Beam bridge, pontoon bridge, cable bridge and arch bridge are four basic types.
Beam bridge, also known as flat bridge and span bridge, is a bridge supported by piers at a horizontal distance, and then beams are erected to tile the deck.
This is the most widely used bridge, which appeared earlier than other bridges in history. It takes the form of wood, stone or a mixture of wood and stone.
In the pre-Qin period, all beam bridges used wooden columns as piers, but this kind of wooden column beam structure showed its weakness very early and could not adapt to the development of the situation. Therefore, it was replaced by the Shizhu wooden beam bridge, such as the multi-span long bridge built in Qin and Han Dynasties: Wei Qiao, Baqiao, etc.
About the Han Dynasty, the pile foundation technology was invented, and stone piers appeared, which showed that bridges made of wood and stones could cross wider rivers and bear the impact of rough waves. However, because the wooden beam on the stone pier is not resistant to wind and rain erosion, a bridge house was built on the bridge to protect the bridge body. This type of bridge (covered bridge) is more common in the south, but it was first seen in the Yellow River basin.
Small and medium-sized Liang Shi or stone slab bridge is the most popular bridge type for its convenient structure, durable materials and labor-saving maintenance. Especially after the Southern Song Dynasty, it was very popular in Quanzhou, Fujian, and many Liang Shi bridges were created. If there is no pier in the middle of a beam bridge, it is called a single-span beam bridge; If there are piers in the water, so that the bridge body forms two holes, it is called a double-span beam bridge; If there are more than two piers, it is called a multi-span beam bridge.
The pontoon bridge is also called pontoon bridge, pontoon boat and pontoon truss. Because it is easy to erect, it is often used in military affairs, so it is also called "Zhanqiao"-a bridge where hundreds of wooden boats (including rafts or bamboo rafts on the water) are placed side by side on the water with chains, and the boats are paved with boards for people to pass.
If the bridge in the strict sense is marked by crossing the air and having column piers, it is not a bridge in the full sense. The pontoon bridge is mainly built where the river is too wide, too deep or fluctuating, which is beyond the reach of ordinary wooden columns and bridges.
Wooden stakes, iron oxen, iron mountains, Shi Zhuan and stone lions are set on both sides of the pontoon bridge, and ropes are used. Tianjin Bridge, built on the Luoshui River in the first year of the Sui Dynasty, was the first pontoon bridge to connect ships with chains.
At present, pontoon bridges are still widely used in southern China, such as Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Guangxi. Advantages of the pontoon bridge: First, the construction is fast. In the second year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1852), the Taiping Army besieged Wuchang and built two pontoons across the Yangtze River overnight.
Second, the cost is low. In the Ming Dynasty, Zou Shouyi made a comparison between the stone bridge and the pontoon bridge in Xiufenglin: "If you use the Liang Shi Bridge, it costs 1,000 yuan, and if you use the pontoon bridge, it costs 500 gold, depending on your needs." Third, it can be opened and closed at will, and it is very convenient to disassemble and assemble.
Disadvantages are small deadweight, fluctuating with the waves, weak flood resistance, complicated management, frequent maintenance and replacement of ships, bridge decks and mooring cables, and high maintenance costs. Therefore, the ultimate destination of many pontoons is to develop into wooden bridges, Liang Shi bridges or stone arch bridges.
Cable bridge is also called suspension bridge, cable bridge and suspension bridge. , is a bridge suspended with bamboo cables or rattan cables and iron cables as the backbone.
Most of them are built on steep river banks and dangerous valleys, and the current is too fast to be used as docks, mainly in the southwest of China. Its practice is to build houses on both sides of the river, set up posts for tying ropes and rotating posts for twisting ropes respectively, then tie several thick ropes flat, and then put boards horizontally on the ropes, and some even add one or two ropes on both sides as handrails.
It was first seen in Qin and Han Dynasties. For example, Qin built a bamboo cable bridge in the southwest of Yizhou (now Chengdu) in Sichuan, also called Yili Bridge. The existing famous ones are Luding Iron Cable Bridge and guanxian Bamboo Cable Bridge built in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Crossing the cable bridge feels very thrilling, just as the ancients described the cable bridge: "People are hanging in the air, and if they don't quit in an instant, they will fall into a bottomless valley." Monk Zhimeng in the Tang Dynasty said, "If you can't see the end, the shadows are fighting."
