Basic introduction Chinese name: Lintan alias: Lintan administrative area category: county area: 1557.68 square kilometers, historical evolution, geographical advantages, Zhou Tao charm, Zhou Tao Acropolis, Taohe inkstone, basic introduction, development history, production materials, art appreciation, unique functions, production technology, inkstone origin, historical evolution Lintan has a long history and is changeable. Humans have lived here since the Yangshao culture period (about 5000 BC). Summer belongs to Yongzhou, Shang and Zhou belong to Qiang, Lintao County and Longxi County belong to Qin Wei. Han Nai is called Lintao County, which is under the jurisdiction of Longxi County of Liangzhou Secretariat Department. Tao Yang and Houhe are the two cities. In the fifth year of Yuankang in the Western Jin Dynasty (AD 295), Tao Yang County was established. In February of the first year (56 1), Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty established Zhou Tao in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, followed by Taoyang County and Fantan County. During the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, Tuguhun entered the palace. In the 11th year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (59 1), Pantan County was changed to Lintan County. Because there is a pond outside the north wall of the county, which is dark green all year round and can't be seen. At this point, it was renamed Lintan County. In the first year of Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty (742), it was still called Lintao, and then it fell into Tubo, where wars were frequent. The Song Dynasty was occupied by the Maosilou regime and was called Lintao City. Shaoxing was occupied by Jin in the fourth year (1 134), and it is still called Lintao Road. The Yuan and Ming Dynasties still called Zhou Tao. In the 12th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1379), he was promoted to be the commander and envoy of the military and political capital of Zhou Tao. Qing Qianlong thirteen years (1748), changed to Zhou Taotang. In the second year of the Republic of China (19 13), it was renamed Lintan County. In the 27th year of the Republic of China (1938), the Commissioner's Office was moved from Lintao to Min County, and Lintan County was under the jurisdiction of the first district. In the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937), Zhuoni Administrative Office was established, leaving Lintan. 1949 September 1 1 liberation of Lintan, recorded in Minxian area. /kloc-0 returned to Linxia area in May, 950. In June 1953, 1 1, the county resident moved from the new city to the old city. In June of the same year165438+1October 2 1, Lintan County was placed under Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Region. Geographical advantages Lintan is located at the crossroads of "Rong Fan in the west, Huanglong in the east" and "sending babies in the south and Shiling in the north". Since ancient times, due to war, reclamation and other reasons, many nationalities have lived together in Zhou Tao. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang moved 35,000 landless peasants from Beijing (Nanjing) to various health centers in order to recuperate and consolidate the frontier, and a large number of residents from Yingtianfu (Nanjing) in Anhui, Fengyang and Dingyuan in Jiangsu moved to Lintan. In addition, some soldiers who left Zhou Tao after Mu Ying's Western Expedition in the Ming Dynasty caused a large number of Han Chinese to flow into Lintan, and together with Tibetan aborigines and Hui people who flowed in in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, they became the main body of Lintan population. In the historical process of thousands of years, people of all ethnic groups have integrated with each other, United as one, traded with each other and developed various industries, forming a "tea-horse exchange market" in which merchants gathered in the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and created a splendid multi-ethnic culture. According to historical records, most of the Han people in Zhou Tao migrated from the Jianghuai area. Mr. Gu Jiegang, a famous historian and folklorist, visited Tan and Zhuoni from 1937 to 1938. He wrote in his diary of an investigation in the northwest: "Han Hui people here asked about their origins, but they couldn't find Nanjing, Xuzhou and Fengyang. Gaiming came here because of the war, so he occupied the land. From the Western Han Dynasty to the Hongwu period in the Ming Dynasty, two great migrations and garrisons showed that the Jianghuai people who came to Zhou Tao from their native land had advanced production technology, traditional culture and dress customs, so the local area still retained the legacy of Jianghuai, and its outstanding characteristics were reflected in the costumes of Han women. Zhou Tao Acropolis is a new city in Lintan County, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, with an ancient city wall surrounded by four mountains. There are Dashi Mountain (also known as mountainous), Triangle Stone Mountain and Phoenix Mountain in the north, Yandun Mountain in the southwest, Renshou Mountain (commonly known as Dunpo Mountain) in the southeast, Zipeng Mountain (commonly known as Leizu Mountain and Dingjiashan) in the southeast, and Honghua Mountain in the south, all of which are residual veins in the west oblique mountain. The city is built on the mountain, high in the northeast and low in the southwest; Nanmen River surrounds the city from west to east. The circumference