At the beginning of the 6th century, the Rouran ruling group fought for the position of Khan. In 520, the ugly slave Khan was killed by his mother and minister. On 10 day after he ascended the throne, his younger brother Anaxuan was defeated by his clan brothers, surrendered to the Northern Wei Dynasty, received a grand welcome, became a vassal king, was placed in Yanran Pavilion, and became the Duke of Shuofang and the king of prostration. The miscellaneous song "Anaxuan" describes the grand occasion of his trip to Luoyang: "I heard that there was a Xiongnu Lord riding dust, standing in line to watch Pingban, and driving Mawei Bridge." Later, Anaxuan led tens of thousands of his brother Brahmins to defeat Shifa, claiming to be Khan, and turned to Chile for expulsion, with a rate of 654.38+ 10,000 riding to the Northern Wei Dynasty.
Facing the situation at that time, the Northern Wei adopted the strategy of reserving flexibility and dividing troops to contain and resist the increasingly powerful high-powered country. Anaxuan was placed in Turuoxi Spring in the north of Huai Shuo Town (southwest of Guyang County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), and Brahman was placed in Guxihai County near Juyanhai (southeast of Ejina Banner, Inner Mongolia). In 522 (the third year of Zheng Guang in the Northern Wei Dynasty), Brahmins defected from the Northern Wei Dynasty and plundered Liangzhou, intending to go to Rada (three wives of Rada Khan, all Brahmin sisters). They were chased and captured by the Northern Wei Dynasty, returned to Luoyang, and died in Yanran Pavilion the following year. The following year, Anaxuan assembled 300,000 troops between Rouxuan and Huang Huai towns, detained the envoys of the Northern Wei Dynasty, plundered Bian Wei's "two thousand mouths and hundreds of thousands of horses, cattle and sheep" and returned it to Mobei. That year, Six Towns Uprising broke out in the Northern Wei Dynasty. In order to maintain her rule, in 525 (the first year of Xiaochang in the Northern Wei Dynasty), Anna announced that she would lead an army of 65,438+10,000, from Wuchuan Town to Woye Town, and defeated the insurgents led by Liu Han Baling. Xi 'an seized the opportunity to plunder and expand its strength, and occupied the Monan area north of the Great Wall. "The tribe is harmonious and the horse is a little prosperous." He claimed to be the first soldier to cut Khan, defeating a powerful country that was weakening due to civil strife.
The Northern Wei Dynasty perished, the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties split, and there was a soft revival. In order to alleviate the invasion of the north, Gao Huan and Yu Wentai made friends with the puppet troops. In the meantime, Xuan married into the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties and accepted gifts from both sides. For example, Yuanbaoju in West Wei Wendi married Yuan Yi's daughter to his younger brother Tahan as a princess. Yuanbaoju married Yu Jiuling, Xuan's eldest daughter, as the queen (after mourning Wei), abolished the original queen Yves as Nepal, and soon forced Yves to commit suicide.
In 540, Gao Huan of the Eastern Wei Dynasty and Princess Le 'an, the sister of Changshan King (later renamed Lanling County King), married Luo Chen of Zi Xuan Temple. Xuan took her granddaughter's neighbor, Gao Huan's ninth son Gao Zhan, as the princess's wife, and Huan also married Xuan's beloved daughter as his first wife, calling her a squirming princess. "By the Eastern Wei Zen, I was constantly in contact at the age of eighteen." The political, economic and cultural ties between them have been further strengthened.
After the military conflict eased, Rouran gradually paid attention to rectifying internal affairs, absorbing Chinese culture in many ways, changing the official system and establishing the year number. After Anaxuan was re-established, he reused Tan, "taking Tan as the secretary supervisor, Huang Menlang, and managing his writing and ink". Rouran also pays attention to absorbing the production technology in the Han area of the Central Plains. It lives on aquatic plants and has no walls. "Tianjianzhong (about 5 10) began to break Dingling and rebuild castles with old soil, which is called the Acropolis", as a gathering place for residential defense in winter or summer. Mumeicheng is probably in the southwest of Khan Hall, north of Zhangye and Dunhuang. At the same time, Rouran sent envoys to Jiankang (now Nanjing), asking Nanqi to send doctors and craftsmen who made tapestries, guided cars and lost prints to Mobei. Refusing to explain that Rouran needed doctors and craftsmen in the Central Plains. Influenced by the Han nationality, agriculture gradually appeared in the later period. For example, in 522 (the third year of Zheng Guang in the Northern Wei Dynasty), Anaxuan was placed in the north of Huaishuo Town, and once "begged for millet in the table, thinking that the fields were planted and given mangoku". Rouran is not only inextricably linked with the Northern Wei Dynasty politically, but also attracted by the economy and culture of the Central Plains.