In fact, it is still safe to really cross the past, just like Xu Xiake's Travels commented on the Panjiang Bridge in Guizhou: "Look at it and you will stop." arch bridge
It appeared late in the history of Chinese bridges, but once the arch bridge structure was adopted, it developed rapidly and became the most vital bridge type in ancient bridges. Even today, it still has broad prospects for further development. Arch bridges are divided into stone arch bridges, brick arch bridges and wooden arch bridges, among which brick arch bridges are rare and only occasionally used in temples or gardens.
Stone arch bridges are commonly used and can be divided into single arch, double arch and multi-arch. The number of arches depends on the width of the river. Generally, the arch in the middle is particularly high, and the arches on both sides are slightly smaller.
According to the shape of the arch, there are pentagons, semicircles, pointed arches and flat arches. The bridge deck is generally paved with stone slabs, and the side of the bridge is paved with stone railings.
The image of the arch bridge was first seen in the portrait bricks in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was produced by the shape of the wooden and Liang Shi bridge with outriggers, and was influenced by the shape of the tomb arch and water pipes. Documentary records can be found in Zhu in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The earliest existing physical object is the Zhao Zhouqiao designed and built by Li Chun in Sui Dynasty.
After the Ming dynasty, especially in the Qing dynasty, stone arch bridges issued whole coupons, that is, "bucket coupons." Other shapes of cable-stayed steel cable-stayed bridge with cable-stayed concrete cable-stayed composite beams: flying pavilion plank road, canal bridge, optical fiber bridge, curved bridge, fish pond flying beam and geomantic bridge.
"Feiting", also known as Pavilion Road and Courtyard Road, is the overpass. The crossing passage between ancient palaces and pavilions.
"Three Auxiliary Huang Tu": "It is to build a flying pavilion and a chapter palace in the west of the palace (referring to Weiyang Palace in Han Dynasty), and to build roads up and down." During the Qin and Han dynasties, the main halls of the palace were connected by pavilions and roads. Because there was a way up and down, it was called the complex road.
Qin Shihuang built a pavilion road from Epang Palace to Lishan, on the footbridge and under the vehicle bridge, which was the earliest overpass in China. "plank road", also known as stack pavilion, bridge pavilion and single-arm wooden beam bridge.
A road paved with wooden frames in steep places in mountainous areas. "Canal Bridge" is not only a water diversion channel, but also a bridge for pedestrians.
That is to build a canal on the bridge to divert water. For example, Huiyuan Bridge in Hongdong County, Shanxi Province was built in the Jin Dynasty.
Therefore, there is still slang for "water bridge, there is water on the bridge" in Shanxi today. "Fibre Channel Bridge" is a long ribbon bridge parallel to the river, which is built for the convenience of fiber drawing.
More common in Zhejiang Canal area. Some are as long as one or two kilometers, or even five or six kilometers. For example, there is a "100-hole Guantang" optical fiber bridge in Ruanshe, Shaoxing, which was built during the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty. The bridge is more than 380 meters long with a span of165,438+05. The bridge deck consists of three stones, with the bottom level with the water surface.
"Curved bridge" is a unique bridge type in gardens, so it is also called garden bridge. Bridges, trails and corridors are all channels for tourists to enjoy the scenery in the garden.
"Scenery is better than curves", so many bridges in the garden are curved, such as Jiuqu Bridge.
What kinds of bridges are there?
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There are generally cable-stayed bridges, suspension bridges, elevated roads and arch bridges.
After World War II, Germany needed a relatively simple and economical bridge type in order to repair the bridge damaged by the war, and developed a new type of cable-stayed bridge based on the suspension bridge.
Cable-stayed bridge, also known as cable-stayed suspension bridge, is mainly composed of bridges, steel cables and towers on piers. The bridge is supported by piers and pulled by steel cables. This kind of steel cable gives the bridge a certain tension in advance, and the force on the vehicle passing through the rear axle is greatly reduced. Therefore, after adjusting the pre-tension in the steel cable, the bridge can be stressed evenly and reasonably, and at the same time, the height of the bridge can be reduced and the self-weight can be reduced.
Cable-stayed bridges are arranged in radial, fan-shaped, harp-shaped, star-shaped and other forms according to longitudinal cables.
