Model of Ancient Literature Papers: The ancient literature "On China Emperor Literature" divided the ancient literature of China from the perspective of groups. For a long time, we have seen folk literature, women's literature, court literature or aristocratic literature, and also mentioned the literature of concubines and sages. However, a very important literary group has not received due attention, which is imperial literature. However, some secular values, such as the publication of the emperor's poems, mainly focus on economic benefits, rather than in-depth theoretical evaluation. Today, China literature has undergone tremendous qualitative changes since the beginning of the 20th century, and it is about to leap into a new great form of China literature. For this literary group, which is independent from the mainstream of China literature but plays a special role, we should analyze it from the essential law of literature itself.
1. A unique China ancient literature group: China ancient imperial literature, as a literary group, is a very unique and long-standing objective existence.
In the pre-Qin literature, the phenomenon of imperial literature has been very prominent. The first literary work with a famous surname in the history of China literature turned out to be imperial literature. At the beginning of Ancient Poetry, the first work is Shun Di's Song of the South Wind. There is also a saying that Fuxi? Looking up at the sky and overlooking the geography, Painting shows the earliest work Gossip, which combines China's philosophy and literature. Shangshu is China's first collection of political essays, which contains the most famous articles written by emperors before Confucius, a great educator and editor, such as Yao Dian, Da Mo Yu and Qin Shi. The Book of Songs is a literary textbook edited by Confucius, which contains many poems written by emperors.
In a centralized feudal society, what did the emperor value? Most of them have certain literary creation ability. In China, poetry is the most important tool to express emotions. Everything is ready for me. "The emperor is no exception. Judging from the literary history of China, the feudal autocratic society was ruled by famous emperors such as Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, Chu Jixiang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Taizong and Song Taizu from beginning to end. Slightly coquettish " I have lost my literary talent, but most of my poems are handed down from generation to generation. Among the emperors, Huang Chao and Hong Xiuquan, the leaders of the peasant uprising, should also be included. Most of them are scholars, some of them? "Miss Chrysanthemum" or something domineering? The poem Yan Zhi has spread all over the world.
In the heyday of feudal autocratic society, the emperors of the Qing dynasty received strict Confucius and Mencius education, paying attention to? "Wen Zhi, pay attention to poetry creation. It is said that Emperor Qianlong wrote more than 40,000 poems, but the quality of his poems is not high. Wu Zetian, the only female emperor in China's long feudal society, can be said to be a secretary, and her poems are also considerable. As for those? The emperor, who kept his job, studied poetry teaching courses when he was educated and wrote many literary works in his political career.
From the above understanding, we can see that China imperial literature is a phenomenon that cannot be ignored but has not been paid due attention to. It is particularly worth mentioning that the excellent works in China's literature also appeared in imperial literature.
Although the quality of most emperors' literature in China is not high, a few literary masterpieces have reached the first-class literary level in all aspects. Especially prominent are the poems of Wei, Jin and San Cao. Wang Wei, after being chased by his son? Wei Wudi's Cao Cao's poems are very prominent in imperial literature. His works are broad-minded, desolate and tragic, and the level is so high that he has been engaged in creative work all his life. Full-time writers are also rare. His eldest son, Cao Pi, usurped the Han Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor. He was not only a poet, but also famous for his literary criticism articles. Cao Zhi, who was named king, has a particularly beautiful and superb poetry. What is even more rare is that, as the only phenomenon in the history of China literature, father and son are not only emperors who started their own businesses, but also writers with prominent literary titles, and even created a literary Jian 'an literature of an era.
Li Yu, the last emperor of the Southern Tang Dynasty, reached a peak in poetry. As an abdicated emperor, he can't erase the brand of the emperor, but there is no tradition of loyalty to the monarch and patriotism and narrow political ambition in his poems, which leads to the philosophical realm of life tragedy. As most emperors are outstanding figures, it is only natural that their poems are equally outstanding as long as they work hard.
However, due to various reasons, in the history of China ancient literature, the imperial literature inadvertently formed the phenomenon that people stayed away from it. People are unwilling and afraid to appreciate and comment on Emperor Wang Wenxue. The majestic spirit and domineering spirit of emperor literature, which is self-centered and above the group, make people in a weak position instinctively produce rejection psychology. And the subjects bound by the feudal hierarchy are even more afraid to dictate and judge in public, you know? The crime of disrespect will be punished by nine families. This is the outstanding reason why imperial literature has not been faced squarely.
