Peruvian culture mainly comes from Indian and Spanish traditions, but it is also influenced by African, Asian and European peoples. Early art in Peru can be traced back to pottery, textiles, jewelry and sculpture of pre-Inca civilization. The Incas maintained the production of these handicrafts and made great achievements in architecture and other fields, including the construction of Machu Picchu. Baroque art was the main art in the colonial period, but it was also influenced by local traditions to some extent. At this time, religious things are the main objects of artistic works, and a large number of churches and Cusco painting schools are representatives. After independence, the development of Peruvian art stagnated until the Indian movement rose in the early 20th century. Since the 1950' s, Peru's artistic tendency has been eclectic and impacted by foreign and local trends.
Peruvian literature originated from the oral tradition in the pre-Columbian period. /kloc-The Spanish introduced characters in the 6th century, and the literary genres in the colonial period included chronicles and religious literature. After independence, customs and romanticism became the main literary schools, with ricardo palma as the representative writer. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Indian movement produced writers such as Ciro Alegria, José Maria argus Das and cesar Vallejo. In the mid-20th century, under the influence of mario vargas llosa, one of the representative writers of Latin American literature explosion, Peruvian literature became more widely known.
Peruvian cuisine combines Indian and Spanish characteristics, and is also influenced by African, Arabic, Italian, China and Japanese cooking methods. In particular, chifa, which combines Cantonese cuisine and China local cuisine, is very popular in the local area. In the capital Lima, there is at least one "Chifa" sign on a street. The origin of the name Chifa is said to mean eating from China. Although this kind of food is regarded as Chinese food in the local area, and China restaurants are all over Peru, its food has already become a local Peruvian-style food, not an original Chinese food. Other famous Peruvian dishes include anticuchos, ceviche, humita and pachamanca. Peru's rich climate features provide different kinds of plants and animals for cooking. Recently, Peruvian cuisine has been praised for its various styles of materials and cooking methods.
Peruvian music originated from the traditions of India, Spain and Africa. Before the arrival of the Spanish, different religions had different musical expressions, and wind instrument "quena" and percussion instrument "tinya" were common. The Spanish introduced new musical instruments such as guitar and harp, and then developed a mixture of traditional and new musical instruments such as "charango". The contribution of African tradition to Peruvian music includes rhythm and the introduction of percussion instrument "cajón". Traditional dances in Peru include "marinera", "tondero", "danza de tijeras" and "huayno".
Peru Straw Rope Bridge is listed as the intangible cultural heritage of mankind by UNESCO. Peruvians are used to shaking hands when meeting guests and saying goodbye in social situations. When boyfriends meet, they usually hug and pat each other on the shoulder and back. Peruvian women are used to kissing each other (kissing each other on the cheek) when they meet, and they keep making friendly sounds or greeting each other. Anyway, flowers can be used as gifts.
Peruvians have the characteristics of Latin nation. They are hospitable. It's best to give them a discount when they are obedient, and they can't believe everything. Some of them are often unpunctual.
During the commemoration period of 65438+ 10 and 165438+ 10 in Lima every year, bullfighting competitions are held in ACHO Square every Sunday.
The vast majority of Peruvian residents believe in Catholicism. The Chibalo people in Peru regard wizards as gods and worship them very much. Peruvians are particularly afraid of the word "death". If you curse others with "death", it will definitely cause a big fight.
Inca Indians in Peru hold exorcism festivals regularly every September. Because September is the rainy season. Plague spreads easily. In order to drive away diseases, everyone should fast on the first day of the full moon after the autumnal equinox. In the evening, get together and bake a tortilla with children's blood. After taking a bath, people use this bread to wipe their heads, faces, chests, shoulders and legs, thinking that it can eliminate the pain. Then wipe the threshold with this bread to prove that the whole family fasted and purified themselves.
Peruvians taboo "13" and "Friday". I think these are unlucky numbers and dates. If you meet them, you will be in big trouble. They are afraid of crows. People think crows are ominous birds, which bring people the impression of bad luck and disaster. They are taboo to give swords as gifts. I think giving these things is breaking off friendship. They don't eat grotesque foods such as sea cucumbers in their diet. The population is 30,865,438+00,000 (as of August 2065,438+04), of which Indians account for 45%, Indo-European mixed-race people account for 37%, whites account for 65,438+05%, and other races account for 3%. The official language is Spanish, and Quechua, Imara and more than 30 other Indian languages are spoken in some areas. 96% of the residents believe in Catholicism.
