1688 The parliamentary power established in Britain after the "glorious revolution" surpassed the constitutional monarchy and the two-party monarchy, which not only had an important impact on the future historical development of Britain, but also had an important impact on the politics of many European and American countries. In western Europe and other parts of the world in the17th century, absolute monarchy was a common form of government. France, Spain, Austria and some principalities of Denmark, Sweden and Germany in western Europe have established centralized monarchies. The dominant political thought in these countries is theocracy. As for Russia in Eastern Europe and China in the East, the hierarchy is strict and absolute monarchy is stronger. 1688 years later, the British political system and the resulting political thoughts dealt a heavy blow to Europe's ideas of absolute monarchy and theocracy, omnipotence of monarch and unconditional obedience of subjects, and at the same time gave great encouragement to some democratic and progressive thinkers, such as Montesquieu and Voltaire, French enlightenment thinkers in the18th century. Although it did not have a direct impact on Eastern Europe, Russia, China and other countries in the East, when the reform movement in these countries rose, Britain's "Balmen" (parliament) and "monarchy by the people" (constitutional monarchy) became the realistic inspiration source of their struggle and an example to follow. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, the reformists in China often cited the British democratic political system as a model when they were fighting for reform.

Historian's evaluation

Since18th century, the historical evaluation of 1688 "glorious revolution" has long been dominated by the views of Whig historians Haram, Macaulay and later Qu et al. In the view of this group of Whig historians, the "glorious revolution" of 1688 laid the foundation of democratic parliamentary government and religious freedom in the future, and marked the end of Stuart's plan to establish a monarchy. Later, the constitutional status of parliament rose, and the arbitrary and tyrannical power of the king was restrained and under the supervision of parliament. The two major political parties in Britain also originated at this time. The two parties both struggle and restrict each other politically, so that the political situation can be balanced to a certain extent; Two contradictory and mutually restrictive factors are contained in a unity, which not only avoids the disadvantages of rigid, stagnant and lifeless unity, but also avoids the danger of destructive conflict and civil war. Macaulay's masterpiece History of England begins with 1688. At the beginning of this book, the author pointed out that Britain is undoubtedly the greatest country in the world, and the reason why Britain is great lies in the revolution of 1688. "The highest praise we can give to the 1688 revolution is that this is our last revolution. It has been several generations since the clever and patriotic British tried to rebel against the ruling government. In all honest and thoughtful minds, with the accumulation of experience, there is a growing belief that every improvement needed to influence the constitution can be found within the constitution itself. " Macaulay was a Whig in politics. He praised the Whig Party's role in British politics and was proud to be a member of the Whig Party. It is natural for him to explain history from the Whigs' point of view. Whigs' views have a great influence on later generations' historical thoughts. At the beginning of the 20th century, Qu, Macaulay's nephew and famous historian, particularly emphasized the importance of willem van oranje's invasion of Britain in his monograph "The British Revolution of 1688- 1689". It seems that "all Protestant nations in Europe unite to help save Britain." After Qu, the basic viewpoints of some related works are similar to the above works. The thought of Whig Party was deeply developed in John Locke's works at the end of 17, but Locke's works did not attract people's attention when they were first published, and it was only later that they became more and more influential. Contrary to the Whigs, this is the Tories' idea. The Tories' thoughts were fully expounded in the works of Hume, a famous positivist thinker in the late18th century. Although Hume claimed that he was only a historical philosopher and did not belong to any political faction, due to his obvious sympathy for King Charles I and Stratford, and his hatred for revolutionary events and figures, later generations naturally regarded him as a Conservative historian. The central idea of Hume's book A History of Britain from Caesar's Invasion to 1688 Revolution is: Without authority, freedom cannot exist; The purpose of establishing a government is not to provide freedom, but to provide justice; Resistance to the government in power is unforgivable. Winston Churchill, the famous leader of the British Conservative Party, is a descendant of Marpolo who took refuge in William in 1688. He praised 1688 for the British aristocrats and squires who took refuge in William in his works such as the biography of Marpolo and the history of English-speaking nations, and thought that "British aristocrats and Anglican priests have never been so severely tested as 1688, and have made such outstanding services for their country." The "Glorious Revolution" incident has also attracted extensive attention from historians outside Britain. /kloc-in the middle of the 9th century, George, a famous French politician and historian, experienced a sharp change in his view of history after the 1848 revolution. It turns out that in the History of the British Revolution published by 1826 1640, he used the viewpoint of class struggle to analyze the development process of the revolution and praised the revolutionary actions of the bourgeoisie and the middle and lower classes during the revolutionary period. However, after 1848, he condemned the violence and bloodshed of the revolution, and compared 1688' s "glorious revolution" with 1640' s, thinking that "glorious revolution" did not shed blood, but achieved the purpose of the revolution, so it was superior to 1640' s revolution. 1850, the preface written by guizo for 1640 history of the British revolution was published in the form of a single book. The title is "Why did the British Revolution succeed? Discussion on the history of the British revolution. In this pamphlet, Guizot compares the British Revolution with the French Revolution, and thinks that the British Revolution has made great achievements because it was carried out in the spirit of religion and did not break away from the past traditions. Another reason is that the British Revolution emerged as a conservative force rather than a destructive force. 1688 after the "glorious revolution", in Britain under the constitutional monarchy, "internal affairs, peace maintenance, finance, colonization, commerce, the development of parliamentary system and parliamentary struggle have become the most concerned things of the government and public opinion. "Therefore, after George I and George II, the British constitutional monarchy developed steadily for a long time. Guizot's argument was criticized by Marx and Engels. Before and after World War II, the historical works of the West, especially the Soviet Union, turned against the Whigs' views. In the study of 1640- 1653, the establishment of Cromwell lord protector system in 1653 was regarded as the end of the revolution. At the same time, the evaluation emphasizes the progressive role of the revolutionary period from the 1940s to the early 1950s, and regards the "glorious revolution" of 1688 as a trivial "coup". In the last 20 years or so, the research direction of western historians has changed again. On the one hand, it attached importance to the Restoration period, which was an important stage of British historical development, both politically and economically. (2) during this period, published a large number of related special works. On the other hand, scholars have put forward many viewpoints different from previous works, and even some articles have appeared, ranging from denying the nature of the whole "glorious revolution" to opposing evaluations of individual events and individuals. If someone thinks that the so-called "glorious revolution" is not only "glorious", but also a disgrace to Britain. King James II was not only cowardly and shameful, but when foreigners invaded, most British nobles and middle class betrayed their king and country. Some people say that the "glorious revolution" of 1688 is "a strange event in a strange era". In our country, since liberation, in the works about17th century English revolution, according to the view of Soviet scholars at that time, the focus was on the study of 1640- 1653 "revolutionary era", and only the end of the revolutionary period was mentioned. Especially when evaluating this period of history, it is contrary to the positive factors of 65438+1940s. This is a manifestation of the long-standing left-leaning thought of advocating violence, belittling improvement and gradualism since the liberation of China. In recent years, this left deviation has been overcome in relevant historical works.

The Internal Relationship between Glorious Revolution and Industrial Revolution

Glorious revolution is the symbol of the victory of British bourgeois revolution. From1from the 1940s to the 1980s, after more than half a century's efforts, the British bourgeoisie completely grasped the rights of the country. The glorious revolution means that the British Prize established the capitalist state system. Under this system, the bourgeois government has taken a series of measures that are beneficial to the development of industry and commerce and actively explored overseas colonies. All this, together with the development of natural science and technology and the ideological emancipation movement in Europe at that time, laid the foundation for the industrial revolution.