically comprehensive, it can be said that "all insurance should be guaranteed", but there are still a large number of workers whose social insurance rights have not yet been realized. From a national perspective, China's current social security funds are mainly collected by state-owned enterprises, urban collective enterprises and their employees. However, there are still some people whose participation rate is very low. They are employees of private enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households, as well as self-employed workers, flexible employees and migrant workers from other places. The main reason is that the system design is unreasonable, and the current social security system mainly adapts to state-owned enterprises. Second, the government does not know enough, and the law enforcement of social insurance is not enough. )
3. There are hidden dangers in fund management (in recent years, with the continuous strengthening of fund management, administrative risks have decreased, but social insurance funds still have problems such as unclear management subject, single investment channel and low efficiency. On the premise of inflation, there is the possibility of depreciation. In the long run, the value-added ability and payment ability of the fund are also worrying. China's social security fund lacks clear investment, operation and management subjects. At present, the social security funds of most provinces and cities in China are managed at the county level as a whole, and the fund balances are basically in banks. China's social security fund is safe under the premise of single investment and operation channels, but it is difficult to avoid the risk of inflation under the conditions of market economy, and there is the possibility of depreciation. Most provinces and cities in China adopt a mixed management model for pension insurance pooling accounts and personal accounts. Personal accounts make up for the shortcomings of pooling accounts to a great extent when granting pensions, and are deposited in banks together with pooling accounts, which does not play its due fund role. This model will inevitably affect the investment and operation efficiency of endowment insurance, and it will also make it difficult to improve the top level of endowment insurance. )
4, the social security legal system is not strong (social security legislation is not perfect; The legislative level of social security laws and regulations is low; Weak legal supervision of social security)
5. Social security socialized services developed slowly.
Countermeasures
1, expanding social insurance coverage (one of the signs of a sound social insurance system. Is to see if it will cover all the insurance objects that should be covered. From the goal of industrialization, urbanization and building a well-off society in an all-round way, the expansion of social insurance should be divided into three steps: the first step is to bring those who have achieved industrialization and urbanization, that is, urban workers, into the current system; The second step is to include people in the process of industrialization and urbanization, including migrant workers who are employed in cities, residents in the urban-rural fringe who are about to shift from agriculture to Africa, township enterprises and employees of various small and medium-sized enterprises with relatively stable incomes; The third step is to include farmers engaged in planting. And it should be easy first, then difficult, and gradually advance. At the same time, farmers should be brought into the social security system as soon as possible. )
2. Further promote system integration (China's current social medical security system consists of employee medical insurance, municipal medical insurance, new rural cooperative medical system and medical assistance, that is, "three insurances and one assistance". The new rural cooperative medical system and the urban medical insurance system are completely different in nature. We should actively promote the integration of the two systems and gradually realize the unification of the social security system according to the development trend of urbanization and social medical security system and the principles of fairness, sustainability and optimal allocation of resources of the social security system. )
3. Strengthen the financing mechanism of social insurance fund (establishing a reliable and stable financing mechanism is the key to improve the social security system. On the one hand, we should continue to expand the coverage of social security fund collection and raise the fund collection rate, on the other hand, we should adjust the balance of fiscal expenditure and strive to increase the proportion of social security expenditure. At the same time, effective measures should be taken to supplement the social security fund, including issuing long-term social security bonds and realizing some state-owned assets. )
4. Strengthen the legal construction of social security (we should strengthen the legal construction of social security in China as soon as possible, standardize and manage social security work according to law, and improve the basic supervision and management mechanism of social security. Raising social security fund is a work with strong policy. In order to ensure the timely and full collection of social security funds, there must be a set of strict and standardized collection management system and strong safeguard measures. At present, due to the imperfect social security laws, the phenomenon of negotiating payment, delaying payment and refusing to pay social security fees often appears in the collection of social security fees. The fundamental measure to solve these problems is to implement the reform of taxes and fees as soon as possible and improve the legal system construction of social insurance. At the same time, actively use electronic technology to establish a unified national social security technical support system and realize modern management. )
Group view and enlightenment
1. Give full play to the functions of "shock absorption" and "stability" of "social security system"
2. Pay attention to vulnerable groups and poor people.
3. The "social security system" should also realize fairness and justice.
4. Establish a linkage mechanism between "social security" and "commercial insurance"
1. Give full play to the functions of "shock absorption" and "stability" of "social security system"
At present, there are many problems in Chinese mainland's social security system, such as lack of legislation, slow development of socialized services, limited coverage, low level of overall planning, and inadequate fund raising and management. Social security system plays an important role in modern society. The reform will improve the current social security management system, speed up the construction of various social insurance systems, improve the overall level of social insurance and develop community social security services. We can give full play to the role of social security as a "stabilizer" in social life, a "shock absorber" in economic operation and a "regulator" in realizing social equity.
2. Pay attention to vulnerable groups and poor people.
Pay attention to vulnerable groups, promote the construction of rural social security system with the concept of fairness, and advocate that the relief system for urban and rural poor people should be at least unified.
3. The "social security system" should also realize fairness and justice.
To ensure fairness and justice, a decisive factor is to properly handle the relations and contradictions in the field of distribution.
It is necessary to gradually establish a social security system covering urban and rural residents that integrates social insurance, social assistance, social welfare and charity. It is necessary to improve the basic old-age insurance system for enterprise employees, speed up the reform of the old-age insurance system for government agencies and institutions, speed up the establishment of a social security system that adapts to the characteristics of migrant workers, and gradually establish a rural minimum living security system and an old-age insurance system. Improve the basic medical insurance for urban workers and accelerate the new rural cooperative medical care. Strengthen assistance to people in need and develop social welfare undertakings focusing on helping the elderly, the disabled, orphans and the poor. Attach importance to the important role of commercial insurance in improving the social security system and actively develop charity. Ensure that all members of society can share the fruits of reform and development.
4. Establish a linkage mechanism between "social security" and "commercial insurance"
Commercial insurance has the functions of economic compensation, financial intermediary and social management. It is the basic means of risk management under the condition of market economy and an important part of social security system. With the deepening and advancement of reform, the pattern of social interests is constantly adjusted, and the traditional social management model needs to be transformed urgently. It is necessary for the government to introduce commercial insurance mechanism to participate in social management and improve the construction and innovation of social security mechanism.