However, China literature is not a perfect literary system, which blurs the organic components of imperial literature. Therefore, the reflection of China people's psychological world obviously lacks an important part. As far as creative thought and dominant thought are concerned, it is precisely the feudal thought under the guidance of Confucius and Mencius, which rarely exists in imperial literature. So, people often use different names? Longfeng literature ",? Tian Zi literature "? Political literature "? The literature of sages, in fact, is the literature of emperors, which cannot but arouse our attention, and then we should seriously analyze its essence.
Second, the emergence of deformed male literature
In the history of China, the so-called emperor, hundreds of extremely important figures, ruled hundreds of millions of subjects from generation to generation. Taking their names as the code name of the imperial dynasty is itself an important topic of social factors in literary research. Their literary works have also become a unique landscape and need to be taken seriously. It can be said that if we don't understand China's imperial literature, we can't grasp China's literature, explore China's inner world, and construct a new China literature and China's spiritual world. The author thinks that China emperor literature is a kind of abnormal male literature, and its appearance is a unique phenomenon in China society.
Imperial literature reflects a unique spiritual phenomenon of human individual and group life. Psychologically, the imperial literature above the group shows the emperor's arrogant attitude towards the group as an individual, and also reflects the extreme expansion of China people's psychological instinct and their consciousness of being highly unified with feudal rationality. China's ancient political psychology was characterized by antinomy. On the one hand, it is conventional rationality, that is, Confucian education is only a tool for the emperor to rule others. On the other hand,
On the one hand, it is the unlimited exertion of the power of the leaders of political centers and the extreme venting of instinct. In contrast, subjects can only have a feminine attitude, which can only be produced in self-imposed obedience? Empathy or Q-style spiritual satisfaction. Emperors gain unparalleled pleasure in life by looking down on all beings. Liu Bang's Return Poems? The wind blows, the weaver girl returns to the sea ",Song Taizu's poem about the moon? It was not until it was dark that we reached the bottom of Qian Shan, Cao Cao's "Zhongtian Wanguoming"? The trip to the sun and the moon, if you leave the country, and so on, all vividly illustrate this point. The emperor wants to rule the country, as the saying goes? One family in the world ",and everyone is looking forward to it? It is forever. ”？ Isn't leading the land a king? "Everything they know on the earth will be ruled and slaughtered by the emperor. In human history, they can actually do this for hundreds of years. Shouldn't such a rare psychological phenomenon reflected in ancient literature be carefully analyzed? It should be noted that the group mentality influenced by this kind of psychology is determined by the unique historical conditions in China, and it is still deeply rooted in the consciousness of China people today.
China's imperial literature has a recognized theoretical basis, that is, Confucius and Mencius. If we look for something at the theoretical level of China's imperial literature, we can only say that Confucius and Mencius are its concentrated development form. Wang Zhidao, the most authentic legalist in the emperor's mind, is generally not understood in the emperor's oral and written opinions. Although the way of Confucius and Mencius is actually only the way of imperial education, assisted by Wang Zhidao, it is indeed a condescending feudal concept system, such as? The inner saint and the outer king ",etc. Feudal emperors were happy to claim that they followed Confucian dogma. Who is the real emperor Wang Zhidao? Taoism, Confucianism and Legalism at the same time? Bawangdao, mix up. "In the depths of the theories of Taoism, Confucianism and Legalism, there is a monarchical mentality endowed by God, which dominates, restricts and teaches the people and belongs to the ideology of the ruling class.
The specific economic, political, geographical and other conditions in China feudal society produced imperial literature. The mode of production in feudal society was self-sufficient small-scale peasant natural economy, but therefore a centralized autocratic emperor was needed to ensure reunification and eliminate war. Thus, emperors came into being, and their ambition was to unify the world and pass it on from generation to generation. Their literature mainly expresses this ambition. Under the emperor's rule, everyone was ruled and slaughtered, including writers. These writers can only express their obedience and loyalty in their works, or they can only express their voices under this psychological premise. Especially male writers. On the other hand, because there is no possibility of political development, individual female writers pay attention to the desire and affection of life, and write more on the theme of real affection in daily life.
In any case, it should be admitted that the ancient imperial literature in China has sufficient reasons to be valued as a unique literary group.
Third, the characteristics of imperial literature.
The ancient imperial literature in China is obviously different from other ancient literature in China. Of course, some features are similar to general literature, such as politics, but even politics is more prominent in imperial literature.
Highly politicized literary content.