of the city wall is over 4000 meters. There are 2050 pheasants. The east, south and west walls are straight, and the northeast, north and northwest are built along the ridge, winding on several peaks of Donglongshan. There are still some remains of lighthouse piers and abutments on each peak. The whole city is magnificent, just like a dragon. This is the largest existing Acropolis in China-Zhou Tao Acropolis. Zhou Tao Acropolis is located 35km east of Lintan County. The city was founded in the fifth year of the Northern Wei Dynasty (48 1), and was built by Tuguhun 1 1 world 14 Wang Chuan. It was called Honghe City in ancient times, with a history of 1600 years. After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) in the Tang Dynasty, in order to stabilize the frontier, protect the people and develop the economy, Chang 'an was the center, which opened up commercial channels to the frontier and even foreign countries. In addition to the famous "Silk Road" at home and abroad, there is also a road to Tibet called "Tangfan Ancient Road". In the fifteenth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign (6 1 1), Princess Wencheng entered Tibet through this road when she married Tubo Zampsong Zagambo. It has played a very important role in promoting Sino-Tibetan cultural exchanges and economic development. Now the new town is a distribution center and transit station for the exchange of materials between the two places, and it is also a post-horse station for the exchanges between Tang and Fan envoys. From the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties to the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhou Tao was occupied by Tubo. In the fifth year of Beixi Ning (1072), after the Song Dynasty conquered Wushengguan, it captured six states of Xihe River, and the commander of Tibet garrison, Gui Zhang, joined forces with Xixia to attack the Song Dynasty. In the sixth year of Song Shenzong Yuanfeng (1083), Zhou Tao was captured in one fell swoop, and Ma Zhuang was strengthened. In the first year of Shaoxing (1 13 1), Zhou Tao fell into the Jin Dynasty. Later, the Jin Dynasty set up three monopoly markets here to carry out trade and promote economic development. In the first year of Li Zongbao's reign in the Southern Song Dynasty (1252), Kublai Khan invaded Dali (Yunnan), stayed here for one month, and set up a dental account in the original site of the temple, so folklore called the original Ghost Chapter Palace (that is, the original site of the temple) "the King's Palace of Tatar". In the 12th year of Hongwu (1379), in the first month, the leaders of the 18th ethnic group in Zhou Tao launched a rebellion. According to the neighboring seven stations, they competed with the Ming court. Zhu Yuanzhang sent Mu Ying, a heavenly general, and Jin Chaoxing, a general serving the country, to lead the suppression of military forces in Beijing, Qin, Henan and Shandong, and sent Cao Guogong and Li Wenzhong to raise soldiers. The rebellion was quickly put down. Zhu Yuanzhang was very happy when the good news reached Beijing. He personally wrote a letter saying, "Xifan entered Zhou Tao, built a city and defended it, and seized the throat." According to this imperial edict, Li Wenzhong appointed Jin Chaoxing to build the Acropolis of Zhou Tao on the basis of the original Red River City with the great assistance of the local Tibetan leader Nanxiu Festival. In view of Zhou Tao's strategic needs, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Li Wenzhong and others to stay behind, so he left the soldiers in Jianghuai area to cultivate land and become soldiers in wartime. He usually defends the city for three points and cultivates the fields for seven points, and then gradually moves the family members of the army to settle down, so he stays here for a long time and becomes a permanent resident of the local area. In the next 600 years, Tibetan, Han and Hui people lived and prospered together, and through labor development and common development, they created Zhou Tao's splendid and diverse history and culture. Taohe inkstone was produced in Taohe, Lintan County, Gansu Province, China, hence the name. It has a history of 1000 years. Taohe inkstone is made of deep water, which is very rare and is one of the precious inkstone materials. Taohe stone is delicate and crystal clear, with silky texture, such as waves rolling and clouds surging, which is beautiful and moving. There are two kinds of stone pottery: green stone pottery and red stone pottery, of which green stone pottery is the most expensive. Yan Tao is suitable for carving large-area pictures. Carving techniques include relief, through carving, high relief and so on. Its carving is simple and clear. Development History Yan Tao was famous all over the country in Song Dynasty, and it has been mined for more than 900 years. According to legend, in the early Song Dynasty, some people quarried stones at the bottom of Taohe River near Lintan and Lintao to make inkstones. Later, due to the flooding of Taohe River and the diversion of the river, the quarrying place could not be found. Zhao Xihu in the Southern Song Dynasty wrote in Gu Yan Bian: "Apart from the last two stones, the bluestone north of Taohe River is the most valuable. Green as blue, moist as jade, ink does not reduce the tail rock of the stream. But the stone is at the bottom of the Lintao River, which is not made by human beings and is of great value. Although it has been handed down from old times, I have never seen it. Yan Tao stone has several materials. One is duck