Peru is a multi-ethnic country, which has been formed by the integration of different nationalities in the past five centuries. Before the Spanish colonial rule, Indians lived in Peru for thousands of years, but due to the spread of infectious diseases, their population dropped from about 9 million in the 1960s to 600,000. During the colonial rule, Spaniards and Africans flooded in and merged with the aborigines. After Peru's independence, European immigrants from Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Spain gradually settled down. After the abolition of slavery, China people began to work in the countryside in A.D. 1850 and became an influential nation. In 2008, Chinese in Peru accounted for about 10%, most of them were immigrants from Guangdong and Fujian, and some of them did not understand Chinese. Other immigrants include Arabs and Japanese. There are 48 large general hospitals1,43,074 beds, 2,008 medical centers, 5,463 medical health stations and 80 private hospitals. There is a nationwide network of centers for the prevention and control of epidemics, tuberculosis and malaria, an environmental and drinking water monitoring and quarantine system, a food hygiene center and a nationwide network system for experiments and tests.
Medical insurance mainly includes free medical care for primary and secondary school students and maternal and child medical insurance, that is, pregnant women and newborns enjoy free medical care before they are 4 years old. Social medical insurance is mainly purchased by enterprises, institutions and private owners for their employees at 13% of their monthly salary, and employees enjoy free medical care. Other individuals can purchase medical insurance from private insurance companies, and medical expenses can be reimbursed up to 90% according to the insured amount.
Luis miguel Castilla, Peruvian Finance Minister, announced at a news conference that the medical reform will be implemented in 20 13, which is one of the most concerned issues of the government.
Midori de Habic, Minister of Health, said that employees of small and medium-sized enterprises who meet and abide by the unified and simplified tax system (RUS) can get free medical insurance. The finance minister said: "public health is one of the priorities of the government, so it is necessary to reform social insurance and medical insurance." He stressed that this reform will not increase residents' income, but will improve the level of medical services. Peru's transportation mainly depends on roads, and the road freight volume accounts for 80% of the country's total transportation volume. Water transportation is relatively developed, and foreign trade mainly depends on sea transportation.
Railways: Peru is the first country in South America to build railways. 185 1 year, the first railway from Lima to callao was completed. 20 1 1 year, the total railway mileage is1908km, which is mainly distributed in the central, southern and southeastern regions, and is mostly used for transportation of agricultural and mineral products in mountainous areas and part of tourist passenger transport. 20 1 1 annual passenger traffic 1.76 million, freight volume 7.906 million tons.
Highway: The existing highway mileage is 78,500 kilometers. 20 1 1 year, highway mileage129,000 km. Among them, there are 23,000 kilometers of national highways, 26,000 kilometers of provincial highways and 80,000 kilometers of town-level highways. 20 1 1 year, the total number of motor vehicles in China is197.99 million, and the road passenger traffic is 70,835,438+10,000. The main highways in Peru are the Pan-American Highway running through the north and the Central Highway running through the east and west.
Water transport: Peru is close to the Pacific Ocean, and there are many excellent ports along the coast. Inland areas, especially the Amazon region, are criss-crossed with rivers and convenient water transportation. There are 19 seaports, 4 river ports and 1 lake port. 20 1 1 year, there are 6053 civil ships of various types, and the freight volume is 2 1.74 million tons. The main ports are: callao, Paita, Chimbote, Ilo, Salaveri, etc.
Air transport: In 2009, there were 257 civil aviation aircraft in China, with a passenger volume of1336,900. There are 66 airports in Peru, including 5 international airports, and international routes can reach the United States, some European countries and major Latin American countries. The main international airports are Jorge Chá vez Airport, Arequipa, chiclayo, pisco, Iquito and Cuzco Airport. (Source: Ministry of Transport and Communications of Peru) The food and dishes in Peru are rich, diverse and unique. Peruvian people are the earliest growers and consumers of potatoes, and potatoes are still their favorite food. There are many original cooking techniques, and the Peruvian people can use potatoes as the main raw material to make hundreds of cakes and delicacies with different flavors. On the table where they entertain guests, there are always several potato dishes cooked, fried, roasted and roasted.