The first modern cable-stayed bridge is the Strom Bay Bridge in Sweden designed by Germans, with a span of 18.26 meters. 1993, China adopted the prestressed structure of longitudinal and transverse beams to build Shanghai Yangpu Bridge, with a span of 602 meters, making it one of the longest cable-stayed bridges in the world.
Suspension bridge is to build two towers on the piers at both ends of the bridge body, so that the bridge body is suspended on two cables, just like the iron cable bridge on the Dadu River. The cable is composed of thousands of steel wires slightly thicker than the piano strings, one end of which is supported on the bridge tower and the other end is anchored in the solid rock layer on the shore.
Suspension bridges can have a large span, such as the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, USA, with a span of 1, 280 meters. The weight of vehicles and pedestrians coming and going on the bridge deck is mainly borne by two steel cables. In order to make the suspension bridge more rigid, some special structures are adopted in the building, and then the bridge is hung on the cable with suspenders.
Modern urban traffic has developed into "underground sky". "Underground" is the subway and cross-river and cross-strait tunnels, and "sky" is the elevated road. An elevated road is an aerial road erected with a series of columns, which is called "aerial road".
The simplest elevated road is the footbridge, which is built at the intersection of busy areas to facilitate pedestrians and ensure the safe passage of vehicles. In the commercial center where pedestrians and vehicles are crowded and sidewalks on both sides are narrow, in order to save space, architects also connect the overpass with the shopping mall on the second floor along the street and use the shop stairs to get up and down the overpass. At the intersection of Nanjing Road and * * * Road in Shanghai, there is such an "elevated road".
Elevated roads can be several kilometers long and become a veritable "air highway". The elevated road from Renmin Road to 623 Road in Guangzhou is about 7 kilometers long and more than 7 meters above the ground. This road is 1 1 m wide, and there is a spare lane besides two lanes. There is a 13 boarding fork along the line, which is connected with the main intersection, and there is no traffic light on the bridge. Elevated roads restrict pedestrians and have few intersections, so vehicles can maintain a high speed. Therefore, the vehicle capacity of the whole line is much larger than that of ordinary roads.
Compared with subway, elevated road has the advantages of simple engineering, low construction cost and low maintenance cost. Its structure is a bit like the platform of a railway station, with large floating boards on both sides, which is both beautiful and conducive to lighting and ventilation. Unique flower beds with green trees and red flowers were designed on both sides of the road. Driving a car on an elevated road, just like driving in a park, makes the driver refreshed and focused. There are also anti-collision railings beside the road to prevent cars from derailing.
What kinds of bridges are there?
Statement to prevent cheating and plagiarism:-Generally, there are cable-stayed bridges, suspension bridges, elevated roads and arch bridges. It mainly consists of three parts: bridge, steel cable and tower on pier. The bridge is supported not only by piers, but also by steel cables. This kind of steel cable gives the bridge a certain tension in advance, and the stress on the bridge is greatly reduced after the vehicle passes through. Therefore, after adjusting the pre-tension in the steel cable, the stress on the bridge can be uniform and reasonable, and the height of the bridge can be reduced. Lighten one's self-respect Cable-stayed bridges are arranged in various forms according to longitudinal cables, such as radial, fan-shaped, harp-shaped and star-shaped. The first modern cable-stayed bridge is the Strom Bay Bridge in Sweden designed by Germans, with a span of 18.26 meters. It has become one of the longest span cable-stayed bridges in the world. Suspension bridge is to build two towers on the piers at both ends of the bridge, so that the bridge can be hung on two cables, just like the iron cable bridge on the Dadu River. The cable is composed of thousands of steel wires slightly thicker than the piano strings, one end of which is supported on the bridge tower and the other end is anchored in the solid rock layer on the shore. Suspension bridges can be made into long spans, like the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, USA. The span is1.280m.. The weight of vehicles and pedestrians on the bridge deck is mainly borne by two steel cables. In order to make the suspension bridge more rigid, some special structures are adopted in the building, and then the bridge is hung on the cable with suspenders. Modern urban traffic has developed into "underground sky". Subway, river-crossing tunnels and passages are "underground" and overhead is "sky". The elevated road uses a series of columns. People call it "the road in the air". The simplest elevated road is the footbridge, which is built at the intersection of busy areas to facilitate pedestrians and ensure the safe passage of vehicles. In the commercial center where pedestrians and vehicles are very crowded and sidewalks on both sides are very narrow, in order to save space, the architect also connects the footbridge with the shopping mall on the second floor along the street and uses the shop stairs to get on and off. At the intersection of Nanjing Road and * * * Road in Shanghai, there is such an "elevated road". Elevated roads can be several kilometers long and become a veritable "air highway". The total length of the elevated road from Renmin Road to 623 Road in Guangzhou is about 7 kilometers, more than 7 meters above the ground. This road is 1 1 m wide, and there is a spare lane besides two lanes. There is a 13 lane along the road. There are no traffic lights on the bridge. Elevated roads can keep vehicles at high speed because they restrict pedestrians and have few intersections. Therefore, the capacity of vehicles across the line is much larger than that of ordinary roads. Compared with the subway, the elevated road project is simple and the construction cost and maintenance cost are low. Its structure is a bit like the platform of a railway station, with large floating boards on both sides, which is both beautiful and conducive to lighting and ventilation. Unique flower beds with green trees and red flowers were designed on both sides of the road. Driving a car on an elevated road, just like driving in a park, makes the driver refreshed and focused. Anti-collision railings are set beside the road to prevent cars from derailing.
