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What are the common astronomical phenomena in the universe?
Abstract: The familiar solar eclipse, solar halo, aurora and meteor shower all belong to cosmic phenomena. The so-called astronomical phenomenon is an astronomical phenomenon formed by all the movements of celestial bodies reaching a certain orientation and a certain trajectory. Because of the different trajectory and period of each star, many astronomical phenomena are rare. So what are the more common cosmic phenomena? The following small series will bring you different celestial landscape phenomena and their causes. Stars, galaxies, stars and stars in the solar system are all celestial bodies that are combined by the plasma of luminous spheres through their own gravity.

Representative celestial body: the sun

A planet usually refers to a celestial body that surrounds a star without giving off light. Its revolution direction is often the same as the rotation direction of the surrounding stars. Generally speaking, the planet needs to have a certain mass, and the mass of the planet should be large enough to approximate a sphere, so that nuclear fusion reaction can occur like a star.

Representative celestial body: the earth

Satellite refers to a natural celestial body that runs around the planet and periodically in a closed orbit. Satellites can also be called satellites in general.

Representative celestial body: the moon

Comet refers to a celestial body orbiting the sun when it enters the solar system. Its brightness and shape will change with the change of the distance from the sun, showing a unique cloud-like appearance.

Representative celestial bodies: Halley's Comet and comet hale-bopp.

Asteroids are celestial bodies in the solar system that revolve around the sun like planets, but are much smaller in size and mass than planets. Most asteroids are concentrated in the asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

Representative celestial bodies: Ceres and quaoar.

Galaxy A galaxy in a broad sense refers to an operating system consisting of a large number of star systems and interstellar dust. Referring to the Milky Way, it is a huge galaxy containing stars, gas, cosmic dust and dark matter, and bound by gravity.

Representatives: Large Magellanic Cloud, Small Magellanic Cloud, Milky Way.

The astronomical phenomena in which the sun rises and sets in the west. In addition to revolving around the sun, the earth rotates from west to east. When the earth rotates once from west to east, people on the earth think that the sun and other celestial bodies revolve around the earth once from east to west. Therefore, people living on the earth always feel that when the earth rotates from west to east, the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

The shadow of the eclipse moon can be divided into umbra, penumbra and pseudoumbra. The orbit of the moon around the earth and the orbit of the earth around the sun are not completely round, so the distance between the sun and the moon is near or far. Therefore, in the penumbra, the observer sees that the sun is partially blocked by the moon, which is called a partial solar eclipse; During a solar eclipse, the observer sees the sun completely covered by the moon in the umbra, which is called a total solar eclipse; There is a halo around it, called an annular eclipse.

Solar halo, also called round rainbow, is an atmospheric optical phenomenon, which is formed by the refraction or reflection of ice crystals when sunlight passes through cirrostratus. When light enters the ice crystals in cirrostratus, it is refracted twice and dispersed into light of various colors in different directions.

Sunspots Sunspots are low-temperature regions on the photosphere. The absolute temperature in the umbra region is around 4000℃, and that in the penumbra region is 5400℃. Therefore, the sunspot is not black, just because its temperature is lower than that of the photosphere, so it appears black under the bright photosphere background.

Flare is one of the most violent explosion phenomena in the local area of the solar atmosphere. It releases a lot of energy in a short time, causing the local area to heat up instantly, emitting all kinds of electromagnetic radiation, accompanied by a sudden increase in particle radiation.

During the total solar eclipse, the sun is surrounded by a red ring with a bright red flame beating on it. This flame-like object, called prominence, is a very intense solar activity on the chromosphere of the Sun, and it is one of the signs of solar activity.

Planetary collision with the sun is an astronomical phenomenon that the position difference between celestial bodies and the sun is 180 degrees, that is, celestial bodies and the sun are on both sides of the earth.

Solar conjunction means that the apparent position of celestial bodies is in the same direction as the sun (defined by the longitude of the yellow meridian being equal) and behind the sun. At this time, celestial bodies rise and fall with the sun, so they can't be seen due to the influence of the sun, but they can be seen during the solar eclipse.

Some comets whose perihelion is very close to the sun pass through the sun's outer atmosphere (corona) in operation, and are called sun-grazing comets.

Magic sun is an optical phenomenon in the atmosphere. There are many hexagonal columnar ice crystals floating in the translucent thin clouds in the sky, and occasionally they are neatly arranged vertically in the air. When sunlight shines on these hexagonal icicles, very regular refraction will occur.

Solar storm refers to the violent eruption on the sun and a series of strong disturbances caused by it in the solar-terrestrial space. Solar burst is a short-lasting and large-scale energy release phenomenon in the solar atmosphere, which is mainly released in three forms: enhanced electromagnetic radiation, high-energy charged particle flow and plasma cloud.

Aurora is a colorful plasma phenomenon, because charged particles from the sun (solar wind) enter the earth's magnetic field, and bright and beautiful glow appears in the sky near the north and south poles of the earth at night.

The brightness of the sun and the moon is the same, which is caused by the different rotation periods of the earth around the sun and the moon around the earth. Direct observation of the sun, moon and sky with naked eyes requires certain conditions. Generally, it can only be seen in broad daylight when the sky is clear and the visibility is good from February/Kloc-0 to March in the autumn lunar calendar.

As for the astronomical phenomena of the moon, the phase of the moon shines by reflecting sunlight, which is different from the relative position of the sun (the difference of the yellow meridian), so it will take on various shapes.