This is the same as the general China literature, but the political content reflected by imperial literature is the highest level, and no one dares to imitate it. Imperial literature is the expression of social and political needs, that is, the political desire and ruling content of centralization and autocracy. ? Is the whole world a land of kings? Is leading the land king? "As early as the era of the Yellow Emperor, there was a political proposition of' one country under the world'. ? "When the wind blows, Yunfei will return, and the Weaver Girl will return to her hometown. Liu Bang's poems were not sung at that time. This kind of imperial politics, as Wang Fuzhi said? Take a day off from your private life to be your grand duke. "The more autocratic, the more the pursuit of family inheritance, on the contrary, the society of small-scale peasant economy will be more stable, prosperous and powerful. Therefore, the roar of the emperor became a loud noise in history, which is unique in literature. The understanding of the relationship between literature and politics is exactly the same as that of Confucius and Mencius, and emperors completely regard literature as a vassal of politics. However, most writers know it this way. Just like Confucius, what they want to do most in this life is career, not? Carving insects "literature. Literature, for them, is a tool of political cause, and can't be a special cause. This is also the difference between China literature and western literature. On the road of transforming society, western writers regard literature as an important career in life, on an equal footing with political career.
(2) the individual spirit and psychological phenomenon of egoism.
Freud believed that there is an instinctive core in the deepest part of human consciousness. This instinct is expansionary, cruel and blind, and the pursuit of pleasure is the highest truth. In the dialectical unity of feudal rationality, emperors expanded their instincts infinitely, so that they blatantly believed that Confucianism also strongly advocated the supremacy of the world and above the group. Everything in the universe is driven by everything, and its arrogance is hard to see. The emperor of China became a man with abnormal capitalization. Their poems also show this mentality of arrogance and social needs. Overlord Xiang Yu crazy song:? "Wang Wei and Cao Cao shouted in unison:"? A trip to the sun and the moon, if unexpected; Star Han is very talented, if he comes out. "
It seems that such a character needs such an arrogant to almost crazy mentality. There is general literature, who dares to be so arrogant!
(3) The main manifestation of masculinity and grandeur.
China literature is called by scholars? Male and female servants literature "and? "Women's literature, I think? Secretary literature "is more accurate. As a social organization, secretary has the characteristics of subordination, service and passivity. Almost all famous writers worked as the secretary of the emperor. Qu Yuan, the first famous writer with a surname, achieved the highest achievement in poetry? "Li Bai, a poet who cares about the country and the people? Du Fu, a poet sage, and Su Dongpo, a scholar of Taoism, Confucianism and Buddhism, all have formal secretarial positions. Generally speaking, all writers regard obtaining the position of secretary as their own road to progress. Therefore, they also bring the qualities of secretaries. In addition, the feudal society followed Confucius and Mencius, and regarded literature as an auxiliary tool of politics. In this way, compared with European writers, China writers have to show a weaker lack of independence.
As far as Lian Deng is concerned, Xin Qiji, who is known as an uninhibited school, compares himself to a beauty left out by the emperor. In the word "Fishing", he wrote: After the Nagato incident, Emei was once jealous because it was allowed to be wrong. A thousand dollars to buy each other is like buying a gift, but who complains about this situation? "Self-confidence when I was young? Du Fu, once he climbed to the top of the mountain to peek, would see dwarfs who appeared in the sky with other mountains. I also lamented that I abandoned my wife. She leaned against a tall bamboo in the sunset and forgot her thin silk sleeves and the cold. " . Great poets are called. Poet Fairy "? ",,Shi Gui? Poets and saints ",etc. But not like western poets? "Or a poet? On the other hand, imperial literature is just the opposite, with high masculinity and arrogance. With what? When the emperor was angry, he succumbed to the ferocity of "million" looting? Wife and daughter's world, to serve me a person's lewd "Yin Wei, come? I would rather lose the confession of the "world" than look down on the courtiers crawling at my feet. Naturally, in literature, it is the most subjective, masculine and magnificent? Who else? "
(4) Self-expression in line with artistic essence.
Emperors have little theoretical knowledge and artistic analysis of literary works, but their theoretical opinions and artistic techniques often conform to the essence of art, and literature becomes their artistic expression. What is the most obvious theoretical proposition of imperial literature? Poetry expresses ambition. "What are the most prominent features of poems written by emperors? The theory of "ambition" comes from Shangshu? Yaodian is said to have been handed down by Shun Di, which was affirmed by Confucius and recognized as an orthodox poetic theory. The theory of expressing ambition became the earliest definition of poetry in ancient China, and it is still recognized by many people. It is generally considered to be an accurate theoretical understanding of poetry. Especially bold poets, all regard expression as the only theme of their poetry creation. Until the 1950s, Mao Zedong wrote a letter to Chen Yi, and he still believed that this was the truth of poetry theory and creation, and his poems really were? Ambitious and ambitious, with unprecedented boldness and elegance. The theory of expressing ambition grasps an important content of poetry, namely ambition. Ambition is an ambitious and persistent pursuit of career and political career in most cases. In other words, it is a concrete and obvious psychological activity. For poetry creation, expressing ambition is feasible in many cases. But generally speaking, poetry is not only expressing feelings, but also lyrical, and some people write about feelings and other psychological activities. Therefore, although the theory of expressing ambition is correct in a certain sense, it is one-sided for poetry as a whole. Especially something political? Ambition "is a kind of standardized and rational emotion and understanding, which is often manifested in socialized and lyrical discussion, straightforward and monotonous." "Most of the poems we know about the emperor are? Express your ambitions. " But it also avoids pure attention? Reflect the misunderstanding of social life and make poetry more subjective.