Peruvian cuisine can be roughly divided into two major departments: the coastal areas represented by Lima are mainly spicy, and the main ingredients are fish, seafood, chicken and potatoes, and the practices are mostly cold salad, steamed and barbecue; Famous dishes include raw fish "pickled fish in sour orange juice", roasted spicy beef heart or fish skewers "anticucho". The mountain vegetables represented by Cusco are mainly sweet, and the main ingredients are beef, mutton and potatoes, mainly stewed, stewed and fried. Famous dishes include beef, sweet potato and banana stew "San Co Chado"; "Chuo" of dry fried potatoes; Sweet and salty shrimp soup "chupe" and so on. The traditional drinks in Peru are Chicha and Pisco, which are made of corn and grapes respectively. Generally speaking, Indians in mountainous areas like to drink Chicha wine, while residents in coastal cities like to drink Pisco wine.
Pisco wine originated in pisco, Peru, and is made by distillation of grape juice. 19 16, the bartenders in Lima Morris Bar took pisco as the basic raw material, added lemon juice, egg white, syrup and ice cubes, and mixed them to make a fragrant and refreshing cocktail, which was deeply loved by people. Today, pisco cocktail has become a symbol of Peruvian catering culture.
Coca is a shrub that grows in the Andes of South America. The height of the tree is 1 to 3 meters, and the leaves contain cocaine, which has anesthetic effect. Local Indians often use coca leaves to make tea, called coca tea, which tastes like tea and coffee. In order to endure the hard living conditions, poor Indians use coca leaves as a chewing agent and put them in their mouths at any time to satisfy their hunger and keep out the cold.
Horse racing has a long history in Peru and was once one of mass sports and entertainment activities. The exquisite racecourse and the superb equestrian skills of the knights enjoy a high reputation among international horse racing enthusiasts. Horses from Arequipa, Ica, Bajk and other provinces are contested by riders from all over the world. Almost all cities in Peru, large and small, have wide and flat racetracks. There are competitions and performances every week, and the modern Monterico racecourse in Lima, the capital, used to be as many as four times a week. Horse racing usually arranges speed races and horse skills one after another. Traditional equestrian events include flying horse catching chicken and "horse dance". The news and photos of horse racing occupy a prominent position in the newspaper every day. There are more than 20 newspapers and periodicals in China. Mainly: Business Daily, with a circulation of about 280,000 copies; Express delivery with a circulation of 6.5438+0.5 million copies; Republic newspaper, with a circulation of 6.5438+0.5 million copies; Peruvian newspaper with a circulation of 250,000 copies; The Sun has a circulation of 30,000 copies. The main political periodicals are: Mask Weekly with a circulation of 35,000 copies; Please listen, yes, each issue is 10000 copies.
Peruvian news agency and Andean news agency are official news agencies.
There are 1 107 radio stations in China, all of which are private except one national radio station. The influential radio stations are: National Radio, santa rosa Radio, Peruvian Program Radio, Unity Radio and United Radio.
There are 90 TV transmitting stations and relay stations in China, 7 of which have a national broadcasting network. Seven TV stations are national TV stations, and the rest are commercial TV stations. Commercial TV stations with great influence include Latin TV (TV 2), American TV (TV 4), Pan American TV (TV 5), Andean TV (TV 9), OK TV (TV 1 1) and World Wide Web TV (TV 13). The Peruvian government attaches importance to the development of education. The current education system is: preschool education 1 to 2 years, 6 years in primary school, 6 years in middle school and 5 years in university. In 2004, the expenditure on education was 8.897 billion new soles (about 2.7 billion US dollars), accounting for 18.4% of the national budget. In 2005, the total number of illiterate people aged over 65,438+05 was about 2,786,5438+00,000, accounting for 65,438+00.3% of the national population, most of whom were women and rural population.
Most famous universities in Peru are concentrated in the capital Lima. The most famous national university is the University of San Marcos (founded in 155 1), and it is also the oldest institution of higher learning in Latin America. The top five private universities are: Catholic University, Lima University, San Martin de Pires University, Ricardo Palma University and Pacific University.