Rouran not only had contacts with the northern dynasties, but also sent envoys to the southern dynasties many times. As early as 1930s, Rouran kept in touch with Liu Song and established an alliance against the Northern Wei Dynasty. At that time, although Liu Song threatened the "Northern Expedition", he was unable to attack the Northern Wei Dynasty, so he also "detained every special envoy" and went to Rouran. Until 478 (the second year of Liu Song Shengming), in order to get rid of internal troubles and foreign invasion with the help of external forces, Liu Song sent Xiao Qi general Wang Hongfan to Rouran, and arrived in Mobei the following year. In the year of "Total Cutting of Wei Lu", Rouran Khan led 300,000 troops to attack the Northern Wei Dynasty and reach the frontier. After the establishment of the Southern Qi regime, Rouran sent envoys to contribute mink, lion leather pants, horses, gold and other things in an attempt to jointly attack Wei, and invited doctors and craftsmen. However, due to Xiao Daocheng's early accession to the throne, he dared not rashly start his career.
In 485 (the third year of Yongming in the Southern Qi Dynasty), the envoy of the Southern Qi Dynasty arrived in Rouran and was killed for not worshiping Khan, which led to bad relations between the two sides.
In 5 15 (14th year of the south), Rouran began to send envoys to offer horses, minks and furs to Nanliang. Rouran's route to and from Jiangnan and Mobei was blocked by the Northern Wei Dynasty, so he could only reach Yizhou through the Western Regions and Tuguhun, and detour from Yizhou to Jiankang. In addition, Rouran has certain connections with Rada, Wusun and Fan Yue in the western regions, as well as Urohou, Didouyu, Kumoxi and Qidan in the northeast.
Rouran was once resurrected in Anaxuan Khan. Soon, however, the resistance of enslaved tribes and slaves broke out. By the middle of the 6th century, the original Rouran forger Turkic, who lived at the southern foot of Altai Mountain, became increasingly powerful. In 522 (the third year of Tianbao in the Northern Qi Dynasty), the first Tumen of Turkey (Ili Khan) was rejected for proposing marriage to Anaxuan, so they joined forces to attack Rouran and committed suicide after declaring defeat. Rouran Royal buddhist nun Luo Chen and others fled to Beiqi, while those who stayed in Mobei were divided into two parts: the eastern part was mainly made of iron scissors; In the west, the rest of the people support Deng Shuzi. In the East, Rouran was defeated by the Turks, defected to Beiqi, and was placed in Mayichuan (now Shuoxian County, Shanxi Province). The following year, buddhist nun Luo Chen defected from Beiqi and returned to Mobei. After the pursuit of Beiqi, the Oriental Rouran basically collapsed, and Luo Chen's whereabouts were unknown. In 555 (the sixth year of Tianbao in the Northern Qi Dynasty), Khan, a Turkic wooden pole, led an army to attack the West flexibly, and Deng Shuzi led thousands of people to the Western Wei Dynasty. Although the Western Wei Dynasty was kind to Deng Shuzi, and gave him "six thousand pieces of miscellaneous colors before and after preaching", under the repeated intimidation of Turkish messengers, more than 3,000 people under Deng Shuzi were handed over to Turkish messengers and killed outside the Qingmen Gate of Chang 'an, except for men under middle age, and matched with princes' families. Rouran khanate perished, and the rest moved to the west. Some scholars believe that the awar people in Byzantine history were the gentle people who moved westward after being wiped out by the Turks. The remaining softness of Mobei gradually merged with Turkic and Qidan tribes.
During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, due to the capture of war, hundreds of thousands of soft-hearted people were scattered in the Central Plains, such as those who volunteered to join the army and get married. In order to enrich the northern frontier defense, the Northern Wei Dynasty successively moved the inland Rouran, Chile and Han people captured internally to Liuzhen and Pingcheng, where they lived with the military and civilians of Tuoba Xianbei, and exiled them as Li Hu and Ying Hu. In order to prevent escape, some of them were transferred to the mainland. Rouran people often fled back to Mobei to resist the oppression of the Northern Wei Dynasty and set off a struggle against the rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty. For example, in 509 (the second year of Yongping in the Northern Wei Dynasty), Rouran people who moved to Jeju used the secretariat of Jizhou in the Northern Wei Dynasty and Wang Yuanyu of Jingzhao to launch an uprising, crossed the Yellow River and captured the northern counties. After the Six Towns Uprising, Rouran, who stayed in the north, also set out to respond and attacked Mayi.
The Northern Wei Dynasty oppressed the prisoners or the general Rouran department, while the Rouran upper-class aristocrats were given official titles, married men and women, and kept close relatives, making them a part of the ruling class. Of course, this is because the rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty thought it was of the same origin and noble, so they were willing to marry Rouran's royal family. On the other hand, in order to weaken and divide the Rouran regime itself, so as to reduce the threat from the north, we tried our best to win over. Ceng Yun, Ho Choi: "The wriggling children come to surrender. The noble ones are princesses, and the lowly ones are generals and doctors. They live in a complete line." Reflected the Northern Wei Dynasty's preference for gentle nobles. Most of the Rouran people who moved to the mainland first merged into Xianbei, and finally assimilated into the Han nationality in the Central Plains through coexistence and intermarriage. The surnames of Lu, Yu, and so on in Luoyang, Yanmen, Shaanxi, and other places prove that their ancestors were truly gentle people.