Secondly, the corresponding expression techniques. Compared with general literature, imperial literature uses symbolism more prominently in poetry. ? Poems chanting for the bosom are highly subjective, and the images used are monotonous, which are often familiar traditional images, such as the sun and moon, mountains and rivers, vegetation and so on. There are few detailed descriptions in the poems of emperors. In connection with the above, the images in the emperor's poems are relatively broad. The whole image can be said to be ruled by the will of the emperor. Everything that shines. " In terms of time, it is often a thousand years; From the perspective of space, it is often a universe of mountains and rivers. However, from this point of view, these poems did give the author and people at that time the spiritual strength to struggle.
The emperor is engaged in politics, and the busy government affairs make it impossible for them to devote more energy and time to literary creation. Do something occasionally, and often do something. This makes it impossible for imperial literature to make a breakthrough in art. Imperial literature belongs to traditional literature and art and does not attach importance to artistic innovation. Fortunately, most of the original intention of imperial literature is not to educate with art, which makes the works more emotional and closer to the essence of literature.
Fourthly, the relationship between imperial literature and the development of contemporary literature.
The relationship between imperial literature and the development of China literature today cannot be ignored, but it has always been ignored. The development of China literature needs to critically absorb some valuable factors in imperial literature. It can even be said that imperial literature will be completely transformed in a new stage and become a new heroic literature style. In this 2 1 century, ancient China is still in a backward position, bearing the burden of humiliation and heavy responsibilities. We need such magnificent and passionate literature to inspire the people of China to survive and develop, just as we always need primitive myths and their heroes.
(1) The extreme personality of enterprising and self-esteem in imperial literature can be dialectically developed in new China literature.
The spiritual characteristics in imperial literature can be reborn as the essence of individual life free creation. Literature cultivated by this new life? Dragon slaying skills "is just what we need. We should critically absorb the enterprising features of imperial literature and reflect the great beauty of his life. From where? The traditional concept of "sage inside and king outside" has been transformed into a broad spirit of individual life, self-respect and self-love and lofty aspirations.
Mao Zedong's poetry is a model of inheriting and innovating ancient imperial literature in China. The poems in Mao's poems have become the life warnings of thousands of people in Qian Qian. In times of difficulties and struggles, Mao Zedong's poems often appear unconsciously in the minds of middle-aged and elderly people now, and they suddenly feel spiritual strength and anger. Just like imperial literature, Mao Zedong's poems also have some shortcomings, such as monotonous and straightforward language, repeated use of numbers, and generalization of images. "There will be puffed up? Domineering ",even in his later poems? Violence ",but on the whole, it has an unprecedented bold and unrestrained, with an eternal broad realm. Mao Zedong's poems can be classified as romantic literature. This kind of romanticism is a very valuable spiritual wealth, which is needed by China people from generation to generation. It can be said that one of the sources of Mao Zedong's poetry is imperial literature, which is a kind of generation and rebirth of imperial literature in the new era, and gives us valuable enlightenment from later literature.
Another example is Lu Xun's works, which can also be said to be the rebirth of imperial literature. Many people have commented on the psychological essence of Lu Xun's literature? The subconscious complex of "being sage inside and being king outside" is the great mission of transforming national character in Lu Xun's works, really only what is called in ancient times? "Or the holy king? Only those "Wang Su" can afford it. After reading Lu Xun's works, China people from generation to generation will feel a new soul, as if they have participated in some ceremony of the Chinese nation, and feel ashamed of the absurdity of their twisted hearts? Ah Q's method of spiritual victory "
Through? In the works of century poets Mao Zedong and Lu Xun, we can see that there are more majestic figures between heaven and earth than emperors, and we can't help imitating them consciously or unconsciously. Just like treating the emperor, people in the new era will have new characteristics and requirements. For example, no matter what kind of giants, they will have more scientific and rational requirements for modern citizens' democratic politics and personality equality.