New moon (the first day of the lunar calendar), first quarter moon (around the eighth day of the lunar calendar), second quarter moon (around the 23rd day of the lunar calendar) and full moon (around the 15th day of the lunar calendar).

An eclipse of the earth will have a shadow in the direction away from the sun, which is called the earth shadow. The earth's shadow is divided into umbra and penumbra. The umbra refers to a place that is not exposed to direct sunlight, while the penumbra is only exposed to some direct sunlight. In the process of orbiting the earth, the moon sometimes enters the shadow of the earth, resulting in an eclipse. When the whole moon enters the umbra, a total lunar eclipse will occur; But if only a part of it enters the umbra, only a partial lunar eclipse will occur.

The super moon is the phenomenon that the moon is near the perigee at the new moon or full moon, and the new moon occurs at the perigee, which is called the super new moon. When the moon is at perigee, it happens to be a full moon, which is called a super full moon.

The conjunction of the moon means that the planet and the moon just move to the same meridian. The phenomenon that planets merge with the moon will happen dozens of times in a year. Besides Venus and the Moon, Jupiter and the Moon are the best viewing effects.

Lunar halo is an optical phenomenon in nature. It is a color aperture formed by the refraction of ice crystals when the light of the sun or the moon passes through high and thin white clouds (cirrus, cirrostratus or cirrocumulus), and the color arrangement order is in infrared violet. The aperture around the sun is called solar halo, and the aperture around the moon is called lunar halo.

Lunar eclipse refers to the phenomenon that one celestial body passes between another celestial body and the observer. When the moon moves between the earth and the sun, the three are in the same line of sight at the same time. From the earth, the moon covers the sun, so a solar eclipse occurs. Similarly, when the celestial body blocked by the moon is a distant star, this celestial phenomenon is called lunar occultation.

Moon color 1, red moon

It usually only appears during the total lunar eclipse. During the total lunar eclipse, the earth lies between the sun and the moon, and only a small part of the light passes through the atmosphere and enters the shadow. At this time, what we see is the dark red moon. The brightness of the moon during the total lunar eclipse is mainly determined by meteorological conditions. If the clouds are thin, more light will be refracted into the shadow of the earth, and the moon will be brighter during the total lunar eclipse; On the contrary, it will be darker.

2. Blue Moon

There are few blue moons, but they don't exist. Because the conditions for the formation of the blue moon are very bad, it is not easy for us to observe it. In historical documents, the blue moon represents the occurrence of natural disasters. Most of the data recorded by the blue moon are accompanied by disasters such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and forest fires. When these disasters occur, a large number of smoke particles will be formed in the air. These tiny particles can absorb and filter out all long-wavelength light such as red, orange and yellow, and only let blue-purple light pass through, so the light that reaches our vision forms the blue moon.

3, silvery white

When the seven colors of the sun "red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and purple" are aggregated together, it is white light, while the moon itself does not emit light, and the light emitted is reflected sunlight. Obviously, when the moon reflects its own light and passes through the atmosphere, if the seven colors of light are not absorbed, then the light reflected to the human eye is silvery white.

Astronomical meteors about stars refer to the light trails produced by meteoroids (usually including cosmic dust, solid blocks and other space substances) that run in interstellar space and are attracted by the gravity of the earth when they approach the earth, and when they pass through the earth's atmosphere at high speed, they make electron jumps.

Meteor meteorite, also known as "meteorite", is an unburned stone, iron or mixture of stone and iron that is quickly scattered on the surface of the earth or other planets by cosmic meteors or dust fragments that are out of the original orbit outside the earth.

Comet refers to a celestial body orbiting the sun when it enters the solar system. Its brightness and shape will change with the change of the distance from the sun, showing a unique cloud-like appearance. The mass and density of comets are very small. When it is far away from the sun, it is just an ice block frozen by water, ammonia, methane and a "dirty snowball" mixed with many solid dust particles.

Double stars with the moon, also known as "Jin Mu combined with the moon", means that Venus, Jupiter and the moon appear in the night sky at the same time. The appearance of "Double Star Accompanying the Moon" is because Venus, the closest planet to the Earth, is catching up with Jupiter from west to east in its operation. First Venus caught up with the nearest Jupiter, and then the moon caught up with Jupiter. When the distance between them is the closest, it presents a special astronomical phenomenon, which is both a "double star with the moon" and a "three-star line".

Novas are bright stars that occasionally appear in the sky. It was called guest star in ancient times, but now it is called nova in academic circles. Novas belong to the category of variable stars. In the past, it was considered as a newborn star because of its sudden increment, and it was named "new star".

Supernovae are violent explosions experienced by some stars at the end of evolution. This kind of explosion is extremely bright, and the sudden electromagnetic radiation in the process can often illuminate the whole galaxy where it is located, and it may last for weeks to months before it gradually decays.

Among the five major planets, Venus, Mars and Saturn appear on the western horizon, Jupiter hangs in the sky at a 30-degree angle with the horizon, and Mercury gradually approaches. The five planets will be arranged in the order of water, gold, fire, wood and earth, and they will be connected in a line from high to low, which was called "five-star renju" in ancient times. Because these five stars are big planets with high brightness, people can see them clearly with the naked eye.

Seven nights in the same palace is also called "Seven Stars Gathering", and "Seven Nights" refers to the seven bright stars "Sun, Moon, Jin Mu, Fire, Water and Earth" nearest to the earth. The moon has become a silhouette of a black circle in the backlight, and the five planets, Jin Mu, water, fire and earth, shine around the sun.