head green, also known as "green stone", which is green in color, wavy in grain, hard and fine in stone, like jade, and is the top grade of Shi Tao. If the green lines are mixed with yellow marks, it is even more precious. Second, parrot green, dark green, delicate stone, with dark "ink spots" eye-catching. The third is Liu Qing, with vermilion spots in the green and hard stone. Fourthly, light green pottery stone has the characteristics of slow water seepage. Yan Tao, known as "Taohe Stone inkstone" or "Taohe Green Stone", is one of the four famous inkstones in China. Because the inkstone material was produced in Taohe River, and the source of Taohe River was in ancient Zhou Tao, it was named Taohe inkstone or Yan Tao for short. Yan Tao made of Taohe stone has the advantages of fast ink development, fine ink grinding and no damage to the pen. The preciousness of Yan Tao's inkstone platform lies not only in its excellent stone quality and bright color, but also in its diverse shapes and fine carving. Yan Tao's inkstone style is dignified and heavy, simple and elegant, which is different from other inkstones in terms of technology. Filling lines with appropriate thickness with black is a major feature that distinguishes Yan Tao from other inkstones. Appreciating Art Zhao Xique, a famous connoisseur in the Song Dynasty, spoke highly of Yan Tao in "Lu Qing in the Cave": "Except for the two stones, the green stone in Taohe River is the most precious in the north, which is as green as blue and moist as jade, but the stone is at the bottom of the deep river and is priceless. "According to zhuoni's records, Yan Tao has a history of 1300 years. Known for its high quality at home and abroad, Guangdong Duanyan and Anhui She Yan (originally four famous inkstones, now because Shaanxi Chengni inkstone has been lost) are also called the three famous inkstones in China. Yan Tao is produced in Zhuoni, Taohe Valley, Gansu Province. Historically, Jonny was under the jurisdiction of Zhou Tao, hence the name Yan Tao. Yan Tao is deeply loved by literati because of its fine stone, hard pen, no water consumption, long-term non-deterioration, neither cold nor ice, fast ink development, fine grinding ink and no damage to pen. Su Dongpo, a famous writer and calligrapher in Song Dynasty, praised Yan Tao for "sharp washing, golden iron hair, elegant cutting, firmness and density". Huang Tingjian, a famous poet and great calligrapher in Song Dynasty, praised Yan Tao: "The green stone in Taohe River contains wind ripples and can sharpen the pen tip like a cone". Zhao Puchu, a famous contemporary calligrapher and former vice chairman of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, has a special liking for Yan Tao. He praised Zhou Tao in his poem: "The wind is green and as strong as bronze. Wan Li, an old friend, was diligent, which was better than my nine-year drought, and built an inkstone field in the northwest and southeast. Seiko wants to take the lead. Look at this place where the ink is turned over, and the wind and thunder are thundering. "Unique function Yan Tao's unique water-holding function and fresh-keeping function is another reason why literati like it very much. According to legend, in ancient times, a calligrapher specially kneaded a dough and put it in a covered Yan Tao to test Yan Tao's storage function. After more than a month, the dough is still soft and shiny. Yan Tao has become more and more famous and widely spread. Yan Tao is also called Greenstone, Duck Head Green and Ying Ge Green. Shi Tao is mostly turquoise, including green, dark green, dark green, light green, gray green, brown and yellow. Among them, brown bloodstone, also known as peach stone purple stone, is the most precious, green stone is the top grade, followed by gray green Ying Ge green and light green willow blue. The pottery stone is firm and fine, with elegant color, elegance and strangeness, like jade; Hair ink is slender, moist and easy to use with a pen; Buttons are silent, and water droplets can be produced. Therefore, it is known as "Zhao Shuangbi in Shi Gui, Zhou Tao, but not in Zhangzhou, Duan Xi". Yan Tao stone head has different shapes. There are squares, circles, ellipses, arc spoons and so on. Yan Tao's designs are more diverse and have everything. There are landscapes, flowers, insects and birds, green trees, birds and beasts, rare ancient coins, pastoral scenery and so on. Pottery inkstones vary in size, some weighing hundreds of kilograms, and the small ones are only a few hundred grams. Yan Tao's production process is exquisite and complicated. It must go through more than ten processes such as strict material selection, design and composition, carving and cutting, grinding and polishing. It usually takes two or three days to make an ordinary Yan Tao, and it often takes months or even years to make a large Yan Tao. Liu, a famous sculptor, spent five years making a "Thousand Dragons Playing in the Sea" inkstone. The origin of inkstone is Taohe inkstone, which is produced in Yantao Township, Zhuoni City, Gansu Province. The stone of Taohe inkstone was taken from the local Lintao River, and the inkstone was named Taohe inkstone. Because the Taohe stone has been eroded by water for a long time, the stone is delicate, and the skin care is meticulous, not only polished, but also moist. Taohe inkstone is one of the four famous inkstones in China. Its texture is delicate and crystal clear, its color is green, and its stone surface is slightly black and watery. It rolls with the waves, rolling clouds, changing and beautiful.