(2) Absorbing the subject consciousness of imperial literature.
Since 1980s, contemporary literature has experienced unprecedented prosperity and rebirth for hundreds of years, but people still think that there is no master literature. One of the reasons can be said to be the lack of that kind? Subjective consciousness such as "inner saints and outer kings" In foreign literature, human subjectivity is very prominent. Starting with Aristotle? Sage literature "has independent self-esteem, consciously ignores and isolates general government affairs, writes soberly all his life, is on a par with secular kings, and even hopes to replace them (Plato said? The king of philosophy "rules"? The political fantasy of the Republic). This is what China literature lacks. In China's contemporary literature, even? The general requirement of "inner saints and outer kings" has also been abandoned because of its obsolescence. The feminization of the mainstream in China's ancient literature is very similar to the writers' pursuit of politics and status in the new period. It seems that the humanistic care for the whole society, the transformation of the national psychological spirit, the understanding of people's personality and self-esteem and civil rights need to be strengthened, not only in literary criticism, but also in the writer's mentality.
(3) Imperial literature has obviously become the expression of individual life, which should be emphasized in today's literature.
Sadly, the most basic theory of literary creation is not clear. Is literature a reflection, reproduction or expression? Imperial literature has a clear answer to this question, namely? Poetry expresses ambition. "Today's literature should not only? What do you think when you say "ambition"? Say "your inner world, the essence of life and the external world it projects." In this way, literature can undertake the task of promoting and beautifying individual life and the overall living standard of mankind. Literature can be commercialized and industrialized, but not for the purpose of making money. It should be the dialectical unity of personification and idealization. This requires the author to? To be kind to your life, you must first improve your life realm and life pursuit, which is naturally manifested in the works of life expression.
As a unique part of China ancient literature, imperial literature cannot but attract our attention. If the new literature, which is dialectically unified with scientific reason, is to undertake the great mission of creating a new generation of China people, it must critically inherit this heritage.
Fan Wen II of Ancient Literature: The ancient literature "Culture: A Broad Vision of China's Poetry History" China is known as "the country of poetry". This is not only because China's poetry has a long history and there are many schools of poets and works, but also because poetry has always occupied a special and significant position in the social life and cultural development of China. There are many monographs on the history of China's poetry, but the angle of this paper is slightly different.
About ten years ago, I saw a sentence written by Mr. Bai Yuan in Rong Baozhai. I remember this:
"Poems before the Tang Dynasty grew up,
Tang poetry called out,
Song poetry is spoken,
Poems after the Song Dynasty are imitations. 」
Mr. Qi Gong combines elegance and vulgarity, and his own poetry collection is only named Qi Gong Yu Yun. These words in vernacular Chinese are about his many years of experience. They are concise, which can be described as a concise history of China's poetry. My experience is that before the Tang Dynasty, China's poems were vigorous, natural and simple. Tang Dynasty is the golden age of China's poetry, which is straightforward and has its own characteristics. China's poetry in Song Dynasty is in a transitional period, with interesting speculation and reasonable emotion. After the Song Dynasty, China's poems began to have many schools, but lacked originality.
We might as well take this as a clue and extract some fragments from the development of social culture and history to examine the development and changes of China's poetry and its internal reasons.
First, poetry originated from witches.
Poetry, like the origin of other arts, is a headache for art historians, philosophers and human culturists. Since the last century, there have been many arguments about "labor", "representativeness", "game theory", "empathy" and "impulsiveness", which outsiders don't believe. In China's classics, there happened to be a "stone-beating" in the Shundi period, and all the animals danced at the speed of singing Jiu Shao. "("Chronicle of Bamboo Slips in the First Year of Shun Di ")" In the past, Ge people, three people fucked oxtails, and they all sang songs. "("Lu Chunqiu? "Ancient Music Articles") "Emotions move in China, and form is in words. Words don't express their meaning, so they lament it, lamenting the lack, so they sing it forever, sing it forever, and dance without knowing it. " (Shang Bo, Justice in Shi Mao? Preface to Poetry) "Breaking bamboo and bamboo, flying soil and eating meat. "(Yuejueshu), etc., for all kinds of scholars who expound the theory of a certain school in the West to quote together, but China's language is full of ambiguity. I guess these arguments may never come to a conclusion, maybe only vague conclusions, or maybe the conclusion is the neutralization of various statements. Because no matter what kind of human state these subjects will take as their model in the future, whether they are isolated tribes still living a primitive life or the state of the baby's growth and development process, these experiments and proofs will never accurately simulate the cultural activities in the era of human primitive creation.