According to the different situations of bridge structures, what kinds of bridges can be divided into?
Classification by bridge structure: 1. As a load-bearing structure, the beam bears the load by its bending capacity. 2. Arch system, the main load-bearing structure is arch rib (or arch box), mainly bearing pressure, and arches are also divided into single hinged arch, double hinged arch, three hinged arch and non-hinged arch. Arch is a thrust structure, which requires high foundation. 3. Rigid bridge system. The integral structure with low pressure is generally used for urban bridges or overpasses with small spans. 4. Suspension bridge system takes suspended cables as the main load-bearing structure, with long span, simple and clear force, light self-weight and weak wind resistance. 5. Composite structural system, including continuous rigid frame, beam-arch composite system (such as tied bridge and truss bridge) and cable-stayed bridge system. I hope my answer can help you! .
What types of arch bridges can be divided into?
According to the structure classification, there are through arch bridges, half-through arch bridges and through arch bridges. Through type means that the upper structure of the bridge bears the main load, through type means that the middle structure of the bridge bears the main load and through type means that the lower structure of the bridge bears the main load. There are masonry arch bridges, steel arch bridges, reinforced concrete arch bridges, concrete filled steel tubular arch bridges and reinforced concrete arch bridges. According to arch axis type: circular arch bridge, parabolic arch bridge and catenary arch bridge. According to the structural types of arch: solid arch bridge and hollow arch bridge. According to the section: plate arch bridge, box arch bridge, ribbed arch bridge and hyperbolic arch bridge. According to the type of structural stress diagram: simple system: hinged arch bridge. .
Types of Bridges Idioms Proverbs Proverbs Famous Bridges in Ancient and Modern China and Foreign Countries Story Bridge Poetry Bridge
A bridge flies north and south, and the moat becomes thoroughfare. Kick down the bridge. The vine is always crying. Bridges are flowing. People forbear to take care of the bridge and return to the road. The 24th Bridge is still there, and Leng Yue is silent. Say goodbye to Cambridge and look at the red medicine by the bridge. Every year, I know who will be born. Proverbs: Burn down the bridge after crossing the river is the right way. Correctly reading historical allusions and making sentences from idiomatic idioms. For example, the tongue bridge can't describe the expression of surprise. Shéqiáo béXià "Historical Records Biographies of Bian Que and Cang Gong": "The middle-aged son, hearing Bian Que's words, was dazzled, and his tongue bridge could not stop." Road-to-road bridge metaphor should strictly distinguish irrelevant things. Qiao gu and Qiao, after the metaphor of crossing the bridge came true, I kicked the people who helped me away. As long as you don't want to ~, I'll go to them right away and there must be a way to reply to you tomorrow. (Pu's "Flowers of Evil" is back to the thirtieth) Crossing the river by myself, I want to break down the bridge. The metaphor came true. Kick the self-help people away. Kang Jinzhi's Li Kui jy's negative spine is the third fold: "You have a good rest, just don't let me kick off the bridge." Xiangzi suffered so much that the old man turned against him and refused to recognize anyone. They are unfair to Xiangzi. (Lao She's Camel Xiangzi, 14).